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Foundations of Western Society explores the key historical, philosophical, cultural, and social developments that have shaped Western civilization from antiquity to the modern era. The course examines major events, influential thinkers, landmark texts, and transformative movements in areas such as politics, religion, science, and the arts. Students will gain insights into how ancient Greece and Rome, the Judeo-Christian tradition, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, and other pivotal periods contributed to the values, institutions, and intellectual currents that define Western society today. Through critical analysis and discussion, learners will develop a nuanced understanding of the diverse forces that continue to influence contemporary Western culture.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization 8th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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Q1) Which of the following is not an Indo-European language?
A) Sanskrit
B) Babylonian
C) German
D) Latin
E) Greek.
Answer: B
Q2) Indo-Europeans
Answer: The Indo-Europeans were a group of people who are believed to have originated from the Pontic-Caspian steppe region, which is located in present-day Ukraine and Russia. They are thought to have lived around 4500-2500 BCE. The Indo-Europeans are important because they are believed to have been the ancestors of many modern-day European and South Asian languages, as well as the cultures and societies that spoke these languages. The Indo-Europeans are also important because their migration and interactions with other cultures had a significant impact on the development of early civilizations in Europe and Asia.
Q3) Persian is not a Semitic but an Indo-European language.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Q1) The Hebrew prophets
A) were considered by the Hebrews to be the voice of Yahweh.
B) often served as judges in the Hebrew courts.
C) attempted to foretell the future for the Hebrew military leaders.
D) were caretakers of the Ark of the Covenant.
E) were members of the elite upper class.
Answer: A
Q2) The Persian Empire's system of satrapies allowed for
A) subject peoples to play a dominant role in civil administration.
B) a sensible system of collecting tribute based on an area's productive capacity.
C) noble offices to be filled by election rather than hereditary means.
D) widespread corruption by the satraps, who acted without the king's knowledge.
E) the enforcement of religious uniformity throughout the empire.
Answer: B
Q3) Most Hebrews believed that monogamy was the preferred form of marriage.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Q1) The geography of Greece is characterized by smooth, well-watered plains and fields.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The woman who sent her son off to war by telling him to come back carrying his shield or upon it reflects the values of Sparta.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The establishment of the hoplite military system based upon the phalanx formation was an entirely a military phenomenon, having no impact on the political or social life of the Greek city-state.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) hoplites
Answer: Not answer
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Q1) The economic life of the Hellenistic world was characterized by
A) tremendous innovations in labor-saving machinery, as with the "Archimedean screw."
B) a significant shift in industry and manufacturing from Greece to the east.
C) little variety in products used for trading.
D) the virtual disappearance of slavery in manufacturing.
E) the Athenian control of all economic activities.
Q2) The scientific foundations of medicine made by Alexandrian physicians
A) continued uninterrupted through Roman times.
B) were made possible through the use of dissection and vivisection.
C) included, most importantly, a new understanding of the circulation of blood through the body.
D) made magical practices, amulets, and herbal potions obsolete.
E) abandoned their Greek roots and relied exclusively on previous Persian practices.
Q3) Of all the many varieties of products traded in the Hellenistic world, the greatest trade was in gold.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Philippics
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Q1) The goal of Roman religion was to maintain trust and harmony with the spirits, a condition known as
A) the peace of the gods.
B) semper fidelis.
C) concordancy.
D) the peaceable kingdom.
E) carpe diem.
Q2) Marius
Q3) The paterfamilias in Roman society was
A) a client to a patron or wealthy citizen.
B) the male head of the household.
C) an upper-class aristocrat.
D) a common person.
E) the male head of the family.
Q4) latifundia
Q5) Roman Senate
Q6) Carthage and the Punic Wars
Q7) praetors, quaestors, aediles, censors
Q8) Plautus and Terence
Q9) imperium

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Q1) When Augustus died, who chose his successor?
A) The army.
B) The Senate.
C) Augustus himself.
D) The Praetorian Guard.
E) The citizens of Rome through a vote.
Q2) Augustus' social legislation enacted to stop the decline of Roman morals
A) meant a social revolution at every level of Roman society.
B) made adultery a criminal offense and outlawed wasteful expenditures for feasts.
C) penalized couples for having too many children.
D) encouraged the development of the nuclear family.
E) all of the above
Q3) The Roman praetorian guards were
A) elite troops given the task of protecting the emperor.
B) mobile units meant to patrol the boundaries of the empire.
C) often used to train the gladiators.
D) cavalry used to spearhead military offensives.
