Foundations of Sociology
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Sociology introduces students to the systematic study of human society, social structures, and social interactions. This course explores key sociological concepts, theories, and research methods, enabling students to understand how individuals and groups are influenced by societal forces such as culture, socialization, inequality, institutions, and social change. Through the examination of real-world issues and case studies, students will develop critical thinking skills and a deeper appreciation for the complexities of social life.
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Sociology Your Compass for a New World 5th Canadian Edition by Robert J. Brym
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Chapter 1: A Sociological Compass
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Durkheim, which type of suicide is most likely to occur in a society having few shared norms or vague norms?
A)altruistic suicide
B)anomic suicide
C)egoistic suicide
D)nomadic suicide
Answer: B
Q2) Adrian states that children who have a close bond with their parents are less likely to engage in drug use and vandalism because they feel more closely tied to mainstream norms that discourage this type of behaviour.Which of the following is Adrian engaging in?
A)research
B)theorizing
C)sociological imaginings
D)scientific hypothesizing
Answer: B
Q3) According to Gramsci, cultural hegemony benefits all members of society.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: How Sociologists Do Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which principle of ethical research was violated in the Canadian government's research into health benefits of nutrition conducted in Aboriginal communities in the 1940s?
A)authenticity
B)privacy
C)harm minimization
D)voluntary participation
Answer: C
Q2) Income is not likely to be the cause of gender.Which test of causality is the relationship of these variables likely to fail?
A)authenticity test
B)non-spuriousness test
C)sequencing test
D)relationship test
Answer: C
Q3) A testable hypothesis is a product of the process of induction.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define a rite of passage and use an example from your personal life to illustrate this concept.
Answer: A rite of passage is a ritual or ceremony that marks a significant transition in a person's life, often from one stage to another. This can include transitions such as puberty, marriage, or entering adulthood. These rites often involve specific actions, symbols, or ceremonies that signify the individual's new status or role within their community.
An example from my personal life that illustrates this concept is my high school graduation. This event marked the transition from adolescence to young adulthood and was a significant rite of passage for me. The ceremony itself included traditional elements such as the wearing of caps and gowns, the receiving of diplomas, and the symbolic turning of the tassel. This event signified my completion of one stage of life and my entrance into the next, and it was a meaningful and memorable experience that marked a significant transition in my life.
Q2) Countercultures favour dominant values.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the textbook, the idea of childhood as a distinct stage of life emerged only in the late twentieth century in societies that required better-educated adults and in which life expectancy rose.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Define and compare the concepts of age cohort and generation.Give examples.
Q3) Which of the following is one of the most important factors contributing to the growing flexibility of the self?
A)resocialization
B)the creation of virtual communities
C)globalization
D)initiation rites
Q4) What specific factors contributed to the emergence of childhood and adolescence as distinct stages of the life cycle in our culture?
Q5) The problems of childhood and adolescence have changed over the past half century.What new problems have emerged and how do these influence the lives of children and adolescents today?
Q6) Why can socialization be viewed as an evolutionary process?
Q7) Are stages of the life course the same in all societies? Why or why not?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Social Interaction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Do professionals and managers perform emotion labour? Answer the question using textbook material.
Q2) Summarize the contribution of feminist theory to our understanding of emotions.
Q3) High level of trust is a routine consequence of a fair and competitive society.
A)True
B)False
Q4) When police stop people in their cars for "driving while black," what would sociologists argue has happened with the social cue of skin colour?
A)It has become a dangerous stereotype.
B)It has become a useful indicator of criminal behaviour.
C)It has become a useful tool for people wanting to manage impressions of themselves.
D)It has turned into emotional labour for police officers.
Q5) Which of the following situations during a first date is least likely to lead to a second date?
A)both people agree on which film to see on the first date
B)one person decides which film they will see on the first date
C)both people are careful to speak about the same amount of time
D)one person speaks nearly all the time
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Chapter 6: Networks, Groups, Bureaucracies, and Societies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following factors discussed in the textbook is the most important for creating a successful army?
