Foundations of Western Society Test Questions
Course Introduction
This course delves into the fundamental elements that shaped Western society, tracing the development of key political, economic, social, and cultural institutions from ancient Greece and Rome through the Middle Ages and into the early modern period. Students will explore major themes such as the evolution of democratic ideals, philosophical and religious thought, the growth of cities and economies, and the formation of social hierarchies. Through the analysis of primary sources and critical historical interpretation, the course provides a comprehensive understanding of how Western traditions and values emerged and how they continue to influence the modern world.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization 8th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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3669 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: the Ancient Near East: the First Civilizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Egyptian Pyramids were
A) built during the period of the New Kingdom.
B) part of a large spiritual complex near Alexandria.
C) conceived and built as tombs for a city of the dead.
D) all dedicated to the god Aten.
E) the final resting places of the pharaohs of the New Kingdom
Answer: C
Q2) polytheism
Answer: Not answer
Q3) Egypt's Old Kingdom ended for all of the following except
A) foreign invasion.
B) a drought caused by low levels of the Nile.
C) a decline in rainfall.
D) economic troubles.
E) decline of centralized authority.
Answer: A
Q4) Neanderthals
Answer: Not answer
Q5) Homo erectus
Answer: Not answer
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Chapter 2: the Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires
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Q1) In Zoroastrianism, the evil spirit was known as
A) Avesta.
B) Ahriman.
C) Ahuramazda.
D) Mithra.
E) Vishnu.
Answer: B
Q2) The Persian Empire's system of satrapies allowed for
A) subject peoples to play a dominant role in civil administration.
B) a sensible system of collecting tribute based on an area's productive capacity.
C) noble offices to be filled by election rather than hereditary means.
D) widespread corruption by the satraps, who acted without the king's knowledge.
E) the enforcement of religious uniformity throughout the empire.
Answer: B
Q3) Most Hebrews believed that monogamy was the preferred form of marriage.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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4
Chapter 3: the Civilization of the Greeks
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Sample Questions
Q1) Homer's Iliad points out the
A) honor and courage of Greek aristocratic heroes in battle.
B) exalted position of women in Greek society.
C) absolute abhorrence of violence by the Greeks.
D) Greeks' rejection of slavery.
E) superiority of the military phalanx over the aristocratic cavalry.
Answer: A
Q2) Early Greek philosophy attempted to
A) eliminate diversity from the world.
B) explain the universe on the basis of unifying principles.
C) undermine traditional aristocratic Greek society.
D) turn all Greeks away from the world and toward contemplation.
E) replace the gods and religion in the lives of the Greeks with pure reason.
Answer: B
Q3) The English archeologist who discovered and named Minoan civilization on Crete was Sir Arthur Evans.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: the Hellenistic World
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Q1) Because of the enlightening philosophies of Epicureanism and Stoicism, female infanticide disappeared during the Hellenistic era.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Hellenistic
Q3) An especially important cultural center with the largest library in ancient times was
A) Thebes.
B) Athens.
C) Pergamum.
D) Alexandria.
E) Persepolis.
Q4) In his Philippics, Demosthenes
A) portrayed Philip II as a looming threat to Greek freedom.
B) foresaw a revival of Athenian culture under Philip II.
C) glorified the Macedonian armies as the saviors of Greece.
D) praised Philip II for freeing the Ionian cities.
E) portrayed Philip II as a looming threat to Persia.
Q5) Epicurus and Epicureanism
Q6) syncretism
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Chapter 5: the Roman Republic
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Q1) Rome was established in the first millennium B.C.E. on the A) plain of Latium.
B) river Danube.
C) coast of the Aegean Sea.
D) foothills of the Alps.
E) toe of the Italian peninsula.
Q2) Which one of the following innovations enabled Romans to erect giant amphitheaters, public baths, and high-rise tenement buildings?
A) steel.
B) copper.
C) calculus.
D) concrete.
E) load-bearing arches.
