Foundations of Sociology Test Preparation
Course Introduction
Foundations of Sociology introduces students to the systematic study of society, social institutions, and social relationships. This course explores key concepts such as culture, socialization, social structure, groups, and social stratification, providing an overview of the major theories and methods used in sociological research. Students will examine how factors like class, race, gender, and globalization influence individual and group behaviors, and develop a deeper understanding of how social forces shape contemporary issues and everyday life.
Recommended Textbook
New Society 7th Edition by Robert J. Brym
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21 Chapters
2434 Verified Questions
2434 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Sociology
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116 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Durkheim, psychological disorder is the major cause of suicide.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Microstructures are patterns of social relations that lie outside and above your circle of intimates and acquaintances.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Which of the following terms describes sociological ideas that are used to explain social behaviour?
A) theories
B) concepts
C) paradigms
D) proposals
Answer: A
Q4) Theories state how and why certain facts are related.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jason questions whether anyone can take on the job of prime minister without prioritizing their own self-interests. His skepticism is a part of which cultural phenomenon?
A) governmentality
B) politicization
C) postmodernism
D) modernization
Answer: C
Q2) "Modern globalized culture allows people to be eclectic about preferences in music, but at the same time it limits mainstream lifestyle to one of consumerism in a capitalist society." What effect of culture has been identified in the preceding statement?
A) Modern culture is both freeing and constraining.
B) Globalization is resulting in a more heterogeneous world.
C) Globalization is resulting in a more homogeneous world.
D) Modern culture is fed by a barrage of media messages.
Answer: A
Q3) According to the text, what are the three characteristics of postmodern culture?
Answer: A mixing of elements from different times and places; erosion of authority; decline of consensus around core values
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the text, which of the following is a common characteristic of the agents of socialization?
A) They are all equally intimate in their contact with individuals.
B) They all have a direct influence on individual behaviour.
C) They all have a formal influence on individual behaviour.
D) They all influence how individuals perceive and respond to their world.
Answer: D
Q2) Socialization during adolescence requires a balance between autonomy and conformity.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) According to the text, what does the study of gender socialization tell us?
A) Sex and gender are terms that are used interchangeably by sociologists.
B) Gender identity is overwhelmingly determined by whether a person is male or female.
C) Gender identity is fixed at birth and can be changed only by surgery.
D) What people think of as masculine or feminine is largely a product of socialization.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Gender and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Alana has been sexually harassed at work. Based on what you have learned from the text, what advice would you give her to ensure a positive work environment when she looks for new employment?
A) Take a professional position.
B) Find a temporary position.
C) Find an organization that is tolerant of sexual harassment.
D) Make sure the ratio of women to men is low.
Q2) Sociologists argue that the separation of public and private spheres is the single most important sociohistorical change that led to gender inequality.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Curiosity plays an important part in the initiation of the first experience of sexual intercourse in our culture.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Estimates of the prevalence of homosexuality depend heavily on how it is measured.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Communication and Mass Media
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Sample Questions
Q1) A print media tycoon built his newspaper empire by going from one to 500 newspapers, and along the way he leased crown forest land, bought pulp and paper companies that supplied his newsprint, and bought trucking companies to deliver his papers. Which of the following business models did he use?
A) a vertically integrated business model
B) a horizontally integrated business model
C) a multitiered business model
D) a cross-industry monopoly business model
Q2) Two groups of boys between the ages of 10 and 15 watched two hours of television and then played for an hour. One group watched violent television shows while the other group watched nonviolent shows. The results indicated that the boys who watched the violence would hit each other twice as often during the playtime as those who watched the nonviolent shows. What is one shortcoming of this type of experiment?
A) Creating an artificial social environment does not produce accurate results.
B) If the boys lose interest in the violent shows, they will not be influenced as intended.
C) It's in a boy's nature to hit another boy during play.
D) Other factors may lead to the violence during play.
Q3) What is cultural imperialism? Explain how this relates to Canada.
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Chapter 6: Social Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) What prediction did Karl Marx make with his theory about social stratification in capitalist societies?
