Foundations of Western Culture Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Western Culture explores the historical, philosophical, literary, and artistic roots of Western society, tracing key developments from ancient Greece and Rome through the Middle Ages and into the early modern era. The course examines major texts, ideas, and cultural movements that have shaped Western thought and institutions, addressing themes such as democracy, religious traditions, the birth of scientific reasoning, individualism, and the evolution of artistic expression. By engaging with primary sources, students gain an understanding of the core values and controversies that continue to influence the Western world.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization 8th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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Page 2
Chapter 1: the Ancient Near East: the First Civilizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most famous of the megalithic constructions of Europe is
A) Avebury.
B) Woodhenge.
C) Stonehenge.
D) Lascaux.
E) Altimira.
Answer: C
Q2) Homo sapiens sapiens
Answer: Homo sapiens sapiens is the scientific name for modern humans. This subspecies of Homo sapiens first appeared in Africa about 200,000 years ago and eventually spread to other parts of the world. They are characterized by their large brains, complex language abilities, and advanced tool-making skills. Homo sapiens sapiens are the only surviving species of the genus Homo, and they have successfully adapted to a wide range of environments and climates. Their ability to cooperate, communicate, and innovate has allowed them to become the dominant species on the planet. Today, Homo sapiens sapiens continue to evolve and thrive, shaping the world around them through their cultural, technological, and societal advancements.
Q3) Agricultural Revolution
Answer: Not answer
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Page 3
Chapter 2: the Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires
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Q1) Assyrian society was well known for its
A) assimilation of other cultures and development of a polyglot society.
B) manumission of slaves.
C) monumental cities.
D) monotheism.
E) monumental religious and burial structures.
Answer: A
Q2) Darius
Answer: Darius was a king of the Persian Empire from 522 to 486 BC. He is best known for his organization of the empire and his construction projects, including the famous Darius Canal. He also expanded the empire through military conquests, including the invasion of Greece. Darius is often remembered as a fair and just ruler, and his reign is considered a time of relative stability and prosperity for the Persian Empire. He is also mentioned in the Bible as the king who allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their temple. Overall, Darius is remembered as a significant figure in ancient history for his contributions to the Persian Empire and his impact on the ancient world.
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Chapter 3: the Civilization of the Greeks
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Q1) Spartiates
Answer: Spartiates were the citizens of the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta. They were known for their military prowess and discipline, and were considered the elite warriors of Sparta. Spartiates underwent rigorous military training from a young age and were expected to dedicate their lives to the service of the state. They lived a simple and austere lifestyle, focusing on physical fitness and military training. Spartiates were also known for their strict adherence to the Spartan laws and customs, and for their unwavering loyalty to the state. Their military achievements and reputation for bravery in battle made them a formidable force in ancient Greece.
Q2) The Greek Parthenon
A) was dedicated to Zeus, chief of the Greek gods.
B) is considered the greatest example of classical Greek temple architecture.
C) was designed by the Greek architect, Doryphoros.
D) was destroyed during the Peloponnesian War.
E) a and b
Answer: B
Q3) hoplites
Answer: Not answer
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Chapter 4: the Hellenistic World
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Q1) The Greek god of healing, thought responsible for miraculous cures in the Hellenistic period, was
A) Hippocrates.
B) Asclepius.
C) Herophilus.
D) Erasistratus.
E) Euclid.
Q2) At the Battle of Chaeronea (338 B.C.E.), Philip II
A) was killed, leaving Alexander in control of Greece.
B) drove the Persian navy out of the Aegean Sea.
C) unified Macedon for the first time in its history.
D) suffered a humiliating defeat.
E) defeated the Greek poleis, ending their independence.
Q3) The widespread popularity of Stoicism and Epicureanism in the Hellenistic world
A) demonstrated the renewed strength and belief in the polis.
B) occurred despite the continued growth of traditional Greek religious practices.
C) suggested a new openness to thoughts of universality.
D) amounted to proof of a growing homogenization of Greek thought.
E) was a rejection of all Greek thought.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: the Roman Republic
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Q1) Sallust, Catullus, and Lucretius
Q2) Octavian
Q3) The result of the Third Punic War was
A) an alliance between Rome and Carthage.
