Foundations of Sociology Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Sociology introduces students to the systematic study of society, social institutions, and social relationships. This course explores key sociological concepts, theories, and research methods, focusing on how individuals and groups interact within various social contexts. Topics include culture, socialization, social structure, groups, deviance, inequality, and major social institutions such as family, education, and religion. Through readings, discussions, and assignments, students will develop a critical understanding of the social forces that shape human behavior and society.
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New Society 8th Edition by Robert J. Brym
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Chapter 1: Introducing Sociology
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Q1) What focus of analysis is shared by the conflict and functional perspectives?
A) an imperative coordination at individual and personal levels
B) the nuances of meaning in people's thoughts and actions
C) the production of social reality and consensus building
D) an examination of social structures across society
Answer: D
Q2) According to Durkheim,psychological disorder is the major cause of suicide.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) For their term papers,students were required to analyze a social problem from a sociological perspective.When Austin was asked which perspective he was going to use he replied,"Sociology's fourth major tradition." Which of the following was Austin referring to?
A) queer theory
B) symbolic interactionism
C) social constructionism
D) feminist theory
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Research Methods
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Q1) As a sociologist,I decide to study the social phenomenon of suicide;I am not value-free in choosing this topic,as I had a cousin who took his own life.What will I have to be mindful of when conducting my research?
A) randomization
B) confounding
C) validity
D) objectivity
Answer: D
Q2) Fatima meets with an immigrant woman without legal status to discuss a potential research project.The immigrant talks about her daily life and how she works without being identified by the authorities.However,Fatima is frustrated to hear how the immigrant was able to come to this country without going through the legal procedures that Fatima's parents had to go through.According to the text,why should Fatima NOT study this immigrant?
A) The immigrant may be identified and deported.
B) Fatima lacks objectivity.
C) The immigrant may disclose information harmful to other immigrants.
D) Fatima may reveal insights into her life.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Culture
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Q1) Hip-hop is an example of how mass consumption is an expression of rebellion.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Which concept does a factory represent?
A) a site of social agreement/consensus
B) a site of social struggle and conflict
C) an example of rationalization
D) a system of modern collaboration
Answer: C
Q3) A grandfather spends hours talking to his granddaughter about his life experiences,while also speaking about family traditions.From a sociological perspective,what is the grandfather transmitting to his granddaughter?
A) culture
B) symbols
C) language
D) sanctions
Answer: A
Q4) What are the three elements of the Sapir-Whorf thesis? Provide an example.
Answer: Experience,thought,and language;Inuit and snow;nomadic Arabs and camels
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Socialization
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Q1) The ability to become human is only a potential;to be actualized,individuals require socialization.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In 2012,17-year-old Trayvon Martin was fatally shot by George Zimmerman-a neighbourhood watch coordinator-on the grounds that Martin "looked suspicious and up to no good." What sociological concept is demonstrated by this event?
A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) hidden agenda
C) inadequate socialization
D) Thomas theorem
Q3) High school student Stan wears a tie every day and carries a briefcase.He looks like he should be going to an office rather than to a high school.According to sociologists,what is Stan experiencing?
A) advanced socialization
B) anticipatory socialization
C) adult socialization
D) mature socialization
Q4) Explain Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self.
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Chapter 5: Gender and Sexualities
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Q1) According to the text,what do sexual jokes,comments,and touching that interfere with people's work constitute?
A) gender-environment sexual harassment
B) abuse-of-power harassment
C) poisoned workplace
D) hostile environment sexual harassment
Q2) Ten-year-old Scott is playing with his friends at the park when six-year-old Tyler shows up with one of his sister's dolls.Scott tells him they can't play with the doll because they are boys.What concept does this incident teach Tyler?
A) sex
B) gender
C) sexuality
D) gender roles
Q3) According to the text,which of the following demonstrates that traditional sexual scripts are changing?