E) stationed along Hadrian's Wall in northern Britain.
Q4) latifundia and coloni
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Q1) The political, economic, and social policies of the restored empire under Diocletian and Constantine
A) meant the destruction of the civil and military bureaucracies.
B) renewed the support of the Roman peasants and lower classes for the Empire.
C) led to the economic rejuvenation of the Empire.
D) were based on coercion and the loss of individual freedom.
E) led to the abandonment of the Eastern Mediterranean with a renewed focus upon Italy.
Q2) Saint Augustine wrote that in marriage, men and women should reject celibacy and that sex should be enjoyed without regard for purpose.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Byzantine Empire
Q4) wergeld
Q5) Saint Jerome and the Vulgate
Q6) In Islam, Jihad has been defined as "holy war" but a more accurate description is "striving in the way of the Lord."
A)True
B)False
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Q1) When Hugh Capet became king of France in 987, he immediately consolidated and centralized his rule by quickly bringing under his firm control the previously powerful semi-independent lords.
A)True
B)False
Q2) fief
Q3) The Swedish Vikings tended to concentrate on conquests and trade in
A) Spain
B) Russia
C) Scotland
D) France
E) Ireland
Q4) The German monarchy was restored in 919 when the German dukes elected Henry the Fowler, Duke of A) Bavaria.
B) Swabia.
C) Franconia.
D) Naples.
E) Saxony.
Q5) Baghdad
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Q1) scholasticism
Q2) artium baccalaureus
Q3) "the queen of the sciences"
Q4) The main part of the medieval castle was called the A) motte.
B) bailey.
C) moat.
D) tower.
E) keep.
Q5) In which of the following places was significant landmass "reclaimed" from the sea?
A) Ireland.
B) Genoa.
C) Netherlands.
D) Spain.
E) Russia.
Q6) London
Q7) communes
Q8) Peter Abelard and Heloise
Q9) universitas Page 12
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Q1) the Mongols
Q2) Capetian dynasty
Q3) During the fourteenth-century development of the French monarchy
A) Philip II suffered defeats at the hands of King John.
B) Louis IX was known for his blatant denial of his subjects' rights.
C) King Alfonso X encouraged the development of three religions.
D) Philip IV inaugurated the Estates-General, France's first parliament.
E) John the Good defeated the English at the Battle of Crecy.
Q4) In general, monasteries performed all the following except
A) prayed for themselves and others.
B) copied manuscripts.
C) provided food and clothing for the poor.
D) formed clerical guilds for priests and nuns.
E) took care of the sick and ran hospitals.
Q5) Discuss specifically the role of monastic orders, old and new, in shaping the politics and culture of medieval Europe.
Q6) First Crusade
Q7) the Peasants' Crusade
Q8) Henry II and the common law

Page 14
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Q1) the Antichrist
Q2) One major issue behind the Hundred Years' War was a claim to the French throne by the English king
A) John II.
B) Edward II.
C) Edward III.
D) William the Conqueror
E) Henry I.
Q3) All of the following were reactions to the great plague except
A) an increase in violence and murder due to a sense of life's cheapness.
B) the formation of groups like the flagellants, who physically maimed themselves to save the world.
C) a reduction in the persecution of religious minorities because of the displeasure it caused God.
D) morbidity and preoccupation with death in everyday life.
E) economic depression.
Q4) Avignon
Q5) Trace the events of the papacy's decline during the fourteenth century.
Q6) Charles the dauphin/VII
Q7) the gabelle and the taille Page 16
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Q1) Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man stated that humans
A) were fallen creatures, but regain their place by following God's will.
B) were nothing more than undifferentiated animals.
C) were divine and destined to spiritual life.
D) were destined to survive because they were the fittest animals.
E) could be whatever they chose or willed.
Q2) What characterized the relationship between leading Renaissance figures and the aristocrats and monarchs of Italy?
Q3) Italian Renaissance humanism in the early fifteenth century, above all else
A) increasingly became alienated from political life.
B) was based on the study of the Greco-Roman classics.
C) rejected the church and Christianity in general.
D) helped revive Greek as a "living" language.
E) had little interest in the past inasmuch as it was only the present that was important.
Q4) Leonardo da Vinci
Q5) Renaissance hermeticism
Q6) Petrarch
Q7) Brunelleschi's dome
Q8) Renaissance popes

Page 18
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Q1) John Calvin
Q2) In his On the Freedom of a Christian Man, Martin Luther wrote, "Good works make a good man."