B) the complete destruction and subjugation of Carthage.
C) the loss of Rome's mastery of the Mediterranean Sea.
D) the sacking of Rome.
E) the coming to power of Julius Caesar.
Q4) Compare and contrast the Roman family of the Republic with the Greek family of Periclean Athens. Can it be said that women had more rights and freedom in one of these societies than the other? Why or why not?
Q5) Scipio Africanus and the Battle of Zama
Q6) Compare and contrast Roman religion with the religion of the Greeks. How did its religion help Rome become such an important state?
Q7) Etruscans
Q8) The Latin alphabet was derived from the Greek alphabet. A)True B)False
Q9) praetors, quaestors, aediles, censors
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Chapter 6: the Roman Empire
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Q1) Which of the following is not true of the Colosseum:
A) Its official name was the Flavian Amphitheater.
B) It could seat 50,000 spectators.
C) It was the scene of gladiatorial combats.
D) It was built by Vespasian.
E) It was destroyed by Caligula.
Q2) The Senate granted Octavian the title Imperator (Emperor) but he preferred to be addressed as
A) pontifex
B) dominus
C) overlord
D) senator
E) princeps
Q3) Which of the following argued that women should be subservient to men?
A) Jesus of Nazareth.
B) Mary Magdalene.
C) John the Baptist.
D) Paul of Tarsus.
E) Diocletian.
Q4) imperator
Page 8
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Chapter 7: late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World
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Q1) Corpus Iuris Civilis
Q2) What contributions did the Germanic peoples make to the new political, economic, and social conditions of early European civilization?
Q3) Irish monasticism from the sixth through eighth centuries tended to be highly
A) ascetic.
B) isolationist.
C) scornful of pagan practices.
D) scornful of classical education.
E) anti-monastic.
Q4) Five Pillars of Islam
Q5) Umayyads
Q6) icons/iconoclastic
Q7) In what ways were the teachings of Islam similar to Christianity? How were they different?
Q8) By the second half of the fourth century, German tribes, known as "federates," were incorporated into the Roman army.
A)True
B)False
Q9) Theodoric Page 9
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Page 10
Chapter 8: european Civilization in the Early Middle Ages,
750-1000
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Q1) To what extent did the Catholic Church alter Germanic practices in regard to family, sexuality, and children?
Q2) knights
Q3) Socially and culturally, the church's advocacy of indissoluble marriage resulted in
A) more bachelors who never married.
B) the development of the nuclear family at the expense of the extended family.
C) a great proportion of widows in communities.
D) the birth of fewer children in medieval times.
E) an rapid increase in Europe's population.
Q4) Alcuin of York
Q5) the stirrup
Q6) lords and vassals
Q7) infanticide
Q8) The missi dominici were officials that Charlemagne used to
A) administer the palace school at Aachen.
B) review the liturgy for errors.
C) check on his counts.
Page 11
D) kill prisoners of war not deemed fit for redemption.
E) serve him wine.
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Chapter 9: the Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages
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Q1) Maimonides
Q2) The Song of Roland
Q3) The medieval theological debate between the scholastic realists and nominalists
A) was finally resolved by Thomas Aquinas.
B) centered around the problem of universals and the nature of reality.
C) was a philosophical issue that only lasted as long as the thirteenth century.
D) had little to do with earlier traditions of Greek thought.
E) was ended by papal decree.
Q4) "the queen of the sciences"
Q5) knighthood
Q6) the liberal arts
Q7) commercial capitalism
Q8) By the thirteenth century, the increased agricultural production reduced the price of food in spite of increased urban demand.
A)True
B)False
Page 13
Q9) Peter Abelard was castrated because of his book Sic et Non.
A)True
B)False
Q10) University of Bologna
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Page 14
Chapter 10: the Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church
Power
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Q1) Which of the following was not a result of the crusades?
A) some cultural exchanges between Christians and Muslims
B) new economic growth of Italian port cities
C) by removing many young warriors to the Middle East, European society was possibly more stable and European monarchs gained greater control.