Q3) Twelve Tables
Q4) In Rome, the male family head, the paterfamilias, could
A) sell his children.
B) put his children to death.
C) arrange the marriages of all offspring.
D) divorce his wife.
E) all the above
Page 7
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Chapter 6: the Roman Empire
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Q1) equestrian order
Q2) princeps
Q3) the imperial cult
Q4) In the face of overpopulation throughout the empire, Augustus discouraged the growth of large families.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Caligula and Nero
Q6) Seneca
Q7) The poet Juvenal commented that the only thing that most Romans wanted was bread and circuses.
A)True
B)False
Q8) When Augustus died, who chose his successor?
A) The army.
B) The Senate.
C) Augustus himself.
D) The Praetorian Guard.
E) The citizens of Rome through a vote.
Q9) Perpetua Page 8
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Page 9
Chapter 7: late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World
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Q1) One of the greatest nuns of the seventh-century, and founder of the Whitby monastery was
A) St. Catherine.
B) St. Joan.
C) St. Hilda.
D) St. Jesmine.
E) St. Theodora.
Q2) Justinian's most important contribution to Western civilization was his
A) codification of law.
B) reconquest of western Europe.
C) preventing the migration of eastern peoples to the west.
D) spreading the use of Latin.
E) marriage to Theodora.
Q3) In 711, Byzantine armies from Constantinople destroyed the Visigothic kingdom in Spain.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Charles Martel
Q5) Saint Jerome and the Vulgate
Q6) Procopius Page 10
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Chapter 8: european Civilization in the Early Middle Ages,
750-1000
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Q1) Does the phrase "Middle Ages" overlook that which was unique about this phase of Western Civilization, treating these centuries only as an interlude between other times of greater significance and originality?
Q2) Alcuin of York
Q3) An independent Umayyad dynasty survived in Spain until 1453.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In feudal Europe, a serf was a man who
A) farmed his own land and lived his own life.
B) wandered the roads begging for his bread.
C) begged for bread outside a castle's gates.
D) served another as a knight.
E) was bound to the land as a farmer.
Q5) Which of the following statements were true of trade during the Middle Ages?
A) During the early centuries of the Middle Ages, trade drastically declined.
B) During the sixth and seventh centuries, silk and perfumes were brought from China.
C) By the ninth century, luxury goods were brought in from the Byzantine Empire.
D) all the above
E) a and c
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Chapter 9: the Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages
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Q1) chivalry
Q2) Because of the depredations caused by Justinian's reconquest of Italy and the later assaults of the Arabic Muslims, urban life in the Mediterranean almost completely disappeared, unlike in northern Europe, where cities and trade readily survived the Dark Ages.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following was not used as a source of power by medieval farmers?
A) horses
B) coal
C) water
D) windmills
E) oxen
Q4) Male nobles of the High Middle Ages
A) were almost solely preoccupied with warfare.
B) gradually became more involved in economic pursuits.
C) had previously been successful merchants.
D) were very effeminate and shunned the warlike ways of their predecessors.
E) became less committed to war because of the influence of the church.
Q5) town vs. gown
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Chapter 10: the Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church
Power
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Q1) When the rule of the Capetians began at the end of the tenth century
A) France was the most powerful country in Europe.
B) the French king only controlled an area known as the Ile-de-France.
C) the French had just defeated the English in the Hundred Year's War.
D) Bordeaux was the French capital.
E) French Capet princes were the Kings of Jerusalem.
Q2) Feudalism in England under William I differed from feudalism in most other countries in that
A) he de-emphasized the role of knights.
B) he required all sub-vassals to swear allegiance to him.
C) homage was eliminated.
D) fiefs were drastically reduced in size.
E) manors were awarded only to members of William's own family.
Q3) the Virgin Mary
Q4) Philip II Augustus
Q5) the sacraments
Q6) How best to understand the crusades: as economic opportunities; a redirection of internecine, divisive intra-European conflicts; a clash between two different civilizations; or something else, perhaps?