A)True
B)False
Q3) Saint Teresa of Avila
Q4) priesthood of all believers
Q5) England's break with the Roman church became official with the passage of the A) Act of Union.
B) Six Articles.
C) Act of Toleration.
D) Act of Succession.
E) Act of Supremacy.
Q6) The religious reformer who "laid the egg that Luther hatched" was
A) Savonarola.
B) Thomas More.
C) John Calvin.
D) Desiderius Erasmus.
E) Ulrich Zwingli.
Q7) Thomas a Kempis' Imitation of Christ Page 20
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Q1) John Cabot, a Venetian, sailed for A) France.
B) Venice.
C) Spain.
D) Portugal.
E) England.
Q2) slave trade and the Middle Passage
Q3) The first major Portuguese settlement in India was at Calicut.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Travels of John Mandeville
Q5) The first European nation to establish formal diplomatic relations with China was A) England.
B) Russia.
C) the Dutch.
D) Venice.
E) Portugal.
Q6) mercantilism
Q7) Malacca

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Q1) How did the art and literature of the second half of the seventeenth century reflect the political and social life of that period? Give examples.
Q2) The economic policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis XIV's controller general of finances
A) were noted for their innovation and originality.
B) used new accounting practices to take the tax burden off the peasants.
C) were based on the economic theory of mercantilism that stressed government regulation of economic affairs to benefit the state.
D) gave Louis the large surplus in the treasury needed to carry out his wars.
E) could best be described as laissez-faire.
Q3) Define absolutism and determine to what extent France's government in the seventeenth century can be labeled an absolute monarchy.
Q4) Frederick William the Great Elector
Q5) The Thirty Years' War has often been called the "last of the religious wars."
A)True
B)False
Q6) Lope de Vega
Q7) the Restoration
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Q1) Pensees
Q2) To what extent was the Scientific Revolution a continuation of old modes of thinking, knowledge, and perspectives?
Q3) Andreas Vesalius
Q4) The greatest achievements in science during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries came in what three areas?
A) astronomy, medicine, and mechanics.
B) astronomy, botany, and chemistry
C) biology, mechanics, and ballistics
D) engineering, physics, and dentistry
E) biology, surgery, and astronomy
Q5) Which of these ancient authorities was not relied on by medieval scholars?
A) Aristotle
B) Galen
C) Ptolemy
D) Galileo
E) Plato
Q6) alchemy and hermetic magic
Q7) Philosophical Transactions
Q8) The Starry Messenger Page 24
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Q1) The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was
A) Geneva.
B) Berlin.
C) London.
D) Vienna.
E) Paris.
Q2) Johann Sebastian Bach
Q3) Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Q4) The purpose of Diderot's encyclopedia, according to him, was to
A) get the uneducated masses to respect authority.
B) usher in God's kingdom on earth.
C) dispute the claims of science.
D) exacerbate the hedonism of his peers.
E) change the general way of thinking.
Q5) What specific contributions did Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot make to the age of the Enlightenment? Compare and contrast their political ideas with Thomas Hobbes and Machiavelli.
Q6) pietism and the Moravian Brethren
Q7) Emile
Q8) Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia

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Q1) Thomas Gainsborough
Q2) Why did the governments of Europe go in such radically different directions during the eighteenth century, particularly when comparing east to west?
Q3) London's one million
Q4) What "advantages" did Britain have over the continental nations in the eighteenth century politically and economically?
Q5) Robert Walpole
Q6) In the War of the Austrian Succession, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria managed to wrest Silesia away from Prussia.
A)True
B)False
Q7) the country house
Q8) Silesia
Q9) Louis XV
Q10) partitions of Poland
Q11) enlightened absolutism
Q12) "banknotes" Page 28
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Q1) In 1792, the Legislative Assembly declared war on
A) the peasantry.
B) counter-revolutionaries.
C) England
D) Austria.
E) monarchies everywhere.
Q2) Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Q3) Committee of Public Safety
Q4) By the eighteenth century, the French bourgeoisie and nobility were
A) growing further apart in social status.
B) increasingly less distinguishable from each other.
C) rapidly losing social status to the third estate.
D) openly hostile and frequently involved in street battles.
E) almost completely dominated by the clergy of the First Estate.
Q5) As First Consul and as Emperor, Napoleon both destroyed and preserved aspects of the revolution.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Yorktown
Q7) the Tennis Court Oath Page 30
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Q1) To keep their industrial monopoly, Britain attempted to A) export fewer goods to continental countries.
B) prohibit industrial artisans from going abroad.
C) limit financial investment overseas.