D) increasingly common and violent attacks on European Jews by Christians
E) the growth in power of the Middle Eastern crusader states
Q2) Compare the political developments in France and England with those in the Holy Roman Empire and Italy. What similarities do you find? What differences do you find? How do you explain the differences?
Q3) From the east, Christian Slavs moved into pagan German Prussia in the thirteenth century, forcing the Germans in that region to convert to Christianity.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Oath of Salisbury Plain
Q5) Pope Innocent III
Q6) Briefly explain intolerance in the thirteenth century. What groups were singled out for attack? Why were they attacked?
Page 15
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Chapter 11: the Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the
Fourteenth Century
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Q1) Politically, France by the end of the fourteenth century saw
A) the dominance of the Estates-General in determining government policy and administering taxes.
B) no new forms of government revenue due to royal opposition.
C) chaos and civil war as rival noble factions fought for control of the realm.
D) new rights of political participation in the Parlement of Paris for poor townspeople.
E) strongly unified as a result of the leadership of Joan of Arc.
Q2) "little ice age"
Q3) Meister Eckhart
Q4) All of the following are correct about Petrarch except he A) was a Florentine.
B) wrote in the vernacular.
C) wrote sonnets in Latin.
D) perfected the sonnet form.
E) wrote love poems to Laura.
Q5) Yersinia pestis
Q6) Chaucer's Canterbury Tales
Q7) good deeds and pilgrimages
Q8) the vernacular
Page 16
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Page 17
Chapter 12: recovery and Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance
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Q1) Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man stated that humans
A) were fallen creatures, but regain their place by following God's will.
B) were nothing more than undifferentiated animals.
C) were divine and destined to spiritual life.
D) were destined to survive because they were the fittest animals.
E) could be whatever they chose or willed.
Q2) Italian artists in the fifteenth century began to
A) ignore nature and paint for expression.
B) experiment in areas of perspective.
C) copy the works of previous artists.
D) move away from the study of anatomical structure.
E) focused entirely upon the natural landscape in reaction to the spiritual ideals of the Middle Ages.
Q3) Northern Renaissance
Q4) The painter of the Rome's Sistine Chapel ceiling was
A) Raphael.
B) da Vinci.
C) Botticelli.
D) Michelangelo.
E) Brunelleschi.
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Chapter 13: reformation and Religious Warfare in the
Sixteenth Century
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Q1) Henry VIII had no male heirs survive him.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Swiss religious reformer who established the Protestant Reformation in Zurich was
A) Melenchthon.
B) Hutter.
C) Zwingli.
D) Servetis.
E) Calvin.
Q3) the New World
Q4) Victory over the Spanish Armada at the end of the sixteenth century was achieved by
A) France.
B) the Holy Roman Empire.
C) England.
D) the Ottoman Empire.
E) the Netherlands.
Q5) Peace of Augsburg
Q6) Protestant education Page 19
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Page 20
1500-1800
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Q1) The inflation of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries
A) severely hampered commercial expansion.
B) caused a shift in industry to urban locales.
C) caused a decline in the standard of living for wage earners and those on fixed incomes.
D) was caused largely by a declining labor force.
E) was the result of too little money in circulation.
Q2) Dutch East India Company
Q3) Catholic Christianity failed to take root in China in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries because
A) of opposition from Jesuit missionaries.
B) of opposition from Protestant missionaries.
C) of opposition by the pope to "ancestor worship."
D) the Chinese were just not religious.
E) of the success of Hindu missionaries, who were closer to Chinese Buddhism in tradition.
Q4) the Columbian Exchange
Q5) Lord Macartney and Emperor Qianlong
Q6) the Aztecs and Tenochtitlan
Q7) Britain's Navigation Acts Page 21
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Page 22
Chapter 15: state Building and the Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
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Q1) The economic policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis XIV's controller general of finances
A) were noted for their innovation and originality.
B) used new accounting practices to take the tax burden off the peasants.
C) were based on the economic theory of mercantilism that stressed government regulation of economic affairs to benefit the state.
D) gave Louis the large surplus in the treasury needed to carry out his wars.
E) could best be described as laissez-faire.
Q2) The chief reason for the wars of Louis XIV was
A) to reduce the power of the Habsburgs.