A) Emergence of an exploited working class consciousness would result in a revolution.
B) Class conflict would occur between the bourgeoisie and the petite bourgeoisie.
C) Over time, the capitalist mode of production would produce income equality.
D) Surplus value was created by workers in feudalism but not in capitalism.
Q2) According to the text, what type of inequality has been increasing in Canada during the past decade?
A) consumer inequality
B) wealth inequality
C) subjective inequality
D) possession inequality
Q3) Give examples of why it is important to take into account the time and place in which social theory is developed.
Q4) Using the theories and concepts given in the text, assess why it is that daycare workers are often paid less than garbage collectors. Do we value our garbage more than our children?
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Chapter 7: Gender Inequality
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115 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) In 2008 women earned, on average, about 65 cents for every dollar earned by men. Henry argues that the lower wages of women is due to their lower educational attainment and the numerous labour-force interruptions due to their maternity leaves. In essence, what is Henry saying?
A) Women's lower earnings are a reflection of their productivity.
B) Women's lower wages are a result of their concentration in occupations that are low paying.
C) The gender earnings gap reflects the general devaluation of "women's work."
D) Employers statistically discriminate against women.
Q2) "Representation by women is not the same as representation for women" is a statement used when critiquing research that focused primarily on the number of women holding political office. What does this assertion mean?
Q3) Alyssa is very proud of the fact that her great-grandmother took part in a social movement that resulted in women being granted the right to vote in Canada. Which social movement is Alyssa referring to?
A) the suffrage movement
B) the temperance movement
C) the emancipation movement
D) the civil rights movement
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Race and Ethnic Relations
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Sample Questions
Q1) What was the main goal of the federal government's early policy on Aboriginal people?
A) to segregate Aboriginal peoples into reserves to be among themselves
B) to bring Christianity to all Aboriginal people as part of assimilation
C) to assimilate Aboriginal people into mainstream Canadian society
D) to eliminate poverty by providing training designed to help Aboriginal people
Q2) While discussing their current semester's classes, Tristan asked Jill to explain what her sociology of race and ethnicity course was about. Which of the following answers would Jill give?
A) It's about how power and resources are unequally distributed among ethnic and racial groups.
B) It's about the origins, settlement, and life experiences of different ethnic/racial social groups.
C) It's about the self-concept, identity, and feelings of nationalism among different ethnic groups.
D) It's about how groups in Canadian society go about maintaining a sense of pride in their heritage.
Q3) Define the Quiet Revolution and explain its significance in present-day Canadian society.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Development and Underdevelopment
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115 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) As world income increased by an average of 2.5 percent annually, what corresponding change accompanied this increase?
A) There are currently 100 million more poor people in the world.
B) The world's poverty levels remain unchanged.
C) Because of inflation, net gains in living standards are minimal.
D) The gap between the world's rich and poor has decreased.
Q2) Outline the basic tenets of a neoliberal approach to development.
Q3) A professor presented the following argument: "The reason it took Brazil so long to develop was that the citizens did not have the drive and 'need for achievement' necessary to develop business and industry." Which theoretical approach is this professor drawing arguments from?
A) capitalist theory
B) modernization theory
C) dependency theory
D) underdevelopment theory
Q4) What is popular resistance? Will it succeed?
Q5) Why was estate agriculture more of an impediment to development than were agrarian structures dominated by small family farms?
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Chapter 10: Families
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to your text, what has been an outcome of the growing secularism in Canadian society?
A) Censure of divorce, cohabitation, and same-sex relationships is lessening.
B) Males have become more preoccupied with work.
C) Males and females have become more individualistic.
D) Females are experiencing more relationship crises.
Q2) For his term assignment, Gavin submitted a paper arguing that the traditional nuclear family is the ideal unit within which to raise children and the current societal problems are a result of women's involvement in the workforce. What theoretical perspective has Gavin adopted?
A) functionalist
B) conflict
C) symbolic interactionist
D) radical traditionalist
Q3) Families can prosper or fail depending on societal circumstances and social policy. Compare family policies found in Western Europe with those of Canada.