Page 14
Q7) Henry II and the common law
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Page 15
Chapter 11: the Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in
the Fourteenth Century
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Q1) The Visconti family ruled the Duchy of Milan throughout most of the fourteenth century.
A)True
B)False
Q2) One of France's advantages toward the end of the Hundred Years' War was its adoption of cannon.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Modern Devotion
Q4) good deeds and pilgrimages
Q5) The flagellants
A) were praised by the Catholic church for their miraculous deeds.
B) were groups that physically punished themselves to win the forgiveness of God.
C) were a new phenomenon that arose in response to the Black Death.
D) would remain a popular religious movement throughout the fourteenth century.
E) were only to be found in isolated rural areas.
Q6) the Antichrist
Page 16
Q7) Francisco Traini's The Triumph of Death
Q8) Statute of Laborers
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Page 17
Chapter 12: recovery and Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance
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Q1) "new monarchies"
Q2) The Peace of Lodi served to
A) limit the sexual scandals that plagued the Papal court. B) keep Naples from interfering in northern Italian affairs.
C) maintain peace between the Italian states for 40 years.
D) maintain peace between the Italian communes for 40 years.
E) ensconce the Medici in both Florence and Naples.
Q3) What was the commercial and military league set up off the north coast of Germany?
A) Delian League
B) Prussian Confederation
C) Baltic League
D) League of German Cities
E) Hanseatic League
Q4) Masaccio's frescos in Florence's Brancacci Chapel, with their realistic relationship between the figures and the landscape and the visual use of the laws of perspective was the first great masterpiece of Early Renaissance art.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Lorenzo the Magnificent
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Chapter 13: reformation and Religious Warfare in the
Sixteenth Century
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Q1) The author of Utopia, a satire on European government and society, was A) Giovanni Boccaccio.
B) Desiderius Erasmus.
C) Thomas a Kepmis.
D) William Shakespeare.
E) Thomas More.
Q2) Pope Clement VII
Q3) The religious reformer who "laid the egg that Luther hatched" was A) Savonarola.
B) Thomas More.
C) John Calvin.
D) Desiderius Erasmus.
E) Ulrich Zwingli.
Q4) Thomas a Kempis' Imitation of Christ
Q5) The Council of Trent
A) compromised with the Protestants on the doctrine of Justification by Faith.
B) agreed with most Protestants that there were only two sacraments.
C) reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs against the Reformation.
D) asserted the importance of doctrine over ritual.
E) placed church councils above the authority of the popes.
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Chapter 14: europe and the World: New Encounters, 1500-1800
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Q1) the Aztecs and Tenochtitlan
Q2) The local British population in India's Fort William was imprisoned in the
A) "bilious swamp of Madras."
B) "icy Ajanta caves."
C) "black hole of Calcutta."
D) "Red Fort of the Mughals."
E) "swampy sink of Purdah."
Q3) An extensive multiracial society appeared first in A) British North America.
B) Latin America.
C) Northern Europe.
D) Southern Europe.
E) China.
Q4) Treaty of Tordesillas
Q5) The major western rival to the British in India in the seventeenth century was A) Portugal.
B) France.
C) Spain.
D) the Netherlands.
E) Russia.
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Chapter 15: state Building and the Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
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Q1) absolutism
Q2) Bernini and Gentileschi
Q3) Under Charles II, Parliament passed the Test Act to
A) control the quality of food and drugs on the market.
B) improve the quality of university graduates.
C) help Catholics gain government jobs.
D) stipulate that only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices.
E) regulate promotions in the military.
Q4) Peter the Great
Q5) Thomas Hobbes
A) felt that man was suited best to be in a pristine state of nature, without government interference.
B) stated that mankind was animalistic, and needed a strong government to maintain social order.
C) was a firm believer in democracy.
D) said that the best form of government was a theocracy.
E) argued in favor of revolution when the ruler broke the social contract.