B) his desire to insure the dominance of France and his Bourbon dynasty in all Europe. C) to destroy the commercial superiority of the Dutch.
D) to gain ports on the Adriatic Sea.
E) spread Catholicism throughout all of Europe.
Q3) Treaty of Karlowitz
Q4) Oliver Cromwell
Q5) Bernini and Gentileschi
Q6) Why were women the prevalent victims of Europe's witch craze?
Q7) William Shakespeare
Page 23
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Q1) Francis Bacon's inductive method
Q2) universal law of gravitation
Q3) Organized religions in the seventeenth century
A) conceded the accomplishments of science and separated theology from science proper.
B) rejected scientific discoveries that conflicted with the Christian view of the world.
C) contributed greatly to scientific research.
D) largely ignored science as merely a "toy for the minds of God's children."
E) rapidly reoriented their theologies to accept the findings of modern science.
Q4) Among the following, who is not associated with major changes in sixteenth and seventeenth-century scientific research?
A) Vesalius
B) Harvey
C) Paracelsus
D) Galen
E) Boyle
Q5) Tycho Brahe agreed with Copernicus that the earth does indeed move.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: the Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) Which eighteenth-century composer was considered most innovative and wrote the opera, The Marriage of Figaro?
A) Bach
B) Handel
C) Haydn
D) Beethoven
E) Mozart
Q2) In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant,
A) declined in numbers and influence.
B) still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.
C) was responsible for the dramatic role in literary.
D) had not changed much in two centuries.
E) were legally separated from any state or government connections.
Q3) The French philosophes mostly included people from
A) the nobility and the middle class.
B) the lower class and the lower middle class.
C) aristocracy and nobility.
D) urban artisans and craftsmen.
E) the universities.
Q4) Condorcet and Baron d'Holbach
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Chapter 18: the Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and
Social Change
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Q1) "balance of power"
Q2) Frederick William I
Q3) The dismemberment of Poland in the late eighteenth century
A) occurred after decades of warfare between its neighbors.
B) was reversed by the successful rebellion of General Kosciuszko.
C) showed the necessity of a strong, centralized monarchy to defend a state in the period.
D) resulted from the Polish king's repeated insults and attacks on his neighbors. E) was reversed as the result of the Council of Berlin.
Q4) New European attitudes toward children are made visible in all of the following except
A) changes in the ordinary clothing of children.
B) the production of more games and toys for children.
C) a reinforcement of the custom of primogeniture.
D) the great interest of lower-class mothers in breast-feeding infants.
E) childhood being viewed more and more as a special phase in human development.
Q5) Marie Antoinette
Q6) Herculaneum and Pompeii
Page 26
Q7) the "putting-out" or "domestic system"
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Chapter 19: a Revolution in Politics: the Era of the French
Revolution and Napoleon
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Q1) The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guaranteed
A) free or affordable food for the poor.
B) equality under the law for all French men.
C) equality under the law for all French men and women.
D) nothing.
E) the right to vote for all French men.
Q2) The French Republic's army in the 1790s
A) received little backing from the home front.
B) was small, but effective in battle.
C) fueled modern nationalism and was raised through total mobilization of the population.
D) was totally defeated by foreign aristocratic forces.
E) got weaker and smaller as the decade went by.
Q3) Declaration of Pillnitz
Q4) In 1792, the Legislative Assembly declared war on
A) the peasantry.
B) counter-revolutionaries.
C) England
D) Austria.
E) monarchies everywhere.
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Chapter 20: the Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
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Q1) The eighteenth century agricultural revolution in Britain reduced the cost of food, thus giving the British extra income to purchase items produced by the Industrial Revolution.
A)True
B)False
Q2) George Stephenson's Rocket
Q3) industrial factory
Q4) bourgeoisie
Q5) Discuss the concept of the 'middle-class' and its relation to the Industrial Revolution.
Q6) trade unions
Q7) In 1804, Richard Trevithick pioneered
A) an oil-fired locomotive.
B) the steering wheel for trains.
C) the first steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line.
D) the first electric-powered locomotive for military use.
E) the motion-picture camera.
