Foundations of Sociology Test Questions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Sociology introduces students to the systematic study of society, social institutions, and social relationships. The course explores core concepts such as culture, socialization, social structure, and stratification, and examines the ways in which individuals and groups interact within various societal contexts. Through the analysis of classical and contemporary sociological theories, students gain insight into issues like race, class, gender, and globalization, and develop the skills to think critically about social phenomena and the forces that shape human behavior and society.
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New Society 8th Edition by Robert J. Brym
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introducing Sociology
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Q1) Gerhard Schroeder believes in the necessity of hard work as a component of a person's calling and worldly success,and as a component of personal salvation.What term best identifies Gerhard's beliefs?
A) salvation ethic
B) Calvinist ethic
C) Protestant ethic
D) good-works ethic
Answer: C
Q2) Which theoretical perspective suggests that most social problems can be best solved by reestablishing equilibrium within a society?
A) conflict
B) functionalism
C) feminism
D) symbolic interactionism
Answer: B
Q3) Science is less a method of inquiry than it is a collection of ideas.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Research Methods
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Q1) According to the text,ethnography contains written results.What are these about?
A) participant observation
B) a survey
C) environmental behaviour
D) an experiment
Answer: A
Q2) After observing little girls at play,a researcher concluded that those girls wearing dresses acted in a more feminine manner.However,in reality,some of the girls wearing pants acted similarly.What may have influenced the researcher's erroneous finding?
A) participant observation
B) objective definition of femininity
C) sociological practices
D) observer bias
Answer: D
Q3) A hallmark of science is its creativity.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Culture
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Q1) According to the text,why are most people in North America likely to be good consumers?
A) Manufacturers produce only what people need.
B) People purchase things because it makes them feel good.
C) People want to fit in and be like others,not be outcasts.
D) Styles and trends reflect only what people want.
Answer: C
Q2) Which statement is one conclusion of Reginald Bibby's survey research about religious beliefs of Canadians?
A) Religious beliefs have remained relatively stable for decades.
B) Regular church attendees often have no unconventional beliefs.
C) People are increasingly embracing religious rites of passage.
D) People mix unconventional beliefs with traditional religion.
Answer: D
Q3) What illustrates humans' ability to think abstractly?
A) the ability to learn and transmit knowledge
B) the ability to steer clear of danger
C) the ability to deceive
D) the ability to draw art
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Socialization
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Q1) Who was the first scholar to emphasize the importance of social interaction in the development of the self?
A) Charles Horton Cooley
B) George Herbert Mead
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Max Weber
Q2) According to the text,why is adolescence a difficult and confusing time?
A) Adults set low expectations for teenagers and treat them like children.
B) Families often have democratic ideals and teenagers can do what they please.
C) Teenagers are torn between parental values and those promoted by their peer group.
D) The mass media encourage freedom for teenagers,and parents reinforce this notion.
Q3) Which stage are children in when their actions are oriented toward general rules and practices and not to personal preferences or attachments?
A) looking-glass self
B) game stage
C) imitative stage
D) play stage
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Chapter 5: Gender and Sexualities
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Q1) Derek prefers to wear makeup and heels because he has never quite felt like himself in his own skin,even as a young boy.What term best describes Derek?
A) transsexual
B) gender confused
C) gender conflicted
D) transgendered
Q2) Sue refuses to send her boyfriend flowers at work because she believes that it would be inappropriate and embarrassing for him.Boyfriends don't get flowers;they send flowers.Which sociological concept is Sue adhering to?
A) compulsory gender
B) gender roles
C) sex roles
D) identity roles
Q3) Explain what is meant by the new sexual ethic.Provide examples from the media and your experiences that illustrate this new sexual ethic.
Q4) Do you feel that heterosexuality has been privileged in our society? Support your position.
Q5) Explain the difference between one's sex and one's gender.
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Chapter 6: Communication and Mass Media
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Q1) What is cultural imperialism? Explain how this relates to Canada.
Q2) The pilot for a new television show included a character that helped a teenager obtain an abortion.Since a major shareholder on the television network's board of directors was anti-abortion,the show was not purchased.According to the text,what sociological approach could be used to analyze the influence of the shareholder?