A)camaraderie
B)brilliant officers
C)a hated enemy
D)an ideology acceptable to all soldiers
Q2) Morgan runs a sociology department where he calls informal weekly coffee meetings between the monthly department meetings so that people can keep him apprised of what is happening and so that he can solicit feedback about annual departmental initiatives.What is his leadership style called?
A)democratic leadership
B)laissez-faire leadership
C)authoritarian leadership
D)charismatic leadership
Q3) What is the focus of the conflict theory approach to group conformity?
A)the ways that individuals can be mobilized to achieve group goals
B)the interpretations that group members can make of group goals
C)the ways that group inequalities can be strengthened by conformity
D)the ways that groups attempt to maximize the benefits of membership
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Chapter 7: Deviance and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following groups is the most overrepresented in Canadian prisons?
A)South Asians
B)Aboriginals
C)the working class
D)the upper class
Q2) Are "consensus crimes," such as homicide, defined identically in all societies at all times? Why or why not? Use examples to support your position.
Q3) Which of the following reforms of the Canadian penal system has been suggested as means to reduce recidivism?
A)moderate non-intervention
B)radical non-intervention
C)denial of parole
D)early parole
Q4) According to Merton, which social category besides criminals engages in innovation in a situation of strain?
A)drug addicts
B)business geniuses
C)bureaucrats
D)hippies
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Chapter 8: Social Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) What term did Marx use to refer to the growth in workers' awareness of their exploitation under capitalism?
A)false consciousness
B)social consciousness
C)class consciousness
D)ideal consciousness
Q2) In Marxist view, classes are distinguished by their source of income, not the amount of income.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Canadian educational system is increasingly differentiated and therefore increasingly able to help reduce inequality.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Is power or authority more effective in maintaining a stable society?
Q5) Summarize the functionalist theory of stratification.
Q6) Compare human-capital and social-capital explanations of income inequality.
Q7) According to research, what do Canadians think about inequality in their society?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Globalization, Inequality, and Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dependency theory has strong intellectual ties to conflict theory.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Neoliberalism believes that state-run economies are the best way to achieve economic growth.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When you buy a pair of Nike shoes endorsed by Kobe Bryant, which of the following accounts for the largest share of the purchase price?
A)materials
B)workers' wages
C)workers' health benefits
D)Bryant's endorsement fee
Q4) Summarize the main criticisms of the view that globalization is a recent, overwhelming force.
Q5) Why do companies based in developed countries locate their production facilities in underdeveloped countries?
Q6) Is democracy relevant for economic development of underdeveloped countries?
Q7) How has geopolitical position influenced economic growth in former colonies?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Race and Ethnicity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the theory of split labour market, using Canadian examples.
Q2) According to the textbook, racial identity is based on objective physical markers, and ethnic identity on objective cultural markers.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A significant reason why Canada's Aboriginal peoples have failed to integrate is internal colonialism.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which social processes were Dr.Samuel George Morton's research on brain size and race used to justify?
A)globalization and modernization
B)stratification and global expansion
C)colonization and slavery
D)the scientific method and rationalization
Q5) Segregation is the intentional extermination of an entire population defined as a "race" or "people."
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Sexualities and Gender Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a class discussion, Mariam advocates censorship of all pornography.Which stream of feminism does Mariam likely support?
A)radical feminism
B)liberal feminism
C)socialist feminism
D)postfeminism
Q2) Women get passed over for promotion to upper management because, according to Deborah Tannen, they appear too accommodating and indecisive at work.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following theorists would be the least likely to acknowledge that a person's gender identity may change during their lifetime?
A)a symbolic interactionist
B)a conflict theorist
C)a feminist
D)a functionalist
Q4) Sociologists are increasingly interested in the "sociology of the body." From the standpoint of gender, is this interest justified? Why or why not?
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Chapter 12: Sociology of the Body: Disability, Aging, and Death
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Sample Questions
Q1) Building a restaurant with narrow doors into the washrooms is an example of which of the following?