D) increase tariffs to keep out foreign manufactured goods.
E) permanently dismantle its empire.
Q2) In the early nineteenth century, much of India fell under the control of A) the Dutch East India Company.
B) the French Foreign Legion.
C) the Qing dynasty of China.
D) the British East India Company.
E) the United States military.
Q3) Compare and contrast the patterns of industrialization in continental Europe and the United States with that of Great Britain.
Q4) How are changes in population growth and the development of urbanization related to the Industrial Revolution?
Q5) the Poor Law of 1834
Q6) hand-loom weavers
Q7) the American system
Q8) Coal Mines Act of 1842 Page 32
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1815-1850
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Q1) What might be political romanticism? Define it and give examples from the first half of the nineteenth century.
Q2) Carbonari
Q3) Monroe Doctrine
Q4) serjents, "bobbies," and Schutzmannschaft
Q5) Central to the liberal ideology in the nineteenth century was
A) child labor laws.
B) the preservation of law and order.
C) an emphasis on individual freedom.
D) the buildup of a nation's military.
E) the creation of a socialist community.
Q6) Following the death of Alexander I in 1825, Russian society under Nicholas I became
A) the most liberal of the European powers.
B) rapidly industrialized.
C) an industrial power after the abolition of serfdom.
D) increasingly influenced by ultra-conservative societies, such as the Northern Union.
E) a police state, as the czar feared both internal and external revolutionary upheavals.
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Q1) In the opinion of the British prime minister, the proclamation of a newly unified German state ruled by an emperor in 1871
A) could only bode well for stable future European state relations.
B) required immediate embargoes against all German manufactures.
C) implied British renunciation of all existing treaties.
D) entirely destroyed the previous European balance of power.
E) guaranteed peace, as a single Germany was better than many competing Germanies.
Q2) Hegel's dialectic
Q3) Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation
Q4) zemstvos
Q5) On the Origin of Species
Q6) Like most of the other nations of Europe, Britain experienced a violent revolution in 1848, a revolution that resulted in the urban working classes taking control of Parliament in the elections of 1849.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Napoleon III
Q8) Richard Wagner and Gesamtkunstwerk
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Chapter 23: mass Society in an "Age of Progress," 1871-1894
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Q1) Aletta Jacob and "family planning"
Q2) Octavia Hill's housing venture was designed to
A) give the poor an environment they could use to improve themselves.
B) give the poor charity since they could never help themselves.
C) let the wealthy know what it was like to be poor.
D) break down class barriers in London.
E) make the upper classes feel better and improve their self-esteem by doing something for the downtrodden of society.
Q3) Thomas Cook
Q4) the Reichstag
Q5) When the Irish representative in Parliament Charles Parnell called for "home rule," what was he requesting?
A) Ireland's complete separation from England.
B) That Ireland rule all of Great Britain
C) That Ireland get its own parliament but remain part of Great Britain.
D) That Ireland and Scotland form their own nation without England.
E) No one knows, as he died of a heart attack partway through his speech.
Q6) How were the promises and problems of the new mass society reflected in education and leisure?
Q7) Marxist "revisionism"
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1894-1914
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Q1) Congress of Berlin
Q2) Define Modernism. What are its intellectual and aesthetic preoccupations? How did this movement affect literature? Art? Music?
Q3) To advance the cause of women's suffrage, the Women's Social and Political Union founded by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters
A) took a moderate approach to the problem seeking to demonstrate first that women were intelligent and could use political power wisely if given the vote.
B) took a conservative approach to the problem and strongly recommended that only upper-class and educated women be considered as potential voters.
C) took a radical, public, and well publicized approach to the movement, employing different media and provocative public actions, like pelting male politicians with eggs.
D) considered the political situation of women in Europe to be hopeless and advised women seeking the vote to move to other countries, like the U.S., where the chances of gaining political equality were greater.
E) formed a peaceful alliance with Britain's Communist Party.
Q4) Impressionism
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Chapter 25: the Beginning of the Twentieth-century Crisis: War and Revolution
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Q1) League of Nations
Q2) Germany's War Raw Materials Board
Q3) Reds and Whites
Q4) Can the Treaty of Versailles be viewed as a successful settlement of the war? Why or why not?
Q5) At the end of World War I, the Austrian Empire
A) continued to hold Serbia and most of the Balkans.
B) got most of southern Russia.
C) was occupied by Germany.
D) merged with the Ottoman Empire.
E) broke apart into independent nation-states.
Q6) the machine gun and poison gas
Q7) The immediate impact of World War I in Africa was the dismantling of Germany's overseas possessions and their transition to home rule.