A) multimedia chains
B) vertical integration
C) critical hegemony
D) political economy
Q3) In Canada,how many companies control the Internet,newspapers,television,radio,and telephone?
A) 3
B) 8
C) 11
D) 13
Q4) "Societies have always been shaped more by the nature of the media by which men communicate than by the content of the communication" (Marshall McLuhan).Discuss McLuhan's assertion within the context of the impact social media is having on our society.
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Chapter 7: Social Stratification
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Q1) In 1992,a single and employable adult who was eligible for social assistance in Ontario received 62 percent of the after-tax low-income cutoff (LICO-unofficially known as the "poverty line").In 2012,the same type of person receiving welfare would have received only 41 percent of LICO.Why are assistance levels diminishing? What does the federal and provincial governments need to do to address the number of Canadians living in poverty?
Q2) The idea of a golf and country club membership highlights Frank Parkin's theory that social institutions are organized by the privileged to uphold class differences and prevent the disadvantaged from having access to certain opportunities.Which term refers to the act of intentionally preventing someone from engaging in particular activities to uphold class differences?
A) exclusion
B) professionalism
C) usurpation
D) credentialism
Q3) Making reference to the ideas of nineteenth- and twentieth-century social theorists that you find useful,discuss the structured patterns of social inequality that can be observed in Canada,and the reasons that they continue to exist.
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Chapter 8: Gender Inequality
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Q1) In which occupation does the predominance of women exemplify horizontal segregation?
A) blue-collar work
B) teaching jobs
C) self-employment
D) supervisory positions
Q2) The concentration of men in some occupations and women in others is called "occupational inequality."
A)True
B)False
Q3) Time availability theory asserts that time spent in paid work limits the amount of time spent on domestic chores.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Currently,there is no federal policy aimed at reducing gender inequality among elected politicians.Imagine that you are heading a task force to address this issue.What two recommendations would you propose,and explain how they might increase political participation and representation by women.
Q5) What is the gender wage gap? How has it changed in Canada since 1992?
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Chapter 9: Race and Ethnic Relations
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT a risk factor that was identified by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police as contributing to the high rate of victimization of Aboriginal women?
A) poor employment conditions and opportunities
B) poor family relationships and socialization
C) consumption of drugs and/or alcohol prior to the incident
D) involvement in the sex trade
Q2) Define institutional racism and list the three forms that it can take.
Q3) According to the text,what actions did the Canadian government take to Europeanize Aboriginal people and culture in the first half of the twentieth century?
Q4) Through much of the dinner conversation,Jayden grew increasingly angry with her father who insisted that the people living north of the tree line were Eskimos.She finally left the table,exclaiming that "You don't know what you're talking about." Why would Jayden say this to her father?
A) There are no people who live north of the tree line.
B) In Canada,the name Inuit has replaced the earlier name Eskimo.
C) In Canada,the preferred name is First Nations.
D) In Canada,the proper terminology is Aboriginal peoples.
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Chapter 10: Development and Underdevelopment
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Q1) According to the text,why is development an important issue for many Canadians?
A) because it is about morality
B) because we are compassionate
C) because it is profitable
D) because we are charitable
Q2) Dependency theory shows how European colonizing powers blocked the emergence of industrial capitalism in the Global South.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which one of the following conditions was part of structural adjustment programs (SAPs)?
A) Countries with emerging economies were ordered to strictly regulate their growth.
B) Developing countries were required to free up land for peasants to grow food.
C) The IMF would help developing countries if they privatized state-run businesses.
D) Needy countries had to limit assistance from aid organizations such as the Red Cross.
Q4) What is popular resistance? Will it succeed?
Q5) Outline the basic tenets of a neoliberal approach to development.
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Chapter 11: Families
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Q1) Official government definitions of the family can sometimes cause problems.Under what circumstances can these problems occur?
A) Problems can occur when parents choose to use two surnames for their offspring.
B) Problems can occur when people are denied access to government services and benefits because of a relationship that is not defined as family.
C) Problems can occur when people are barred from personal records identifying medical conditions of the adopted.
D) Problems can occur when children have two sets of guardians in divorced families.