Q6) the Restoration
Page 21
Q7) What was "new" about Baroque art, and how did it reflect or impact the culture of the seventeenth century?
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Chapter 16: toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: the Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science
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Q1) Principia
Q2) heliocentric universe
Q3) French Royal Academy of Sciences
Q4) Galileo's Dialogue on the Two World Systems was really an attempt to
A) embarrass Copernicus.
B) support Copernicus through a publication in Italian accessible to a wide audience.
C) attack Luther and Protestant theological restrictions on scientific inquiry.
D) apologize to the church for earlier theories he now saw as mistaken.
E) oppose the dogma and doctrine of the Catholic Church.
Q5) Newton's major work was
A) Novum Organum.
B) Principia.
C) On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
D) Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy.
E) Utopia.
Q6) Tycho Brahe agreed with Copernicus that the earth does indeed move.
A)True
B)False
Q7) On the Fabric of the Human Body
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Chapter 17: the Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) laissez-faire
Q2) Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery was his
A) great play "Is Rome Burning?"
B) 28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes.
C) autobiography published in French.
D) biography of Newton, "the greatest European."
E) unconditional support for enlightened despotism.
Q3) The eighteenth century English historian, Edward Gibbon, blamed the downfall of ancient Rome on the pagan religion practices and sexual excesses of the Roman Empire.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Jacques-Louis David
Q5) Neoclassicism
Q6) The French Physiocrats, in their belief in natural economic laws, were harsh critics of economic mercantilism.
A)True
B)False
Page 24
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Chapter 18: the Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change
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Q1) Louis XV
Q2) Imagine that you are a philosophe serving Joseph II or Catherine the Great. What advice would you give him or her on the best way to rule Austria or Russia?
Q3) How and why did the nobility play a dominating role in the European society of the eighteenth century?
Q4) The problem of poverty in eighteenth-century Europe was
A) most severe in Great Britain, a country lacking a system of poor relief.
B) solved largely through the efforts of private and religious charities.
C) aggravated by the hostile feelings of government officials toward the poor.
D) solved in France in the 1770's through massive royal public works projects.
E) entirely the result of the Industrial Revolution.
Q5) enlightened absolutism
Q6) The War of Austrian Succession began in 1740 when Prussia attacked the Habsburg province of
A) Transylvania.
B) Bavaria.
C) Silesia.
D) Bohemia.
E) Haupstadt.
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Chapter 19: a Revolution in Politics: the Era of the French
Revolution and Napoleon
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Q1) Napoleon met his final defeat at the Battle of A) Leipzig.
B) Borodino.
C) Trafalgar.
D) Austerlitz.
E) Waterloo.
Q2) A prominent writer who denounced Napoleon's despotic rule was A) Voltaire.
B) Mary Wollstonecraft.
C) Rousseau.
D) Marshal Nye.
E) Germaine de Stael.
Q3) By the eighteenth century, the French bourgeoisie and nobility were
A) growing further apart in social status.
B) increasingly less distinguishable from each other.
C) rapidly losing social status to the third estate.
D) openly hostile and frequently involved in street battles.
E) almost completely dominated by the clergy of the First Estate.
Q4) Napoleon has been considered the greatest general of all time. Using examples from the text, defend or refute this statement.
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Chapter 20: the Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
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Q1) James Hargreaves' spinning jenny
Q2) By 1850, the European population
A) could not be closely approximated as government statistics were not yet kept.
B) was close to figures from 1800.
C) was over 58 million.
D) was over 173 million.
E) was over 265 million.
Q3) The only European country with a declining population in the nineteenth century was A) Russia.
B) Italy.
C) Austria.
D) France.
E) Ireland.
Q4) The Chartists in England wanted to A) break machines and burn factories.
B) make Parliament more democratic.
C) overthrow capitalism through revolution.
D) chart the expenditures of government money.
E) strengthen labor unions.
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Chapter 21: reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815-1850
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Q1) parties of Movement and Resistance
Q2) All of the following were characteristics of Romanticism except
A) a strong, pantheistic worship of nature.