A)disability
B)prejudice
C)ableism
D)normalization
Q2) Clarence just celebrated his 73rd birthday.According to sociologists, which category would Clarence fall into?
A)aged
B)old
C)young-old
D)senior
Q3) In 2011, approximately what percentage of the Canadian population was 65 years of age or older?
A)5 percent
B)10 percent
C)15 percent
D)20 percent
Q4) Discuss how age can be a socially dividing factor, incorporating current examples.
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Chapter 13: Work and the Economy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Where do unions help management to develop systems of labour recruitment, training, and promotion?
A)in quality circles
B)in union collectives
C)in internal labour markets
D)in codetermination cooperatives
Q2) More likely than not, deskilling is taking place in the old economy-for instance, assembly-line manufacturing.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Thomas had employment on an auto assembly line but left to enlist in the army, so he could fight Nazis.According to the stages of labour market development model, which stage did Thomas's pre-war employment situation characterize?
A)worker resistance
B)labour homogenization
C)labour market segmentation
D)initial proletarianization
Q4) How has globalization affected work and workers?
Q5) Describe the problems globalization has created for many developing countries.
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Chapter 14: Politics
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Sample Questions
Q1) What does elite theory claim with regard to political participation?
A)The poor are the most cynical and apathetic.
B)The middle class have the highest political participation.
C)The rich do not care about political participation.
D)Political participation is spread fairly evenly through the classes.
Q2) What problems and challenges is the democratic process in Russia currently facing?
Can you offer any solutions?
Q3) According to the textbook, what undermined the first historical wave of democracy?
A)the rise of authoritarian and totalitarian rule
B)the rise of democratic socialism
C)the overthrow of many governments by anarcho-syndicalists
D)the overthrow of many governments by military juntas
Q4) What do we call violent armed conflict between politically distinct groups who fight to protect or increase control of a territory?
A)conquest
B)war
C)political opposition
D)genocide
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Chapter 15: Families
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following situations would vertically extend Sarah's family?
A)Grandma moving in with Sarah and her parents
B)Sarah's father moving a second wife into the home
C)Sarah's mother marrying another man, in addition to being married to her dad
D)Sarah's aunt Denise and her two children moving in with Sarah and her parents
Q2) In which of the following couples is the gender gap in domestic labour likely to be the smallest?
A)a male professor and his high-school-educated wife who stays at home
B)a female professor and her computer-programmer husband
C)a high-school-educated female cab driver and her security guard husband
D)a male auto mechanic and his stenographer wife
Q3) What are nuclear families?
Q4) Compared to couples with children, how do couples without children tend to rate their level of marital satisfaction?
A)lower
B)higher
C)the same
D)non-existent
Q5) Why might a person opt for a living apart together (LAT) arrangement?
Q6) What did Friedrich Engels conclude about gender, family inequality, and society?
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Weekly church attendance is highest for which of the following age groups?
A)15-24 years of age
B)25-44 years of age
C)45-64 years of age
D)65+ years of age
Q2) Which of the following messages does the textbook attribute to Buddha, Jesus, Moses, and Muhammad?
A)survival of the fittest
B)liberty and equality
C)love is the path to enlightenment
D)only the body dies; the soul comes back
Q3) Sociologists of religion are concerned with the truth of religion in general and of the value of particular religious beliefs and practices.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What does the expression "religion is the opium of the people" mean?
A)Once people are committed to a religion, they cannot escape.
B)The satisfaction derived from participation in religion is intense.
C)The real effect of religion is due to the euphoric feeling it produces.
D)Religion calms people into accepting their fate on earth.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Education
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Sample Questions
Q1) A large scholarship is available only to students whose parents are alumni from a certain university.What is reinforced by this criterion for scholarship application?
A)meritocracy
B)social exclusion
C)professionalization
D)credential inflation
Q2) The logic of industrialization comes from conflict theory.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Discuss the way in which Aboriginal peoples in Canada relate to the educational system, as far as success and lack of success are concerned.