Q2) Which term refers to the traditional system of male domination of families?
A) conservatism
B) patriarchy
C) liberalism
D) matriarchy
Q3) Family relations in preindustrial societal families were primarily relations of work.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Work and Occupations
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Q1) Nicole went to ABC Temp Agency and was hired as a receptionist in a doctor's office.When the full-time receptionist returned from her maternity leave,the doctor then offered Nicole a full-time position doing the bookkeeping and payroll for his practice.When reviewing her bank statement,Nicole realized that she had not been paid for her last two weeks work as a receptionist.Who should she talk with in regards to her missing wages?
A) the doctor who is her present employer
B) Employment Canada
C) ABC Temp Agency
D) the full-time receptionist who may have been paid twice
Q2) Based on self-report surveys,which statement best describes Canadian jobs?
A) A majority of visible minority workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.
B) Downsizing and restructuring have positively affected job satisfaction.
C) Female employees have the highest rates of job dissatisfaction.
D) More than 90 percent of Canadians are satisfied with their jobs.
Q3) A job that features high pay,ample holidays,and opportunities for advancement is regarded as being intrinsically rewarding.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is Taylorism,and what impact does it have on the workplace?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Education
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Q1) What does the term progressive pedagogy mean?
A) It is the basis for the grade system,streaming,and competitiveness of our educational system.
B) It is based on the idea of a highly structured learning environment where regimented tasks are instructed.
C) It means that education should help a student progress and succeed toward a desired career goal.
D) It means that schooling should be less structured and should aim to nurture qualities intrinsic to each student.
Q2) Even though females are enrolled in postsecondary education in greater numbers than males,many still find themselves being guided toward education leading to nursing,social work,and education careers.What term best identifies the reinforcement of these roles for women?
A) job typing
B) gender traditionalism
C) nurturing primordialism
D) job coaxing
Q3) Define and explain the significance of the hidden curriculum in education.
Q4) Explain how school choice is growing in Canada.
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Chapter 14: Religion
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Q1) What was a consequence of the decision by the United Church of Canada to ordain homosexual ministers?
A) It has made it a church with a majority of homosexual members.
B) It resulted in the loss of a sizable number of dissenting members.
C) It became a precedent that churches of other denominations soon followed.
D) It greatly increased the number of church members.
Q2) While researching for his term paper,Jordan found studies which demonstrated that the numbers of people claiming no religious affiliation was growing over the years.But what perplexed him was the research that showed the numbers of people claiming religious affiliation were growing as well.What term describes this coincidental growth in both the pro-religion and no-religion categories?
A) secularization phenomenon
B) religious polarization
C) religiosity divide
D) spiritual renewal and decay
Q3) According to the text,more than 50 percent of the people who attend church services less than once a month would consider greater involvement if it was worthwhile for themselves or their families.What did they mean by this?
Q4) How does "deprivation" account for religiosity?
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Chapter 15: Deviance and Crime
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Q1) According to routine activities theory,teenagers who spend vast amounts of unsupervised time in the company of other teenagers experience a higher risk of deviant behaviours.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What can we conclude about official crime statistics?
A) They underestimate the actual amount of crime.
B) They are generally unreliable numbers.
C) They overestimate the actual amount of crime.
D) They are an accurate reflection of crime.
Q3) A researcher says that crime is a young person's game.Which of the following is he talking about?
A) thrill-seeking adolescents
B) a correlate of crime
C) professional adult criminals
D) sociobiological determinants
Q4) Describe a circumstance where a person might be forced to innovate and commit a crime.
Q5) Explain control theory and how attachment and commitment are predictive of crime.
17
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Chapter 16: Population and Urbanization
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Q1) A demographer posits that although birth rates in developing countries are alarmingly high,there will be a dramatic shift to lower birth and death rates in the coming decades as these countries modernize.What concept describes his predictions?
A) fertility conversion
B) demographic transition
C) declining demographics
D) population inversion
Q2) Judy decided that her career was very important to her and believed that having children would jeopardize her advancement.Therefore,she decided not to have any children.Which ongoing phenomenon is Judy's decision part of?