Q8) new elites
Q9) Samuel Crompton's mule Page 28
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Chapter 21: reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism,
1815-1850
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Q1) Britain's Tories and Whigs
Q2) The man long regarded as the George Washington of Latin America is
A) José de San Martín.
B) Simón Bolívar.
C) Guillermo Pelgrón.
D) Simón Carreño.
E) George Washington.
Q3) The Polish national uprising of 1830 was crushed by A) France.
B) Prussia.
C) Austria.
D) Russia.
E) Britain.
Q4) The primary driving force in the revolutions of Belgium, Poland, and Italy in 1830 was A) nationalism.
B) religion.
C) racism.
D) socialism.
E) romanticism.
Page 30
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Chapter 22: an Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871
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Q1) What were Marx's enduring insights?
Q2) Karl Marx embraced the German philosopher Hegel's idea of the dialectic, meaning A) all change in history is the result of clashes between directly antagonistic elements. B) no real changes in society can occur before industrialization.
C) dictatorship is the central political force in all history.
D) political diatribes are the highest form of intellectual thought.
E) there is a world soul, which alternates between democracy and dictatorship.
Q3) According to Darwin, natural selection will favor the animal A) which produces the most offspring.
B) whom God favors most.
C) which is best adapted.
D) which is most intelligent.
E) which is fastest.
Q4) Count Otto von Bismarck
Q5) Compare and contrast slavery in the United States with the serfdom in Imperial Russia, the abolition of both, and the resulting aftermath.
Q6) Joseph Lister
Q7) Hegel's dialectic
Q8) Dmitri Mendeleyev
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Chapter 23: mass Society in an "Age of Progress," 1871-1894
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Q1) The "Second Industrial Revolution" saw the advent of what new product?
A) textiles
B) steel
C) coal
D) railroads
E) factories
Q2) The mass society of the late nineteenth century primarily benefited the middle classes, with the lower classes reaping few if any rewards.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Splits between the French working and middle classes
A) were largely solved by the liberal reforms of the Third Republic.
B) enabled the Third Republic to elect a new monarch in 1875.
C) led to a strong parliamentary system of government.
D) were further widened by the brutal suppression of the Paris Commune in 1871.
E) ended in the light of continued Prussian threats to France's national survival.
Q4) Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan
Q5) the "weekend"
Q6) Reform Act of 1884
32
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Chapter 24: an Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894-1914
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Q1) Using Darwin's terminology, Herbert Spencer argued that
A) no progress in human society was now possible and decadence had set in everywhere.
B) no rational justification could be given to "natural selection."
C) peaceful progress was inevitable.
D) evolution could never be reversed.
E) human societies were organism evolving through time by struggling with their environments.
Q2) The Triple Entente before 1914 included which of the following countries?
A) Great Britain, France, Russia
B) Austria, Germany, the Ottoman Empire
C) Turkey, Russia, Germany
D) France, Spain, Great Britain
E) Great Britain, France, and Italy
Q3) Wassily Kandinsky
Q4) Hong Kong
Q5) Peter Stolypin
Q6) Leo XIII's De Rerum Novarum
Page 33
Q7) What were some of the underlying causes for the Great War that broke out in 1914?
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Chapter 25: the Beginning of the Twentieth-century Crisis: War and Revolution
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Q1) The entry of the United States into World War I in April 1917
A) gave the nearly-defeated allies a psychological boost.
B) was greatly feared by the German naval staff.
C) was a response to Turkey's entrance into the war on the side of the Central Powers.
D) put an end to Germany's use of unlimited submarine warfare.
E) was an attempt to keep Russia in the war after the February Revolution.
Q2) The Schlieffen Plan was designed to prevent
A) America's entry into the war.
B) war.
C) a prolonged two-front war.
D) a war of attrition.
E) a European-wide war.
Q3) Because of sexual discrimination and traditional conservative attitudes, women played little role in World War I.
A)True
B)False
Q4) conscription
Q5) Why can 1917 be viewed as the year that witnessed the decisive turning point of World War I?
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Chapter 26: the Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between the
Wars, 1919-1939
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Q1) the Popular Front
Q2) Using Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia as the models, what were the philosophic and practical differences between communism and fascism?