B) the rejection of the supernatural and unfamiliar.
C) a preoccupation with sentiment, suffering, and self-sacrifice.
D) a reverence for history that inspired nationalism.
E) a reaction to the excesses of the Industrial Revolution.
Q3) The Polish national uprising of 1830 was crushed by A) France.
B) Prussia.
C) Austria.
D) Russia.
E) Britain.
Q4) The Frankfurt Assembly of 1848-1849
A) prevented a Communist revolution in Germany.
B) negotiated peace with France.
C) created Germany's first tariff union.
D) overthrew King Frederick William IV.
E) accomplished nothing at all.
Q5) Caspar David Friedrich, J.M.W. Turner and Eugene Delacroix
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Chapter 22: an Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871
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Q1) Zollverein
Q2) The beginnings of Marxism can be traced to the publication of Karl Marx's Das Kapital.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The First International
A) failed due to Marx's preoccupation with Das Kapital.
B) became the largest working-class trade union in Europe in the nineteenth century.
C) was rejected by Marx as a "bourgeois-dominated institution."
D) served as a type of umbrella organization for all European labor interests.
E) led the various revolutionary movements in the uprisings of 1848.
Q4) The Zollverein describes
A) the German states' customs union dominated by Prussia.
B) a conservative German nationalist group bent on unification of the country.
C) the lower house of the Prussian parliament.
D) Bismarck's liberal reform program.
E) Prussian Black Shirts, who led the German unification movement.
Q5) Was Louis Napoleon a monarch more in the vein of nineteenth-century liberalism or conservatism?
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Chapter 23: mass Society in an "Age of Progress," 1871-1894
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Q1) The chief cause of rising European populations between 1850 and 1880 was
A) a rising birthrate.
B) a declining mortality rate.
C) better childhood immunization programs.
D) better human diet in a consumer economy.
E) dramatic improvements in urban sanitation.
Q2) Which one of the following did not lead the way to new industrial frontiers during the Second Industrial Revolution?
A) steel
B) petroleum
C) electricity
D) chemicals
E) textiles
Q3) During the Second Industrial Revolution, working-class organizations emphasized the gender role of women as
A) doctors.
B) sexual objects.
C) housewives.
D) industrial managers.
E) breadwinners.
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Chapter 24: an Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894-1914
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Q1) George Eastman
Q2) Max Planck and quanta
Q3) By the late nineteenth century, which of the following groups had emerged as labor's dominant voice in the United States?
A) the Congress of Industrial Organizations
B) the American Federation of Labor.
C) the Industrial Workers of the World
D) the Knights of Labor
E) the Socialist Worker's Party
Q4) Balkans' Crises
Q5) Social Darwinism and Herbert Spencer
Q6) the "new woman"
Q7) By the early twentieth century, was the Ottoman Empire still a major force in Western Civilization?
Q8) The greatest difference between naturalism and realism in literature was
A) realism dealt more with themes like human suffering.
Page 31
B) naturalism was more popular than realism.
C) in general, naturalism was more pessimistic than realism.
D) realism was simply a continuation of naturalism.
E) in general, realism was more pessimistic than naturalism.
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Chapter 25: the Beginning of the Twentieth-century Crisis: War and Revolution
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Q1) Most Europeans believed that the Great War would
A) be much like the American Civil War in length.
B) be an exciting, emotional release from the otherwise dull and boring existence of mass society.
C) last for years creating a rousing state of perpetual heroics as proclaimed by Nietzsche in his writings on the "superman."
D) ultimately bring about the unification of Europe in one centralized and highly militarized government.
E) result in a new balance of power throughout all of Western Civilization.
Q2) the "April Theses"
Q3) November 11, 1918
Q4) Economically, World War I
A) saw European governments adopt a "hands off" policy toward their economies.
B) saw European governments all take control of only war-related industries.
C) witnessed European governments gradually take full control of all aspects of their economies.
D) did little to affect the domestic industries of European nations.