Q4) What are some sociological insights that offer support for same-sex couples raising children?
Q5) What explains the increasing number of single-person households in Canada?
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Chapter 11: Work and Occupations
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Sample Questions
Q1) A young female university dropout sells clothing at a retail outlet. After a year, she responds to a competition for a job as a teller at a bank that is looking for someone with a high-school diploma; however, she loses out to someone with a university degree. What term do sociologists use to describe this young woman's situation?
A) creeping credentialism
B) labour-market segmentation
C) credential amplification
D) labour-pool competition
Q2) Explain why there has been an increase of nonstandard work schedules in the labour market.
Q3) Why are some areas of expertise considered semi-professions instead of professions?
Q4) People with disabilities face barriers to good jobs.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Workers have organized unions because they want to reduce the amount of work they must do.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Education
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Sample Questions
Q1) Keisha, a bright and hardworking student, was in her guidance counsellor's office discussing course selection. Keisha's dream was to be a doctor, but the counsellor, knowing that she was being raised by a sole-support parent, discussed the practicality of her taking courses that would get her into a good college to become a nurse's aide. As a result, Keisha left the office with a course schedule of college-designated courses. Which of the following best describes what transpired?
A) Keisha was streamed into college entrance.
B) Keisha was making wise and practical decisions.
C) Keisha was keeping all her postsecondary options open.
D) Keisha was a victim of sponsored mobility.
Q2) David F. Larabee (How to Succeed in School Without Really Learning: The Credentials Race in American Education, 1999) discusses the connection between education and one's improved socioeconomic status. He claims that by thinking of education as a primary route to individual advancement, the formal characteristics of education (grades, credits, degrees-ever higher and even more) are given precedence over the substantive property of education-that of actually learning something. What do you think? Discuss, incorporating information from the text and your own personal experiences.
Q3) Describe and explain the ideas underlying human capital theory.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) How do Canadian teenagers compare to their parents in terms of religious belief, practice, knowledge, and experience?
A) Teens are somewhat more religious.
B) Teens about equally religious.
C) Teens are somewhat less religious.
D) Teens are much less religious.
Q2) Explain what is meant by the statement, "Socialization appears to be a necessary but not a sufficient cause of religiosity."
Q3) According to the text, interest in religion and spirituality is currently on the upswing in many parts of the world, including North America.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Research findings indicate that there is a positive relationship between religious group involvement and good mental health.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What distinguishes Max Weber's views on religion from those of other classical sociologists? What are some of his main observations?
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Chapter 14: Deviance and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is credited for developing differential association theory?
A) Travis Hirschi
B) Robert Merton
C) Edwin Sutherland
D) Albert Cohen
Q2) According to the text, what is a possible consequence for persons who are socially stigmatized with mental illness?
A) They leave mental facilities to live on the street.
B) They quit taking their medication.
C) They have difficulty making friends or trouble getting a job.
D) They want to resist the labels.
Q3) A young man likes to party; he is a thrill seeker who can't foresee the consequences of his behaviour. One night he goes on a drinking binge and wrecks his car. Which theoretical perspective would have predicted this behaviour?
A) general strain theory
B) general theory of crime
C) routine activities theory
D) differential association theory
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Chapter 15: Population and Urbanization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Chun and his family have a farm on the edge of a big city. It produces enough food for them, but not enough to take goods to market, leaving the family without funds to buy other household necessities. To solve this problem, Chun commutes into the city and works at a factory during the week and works the farm during his time off. What situation is Chun experiencing?
A) over urbanization
B) urban sprawl
C) peri-urbanization
D) suburban sprawl
Q2) What is a gated community? What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in such a neighbourhood?
Q3) According to Burgess's model, where do second-generation immigrants typically reside?
A) zone of interstitial transition
B) zone of better residences
C) zone of working-class homes
D) central business district
Q4) What three important elements characterized preindustrial cities, and why are they significant?