A)True
B)False

Page 38
Q8) Was World War I the end of an era or simply a continuation? Explain.
Q9) soviets
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the Wars, 1919-1939
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Q1) Mein Kampf
Q2) Lebensraum
Q3) What impact did the growth of mass culture and mass leisure have upon European society in the 1920s and 1930s?
Q4) the Unknown Soldier(s)
Q5) The institutional framework of Mussolini's Fascist dictatorship
A) lacked a secret police force.
B) included highly popular and well attended Fascists youth organizations.
C) was primarily aimed at aiding the workers and peasants.
D) never created the degree of totalitarian control found in Russia and Germany in the 1930s.
E) was the most successful of the authoritarian states that appeared in Europe in the interwar years.
Q6) Aryanism
Q7) Which one of the following should not be associated with Mohandas Gandhi?
A) civil disobedience
B) dressing in simple clothing
C) violent resistance
D) the spinning wheel
E) helping the impoverished Page 40
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Q1) Manhattan Project
Q2) Aryans
Q3) "Night Witches"
Q4) Who bears responsibility for the enactment of the "Final Solution"?
Q5) Hitler's "Final Solution" to the Jewish problem called for
A) the extermination of all European Jews.
B) the forced deportation of the Jews to Madagascar.
C) the resettlement of Jews in ghettos, isolated from other Europeans.
D) breeding "Jewish genes" out of the Jewish population itself.
E) the expulsion of the Jews from Germany and the rest of Central Europe.
Q6) Who became the new prime minister of Great Britain in May, 1940?
A) Neville Chamberlain.
B) Gordon Brown.
C) Winston Churchill.
D) Harry Truman.
E) Benjamin Disraeli.
Q7) "peace for our time"
Q8) Battle of Britain
Q9) Sudetenland

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Chapter 28: cold War and a New Western World, 1945-1965
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Q1) NATO is
A) a trade agreement.
B) a fabrication designed by the Central Intelligence Agency to mislead the Soviets.
C) an emergency relief agency.
D) a military alliance.
E) an international banking system.
Q2) American motion pictures in the post-war years have
A) been the primary vehicle for the diffusion of American popular culture throughout the world.
B) completely destroyed the avant-garde expressions of Europe's "national cinemas."
C) proven to be unpopular among European audiences.
D) done little to reflect the changing sentiments of contemporary society.
E) were successful artistically but failed commercially.
Q3) Elvis Presley and the Beatles
Q4) the superpowers
Q5) On balance, was the decade of the 1960s "constructive" or "destructive" or both?
Discuss with examples.
Q6) Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot
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Sample Questions
Q1) European Green movements
A) achieved notable political successes in most European countries.
B) were not successful in mobilizing public support.
C) made average people aware of environmental problems and gained a variety of local and national political offices.
D) were primarily involved with the anti-nuclear movements in Europe.
E) were more successful in Eastern Europe than in Western Europe.
Q2) Willy Brandt and Ostpolitik
Q3) Nixon and Zedong and a "strategic relationship"
Q4) "Small" wars like the ones in Vietnam and Afghanistan demonstrated that
A) the superpowers could never be at peace.
B) there would always be sphere of influence in the world where the superpowers would be at conflict.
C) there would be wars that the superpowers could not win against a strong nationalist and guerrilla-type opposition.
D) warfare in the world would be incessant.
E) there could never be a military conflict between the superpowers.
Q5) Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)/"Star Wars"
Q6) the birth control pill
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Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
129 Verified Questions
129 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/6957
Sample Questions
Q1) Under perestroika, Mikhail Gorbachev
A) intended to frighten the United States with more military spending.
B) intended to create a more free and open political culture in the USSR.
C) intended to turn all power over to the people.
D) intended to restructure the economic and political systems.
E) intended to do nothing substantial.
Q2) Compare and contrast the experiences of Russia with those of its Eastern European neighbors since the end of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Q3) The Solidarity movement in Poland
A) was temporarily crushed by General Lech Walesa in 1981.
B) failed to gain massive support due to stiff opposition from the conservative Polish Catholic church.
C) was formed by Wladyslaw Gomulka in 1956.
D) lacked solidarity and quickly disintegrated and disappeared in 1980.
E) ended the Communist monopoly of power in 1988-1989.
Q4) George W. Bush
Q5) Vaclav Havel
Q6) the Gulf War/Persian Gulf War
Q7) fall of the Berlin Wall
Q8) Boris Yeltsin

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