Q3) The new forms of mass communication and leisure created between the wars included all except
A) cinema becoming an increasingly popular form of entertainment.
B) Fascist nations them for propaganda purposes.
C) radio production and broadcasting companies increasing dramatically.
D) the widespread use of television in most middle class homes.
E) the automobile becoming a common method of travel for the middle classes
Q4) Birth of a Nation and The Blue Angel
Q5) Hitler's anti-Semitic policies in the 1930s
A) included the Nuremberg laws, which centered on the forced emigration of all Jews from Germany.
B) were emulated in France by the Popular Front.
C) did not exclude Jews from legal, medical, and teaching positions.
D) would remain minimal and unorganized until World War II.
E) reached their most violent phase during Kristallnacht, with attacks on Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues.
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Chapter 27: the Deepening of the European Crisis: World
War Ii
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127 Verified Questions
127 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/6954
Sample Questions
Q1) Nazi New Order
Q2) the Blitz
Q3) Hitler's plan for defeating Britain relied on
A) the support of Soviet troops in a massive amphibious invasion.
B) Germany's Luftwaffe gaining control of the skies.
C) V-2 rockets to destroy British industrial power.
D) a giant tunnel, the "chunnel", under the English channel.
E) the support of Irish fifth-columnists.
Q4) Arthur Harris
Q5) Battle of Midway
Q6) Allied Strategic Bombing Survey
Q7) Yalta
Q8) Battle of Kursk
Q9) Between April and June, 1940, Nazi Germany captured all of the following countries except
A) the Soviet Union.
B) Norway.
C) France.
D) Belgium. Page 36
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Page 37
Chapter 28: cold War and a New Western World, 1945-1965
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121 Verified Questions
121 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What were the major political developments in the history of the Soviet Union from 1945 to 1970? How did Soviet policies affect the history of Eastern Europe?
Q2) The Cold War policy adopted in the mid-1950s by the Eisenhower administration was A) containment.
B) détente.
C) MAD (mutually assured destruction).
D) massive retaliation.
E) all of the above.
Q3) Marshall Plan
Q4) the birth-control pill
Q5) uhuru
Q6) The Truman Doctrine was a consequence of a civil war in A) Yugoslavia.
B) Greece.
C) Italy.
D) Czechoslovakia.
E) Poland.
Q7) West Germany's "economic miracle"
Q8) Simone de Beauvoir
Page 38
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Chapter 29: protest and Stagnation: the Western World, 1965-1985
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127 Verified Questions
127 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) "equivalence"
Q2) Who wrote the book, Small Is Beautiful?
A) Albert Camus
B) Betty Friedan
C) Arthur C. Clarke.
D) E. F. Schumacher
E) Antoine de Saint-Exupery
Q3) the Prague Spring
Q4) Playboy magazine
A) originally had no nudity.
B) originally had images but no text.
C) encouraged men to spice up their married sex lives.
D) encouraged men to find sexual satisfaction outside their marriages.
E) was banned the year it came out.
Q5) Identify and discuss Marshall McLuhan's 1960s concept of the "global village." Has he been an accurate forecaster of events from the vantage point of the early twenty-first century?
Page 39
Q6) East Germany's Walter Ulbricht and Erich Honecker
Q7) punk rock and the Sex Pistols and hip-hop and Grandmaster Flash
Q8) France's Francois Mitterrand
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Page 40
Chapter 30: after the Fall: the Western World in a Global Age (Since 1985)
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129 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) NGOs
Q2) The politician who kept the fractious state of Yugoslavia together for decades after World War II was
A) Marshal Tito.
B) General Filopovic.
C) President Milosevic.
D) Prime Minister Kostunica.
E) Marshall Petain.
Q3) One of the underlying causes for the end of the Cold War was
A) the fall of Khrushchev in the Soviet Union and election of Reagan in the United States.
B) financial difficulties for both the superpowers and the unbearable expenses of the arms race.
C) peace movements in both countries.
D) the end of the Afghan War.
E) the death of Gorbachev.
Q4) Shiites, Sunnis, and Kurds
Q5) Jacques Chirac and Nicolas Sarkozy
Q6) multiculturalism
Q7) What role has popular culture played in the Western world since World War II?
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