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Chapter 16: Sociology and the Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) The citizens of Nimbi were actively involved in environmental movements throughout the decade in which the country was recording ever-increasing levels of economic growth. Then a recession hit, and their interest and participation severely declined. What reason could be given to account for this?
A) They were bridging the difference between dominant and alternative environmental outlooks.
B) They realized the wisdom of future discounting.
C) They were following the logic of economic contingency.
D) They considered themselves trapped in a high-carbon society.
Q2) Which of the following has been documented by epidemiological studies conducted on the Aamjiwnaang First Nations Reserve in Chemical Valley?
A) a statistically significant lower number of boys than girls have been born
B) a statistically significant lower number of girls than boys have been born
C) breastfeeding mothers have extreme levels of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) in their breast milk
D) residents show a high level of radioactive contamination
Q3) Recently, environmentalists have been identified as members of a new middle class. Why do members of this class tend to be more radical than the population as a whole?
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Health and Aging
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Sample Questions
Q1) In terms of immigration and health, which of the following is a policy of the Canadian government?
A) Potential immigrants must meet a minimum standard of health before they will be admitted.
B) Immigrants who are ill will be admitted only if they can pay for their own treatment upon arrival in Canada.
C) Immigrants must have a family medical history of no health issues.
D) Only immigrants who have health problems that cannot be treated in their home country will be admitted.
Q2) The main reason for the increasing proportion of seniors in the population is a decline in fertility rates.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Widowed women are likelier to marry than are widowed men.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Demography is the study of the ethnic makeup of a given population.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Politics and Social Movements
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Sample Questions
Q1) Postmodernist feminists have criticized liberal, social, and radical feminists for their tendency to generalize from the experience of white women.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Do you believe that Canada will be a more democratic society 25 years from now? Discuss your position, incorporating concepts and theories addressed in this chapter.
Q3) In 2008, the Conservative federal government released a "green plan" calling for a 20 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. This was done to stem criticism by the Liberal opposition about government inaction on the environment. Which theoretical perspective has an analysis of governing action that fits this example?
A) state-centred theory
B) resource mobilization theory
C) relative-deprivation theory
D) power-balance theory
Q4) What is the difference between power and authority?
Q5) What is the difference between the state and civil society? Give at least three examples of each.
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20
Chapter 19: Globalization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Globalization is inherently neither good nor bad, but the consequences of globalization do affect human lives and the environment.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to economists, which factor can one-third of Canada's economic growth between 1997 and 2005 be attributed to?
A) globalization and new job creation
B) the increase in consumer spending
C) new immigrants working in Canada
D) the increase of two-income households
Q3) Corporations fail when it comes to using social dissent to sell more consumer products.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which country in the world is the most indebted?
A) China
B) Argentina
C) Mexico
D) United States
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Chapter 20: Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) When scientists can conclusively declare that solar flares and the resulting radiation knocks out satellite transmissions, then what can ultimately be said about these two events?
A) They are correlated.
B) They are both related.
C) They are both associated.
D) They are causally connected.
Q2) A researcher was interested in the influence of music on job motivation. One group was assigned to hear music while working and the other group would not hear music while working. To determine which test subject would go into which group, she flipped a coin. What term is given to this process of assignment?
A) establishing a control group
B) randomization
C) random sampling
D) establishing controls
Q3) Correlation is the same thing as causation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain why and how social scientists use official statistics.
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Chapter 21: Networks, Groups, Bureaucracies, and Societies
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Sample Questions
Q1) What does the text call a group composed of people whom an individual uses in order to evaluate his or her situation or conduct?
A) primary group
B) work group
C) formal organization
D) reference group
Q2) On January 28, 1986, the space shuttle Challenger exploded after launch. An investigation later determined that safety warnings about fuel seals leaking had been ignored by NASA administrators and seal manufacturers. What is the term for this kind of corporate decision making?
A) risk taking
B) groupthink
C) negligence
D) human error
Q3) We live in a shrinking world because our social networks tend to be local and isolated.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is groupthink? Give an example.
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