A) feminist prerogative theory
B) demographic transition
C) antidomestic syndrome
D) professional prioritization
Q3) During the last decade of the twentieth century,migrants from other provinces flocked to Calgary and Vancouver,but few were attracted to Toronto.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Sociology and the Environment
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Q1) The psychological tendency known as future discounting means that many people are not inclined to change their environmentally dangerous behaviour since present reality is more important than future possibilities.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What term is used to denote the practice of a business overstating its commitment to environmental responsibility?
A) whitewashing
B) tragedy of the commons
C) greenwashing
D) carbon offsetting
Q3) What evidence did the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change use to support its conclusion that there has been a dramatic rise in greenhouse gas since the time of industrialization?
A) recorded temperatures of the past 150 years
B) scientific models of carbon dioxide emissions
C) carbon dioxide readings taken from tree rings and coral reefs
D) solar flare analyses of the past 150 years
Q4) Define sustainable development and explain its significance.
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Chapter 18: Health and Aging
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Q1) What have sociologists said about attempts to explain social inequalities in health,when comparing them with individually chosen lifestyle behaviours,such as diet and exercise?
A) Sociologists hypothesize that advances in medicine are improving everyone's health.
B) Sociologists agree that lifestyle choices are major determinants of one's health.
C) Sociologists suggest that an individual's genetic makeup is more important to health outcomes.
D) Sociologists suggest that social inequalities are more important than lifestyle choices.
Q2) Which statement best describes life expectancies?
A) Men and women have roughly the same life expectancies.
B) Married men tend to live longer than unmarried women.
C) Men tend to live longer than women.
D) Women tend to live longer than men.
Q3) For-profit health care tends to be more expensive than universal health care.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss how gender plays a role in aging and health.
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Chapter 19: Politics and Social Movements
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Q1) On any given day,the media is filled with stories about multiple competing interests;for example: gay rights activists versus dominant heterosexual views,pro-choice versus anti-abortion advocates,and feminists against male chauvinists.Which perspective supports this view of power in society?
A) elitist theory
B) pluralist theory
C) power-balance theory
D) state-centred theory
Q2) In Australia and Belgium,citizens are legally required to vote in elections and may face fines,mandated community service,or other sanctions if they fail to do so.Should Canada implement a mandatory voting law? Why or why not?
Q3) During a protest about the treatment of animals,Kamila was tasered and taken into custody.What kind of power is reflected in this incident?
A) authority
B) coercive
C) political
D) executive
Q4) What was the Occupy Wall Street movement,and what did it achieve?
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Chapter 20: Globalization
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Q1) Suzanne was astounded when she found out that the worldwide company that makes her favourite ice cream,chocolate bars,and the baby formula she buys for her newborn also makes dog and cat food and produces soaps and laundry detergents.What name is given to this type of company?
A) diversified transnational corporation
B) expansive food corporation
C) nutrition,health,and wellness company
D) specialized international organization
Q2) Charles was arguing that global agricultural trade is a necessity given that a country could not exist without the import of food from other countries.Devon disagreed and would cite the example of which country to support his argument?
A) Antigua
B) Barbados
C) Cuba
D) Dominican Republic
Q3) How have corporations responded to anti-corporate criticism?
Q4) What is the argument contained in,and the significance of,Naomi Klein's book No Logo?
Q5) What is the difference between top-down and bottom-up globalization?
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Chapter 21: Networks, Groups, and Bureaucracies
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Q1) What is the concept of bystander apathy related to?
A) level of altruism
B) idea of groupthink
C) belief in individualism
D) concept of conventionality
Q2) Which term describes a web of social ties that link people who identify and interact with one another?
A) formal organization
B) ingroup
C) club
D) network
Q3) In bureaucracies,bigger is not always better.Which statement helps to explain why?
A) Too many people needing supervision means sometimes people are unproductive.
B) The infrastructure of a large organization goes to maintaining itself,not to production.
C) The possibility arises to form more dyadic relationships and cliques.
D) Sometimes the dollars spent on the organization greatly outweigh the profits.
Q4) Discuss the three types of leadership outlined in the text.
Q5) Explain the phenomenon of bystander apathy,and illustrate with examples.
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