E) brought considerable prosperity to all of the belligerent nations.
Q5) First Battle of the Marne
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Chapter 26: the Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between
the Wars, 1919-1939
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Q1) Between 1929 and 1932, industrial production plummeted almost ____ percent in the United States
A) 100.
B) 50.
C) 25.
D) 10.
E) 5.
Q2) the Enabling Act
Q3) the New Deal
Q4) The totalitarian regimes of Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union
A) pursued vastly different foreign policies.
B) held each other in disdain.
C) hoped to control every aspect of their citizens' lives.
D) retained power due to the charisma of their leaders.
E) established a formal alliance directed against laissez-faire liberal capitalism.
Q5) Weimar Republic
Q6) Ernest Rutherford and the atom
34
Q7) What impact did the growth of mass culture and mass leisure have upon European society in the 1920s and 1930s?
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Chapter 27: the Deepening of the European Crisis: World War
Ii
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Q1) Battle of Britain
Q2) Albert Speer
Q3) How do you account for the early successes of the Germans from 1939 to 1941? To what degree did Blitzkrieg play a role in these successes?
Q4) Munich Conference
Q5) After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the main priority for the United States was
A) defeating Japan as quickly as possible.
B) recovering the Hawaiian Islands.
C) defeating Germany first and then turning its great naval war machine against Japan.
D) to remain neutral, while buying time to build up industrial and military supplies.
E) defending "Fortress America" from the expected combined Japanese and German invasion of the United States.
Q6) Allied Strategic Bombing Survey
Q7) Normandy
Q8) Manhattan Project
Q9) Pearl Harbor
Q10) Rome-Berlin Axis
Page 35
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Chapter 28: cold War and a New Western World, 1945-1965
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121 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) At the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party in 1956, Khrushchev
A) pardoned Stalin for his crimes.
B) insisted that the forced labor camps must stay open indefinitely.
C) urged the Party to adopt a limited form of capitalism in order to stay in power.
D) called for a cessation of the Cold War.
E) condemned Stalin.
Q2) African National Congress
Q3) The Cold War policy adopted in the mid-1950s by the Eisenhower administration was A) containment.
B) détente.
C) MAD (mutually assured destruction).
D) massive retaliation.
E) all of the above.
Q4) Konrad Adenauer
Q5) The partition of the Indian subcontinent into the states of India and Pakistan in 1947 was accomplished with almost no violence or bloodshed.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter
29: protest and Stagnation: the Western World, 1965-1985
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127 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) marijuana
Q2) The European writer who used fantasy to examine more issues and who remained confident about the human condition was
A) Albert Camus.
B) Gabriel Garcia Marquez.
C) Thomas Mann.
D) James Joyce.
E) Milan Kundera.
Q3) E.F. Schumacher's Small is Beautiful
Q4) Herbert Marcuse's One-Dimensional Man
Q5) In the late 1970s, punk rock music was exemplified by A) the Sex Pistols.
B) the Rolling Stones.
C) the Beatles.
D) Grandmaster Flash.
E) Achtung Baby.
Q6) the European Community/EC
Q7) Italy's Eurocommunism
Q8) Marshall McLuhan and the "global village" Page 38
Q9) Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)/"Star Wars"
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Chapter 30: after the Fall: the Western World in a Global Age (Since
1985)
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tony Blair and Gordon Brown
Q2) the euro
Q3) As of 2009, unemployment in Parisian suburbs that are home to many Muslims exceeded
A) 5 percent.
B) 15 percent.
C) 25 percent.
D) 50 percent.
E) 75 percent.
Q4) The leader of Czechoslovakia in 1990 who replaced the Communist government was the former dissident writer and philosopher
A) Kádár.
B) Husák.
C) Dubcek.
D) Havel.
E) Dubrovnik.
Q5) Christian and Islamic fundamentalism
Q6) "Globalization is going to be the salvation of civilization." Discuss, pro and con.
Q7) Yugoslavia
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