Q4) Discuss the significance of the increase of women in postsecondary education in Canada.What impacts might this increase have on public and private lives in Canada?
Q5) Conduct a global analysis of the relationship between education and national wealth.
Q6) Explain the differences between educational attainment and educational achievement.
Q7) Describe the Flynn effect.
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Chapter 18: Mass Media and Mass Communication
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Q1) Maria can now watch live television on her new Android phone, as well as play music and film her friends.What is Maria engaging in with this technology?
A)narrowcasting
B)vertical integration
C)horizontal integration
D)media convergence
Q2) How is mass media communication typically accomplished?
A)through one-way channels
B)through two-way channels
C)through complex channels
D)through omni-directional channels
Q3) Which of the following countries has the greatest percentage of population with Internet access?
A)Canada
B)the United States
C)Australia
D)the Netherlands
Q4) What are mass media?
Q5) Explain the influence of the printing press.
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Chapter 19: Health and Medicine
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Sample Questions
Q1) In comparing Canada to other countries, what does research reveal about life expectancy?
A)Canadian life expectancy is greater than that in all other countries.
B)Canadian life expectancy is similar to that of most countries in the world.
C)Canadian life expectancy is slightly lower than that in countries like Japan.
D)Canadian life expectancy is somewhat lower than that in the United States.
Q2) What occurred with medical doctors in the late 1800s that prevented many midwives, chiropractors, and herbalists from continuing to practise in Canada?
A)Doctors created a monopoly.
B)Doctors formed an oligarchy.
C)Doctors integrated horizontally.
D)Doctors unionized.
Q3) Compare and contrast the social causes of illness and health.
Q4) M.J.Coldwell is regarded as the "father of medicare" in Canada.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Does spending more money on health care always improve the health of the nation? Explain your position.
Q6) Explain medicalization and utilize examples in your explanation.
Page 21
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Chapter 20: Population and Urbanization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Karl takes his children to Science World every month because they are fascinated by the fun and interactive exhibit of the month.This month they will experience simulations of various natural disasters.What does John Hannigan call this aspect of life in the postmodern city?
A)edutainment
B)experiential instruction
C)consumer culture
D)culturally enabled learning
Q2) According to Thomas Robert Malthus, because the food supply increases geometrically, a population will always have enough to eat.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Industrialization is one of the primary forces in the development of cities.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the historical pattern of fertility in Europe and North America? How do these trends compare with other parts of the world?
Q5) How did class inequality affect population growth in South Korea?
Q6) What is a postmodern city?
22
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Chapter 21: Collective Action and Social Movements
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Q1) Nellie McClung fought the fight for female suffrage and was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Edmonton, Alberta from 1921 to 1926.What was her success a part of?
A)political citizenship
B)civil citizenship
C)social citizenship
D)universal citizenship
Q2) Which theory suggests that social movements emerge from collective actions when people who are discontented succeed in building a solid membership base?
A)relative deprivation theory
B)solidarity theory
C)pluralist theory
D)frame alignment theory
Q3) When low-wage workers of one ethnic group and high-wage workers from another ethnic group compete for the same jobs, what is the likely result?
A)rationalized resistance
B)participant power
C)cohort agitation
D)non-routine collective action
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Chapter 22: Technology and the Global Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Where in Canada are the highest concentrations of industrial pollution found?
A)the Alberta tar sands
B)northern British Columbia
C)northern Quebec
D)southern Ontario
Q2) Clearly, as the textbook demonstrates, market forces have assisted in dealing with environmental problems.However, markets alone cannot do it all.Why is this so?
A)because of inadequate financial resources
B)because of regulations regarding commodity costs
C)because the pace of change is slow
D)because of multinational mobilization
Q3) Monsanto, the American-based multinational agricultural biotechnology corporation, has scoured the earth in a quest to patent plants that have been used for centuries by Indigenous people as medication and turn them into commercially viable medicines.What do Indigenous people call this practice?
A)DNA theft
B)intellectual property protection
C)biopiracy
D)gene fraud
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