A) more acceptance of religiously sanctioned marriages
B) more interest in deviant sexual activity
C) more acceptance of homosexuality
D) more acceptance of state-sanctioned marriage
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Chapter 6: Communication and Mass Media
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Q1) According to Marshall McLuhan,what have electronic media created?
A) hyperreality
B) global village
C) technology gap
D) culture industry
Q2) If Morley was a proponent of reception analysis,what would he assert as being the nature of the interaction between television and its audience?
A) Television delivers what audiences want or it goes off the air.
B) Television watchers are at the mercy of the shows' producers.
C) Audiences filter,interpret,and often challenge what they view.
D) Audiences are simply passive recipients of what they view.
Q3) A Japanese girl is sipping on a can of Coke and reading a US Weekly magazine.She is considering plastic surgery to change her eyes because she wants to look more like the girls in US Weekly magazine.Which term best describes this situation?
A) media conglomeration
B) corporate culturalism
C) cultural penetration
D) cultural imperialism
Q4) List three benefits of social media and discuss.
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Chapter 7: Social Stratification
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Q1) What can we conclude about the impact of caste and stratification systems?
A) Both impact the potential for social mobility.
B) Both limit people's life chances equally.
C) Both allow upward social mobility.
D) Both impact gender in similar ways.
Q2) Nafiza,the manager at a plastics plant,received safety complaints from the workers regarding a new procedure that uses toxic materials.Nafiza understood why the workers might be concerned and agreed to raise the issue with management,but she insisted that they continue their work in the meantime.She knows the plant owner is trying to increase productivity so the company can compete on the global stage.According to Lenski,in this situation,what is Nafiza's primary personal dilemma?
A) She has contradictory class locations.
B) She must ensure that productivity rises.
C) Her functionalist role must be fulfilled.
D) Her job performance is influenced by globalization.
Q3) The Davis and Moore theory of stratification is a cultural product of the Great Depression in the United States.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Gender Inequality
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Q1) The city police department was a predominantly male force but when they advertised openings for police officers,Jocelyn applied.She was pleasantly shocked when she was hired because there had been many other equally qualified male applicants.What kind of practice does this represent?
A) unbiased hiring
B) employment equity
C) gender balance
D) job equity
Q2) The television show The Simpsons features Lisa (the intelligent,well-behaved daughter)and Bart (the naughty,playful son)as children of Marge (the homemaker)and Homer (the breadwinner).What is this television show reinforcing?
A) traditional family values
B) gender equity
C) biological determinism
D) gender-based stereotypes
Q3) Most young men and women say they expect to share domestic responsibilities equally.Given what you now know from reading the text,discuss what the likely reality for these young couples will be and why.
Q4) What is precarious employment?
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Chapter 9: Race and Ethnic Relations
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Q1) What are the two interrelated explanations for the lower earnings of visible minority male immigrants?
Q2) What was the basis of the dominance that the Anglophone elite exercised in Quebec,beginning in the eighteenth century?
A) control of social-service institutions
B) the position of the visible minorities
C) control of economic and political affairs
D) the position of informal social structures
Q3) Which term best identifies race by a typological categorization?
A) Québécois
B) Asian
C) mongoloid
D) Ontarian
Q4) Define institutional racism and list the three forms that it can take.
Q5) Why does the author assert that socialization approaches to racism are superior to social psychological and primordialist approaches? What are the limitations of socialization approaches,and how have theories in the conflict tradition attempted to address these limitations?
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Chapter 10: Development and Underdevelopment
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Q1) What are structural adjustment programs? Are they beneficial and necessary or are they the cause of social disorder and misery? Substantiate your position with examples.
Q2) What consequence did the countries in the Global South experience as a result of international lending agencies imposing SAPs?
A) an economic growth increase of approximately 2.5 percent per year between 1980 and 1998
B) an economic growth increase of approximately 5 percent per year between 1980 and 1998
C) no economic growth between 1980 and 1998
D) negative economic growth between 1980 and 1998
Q3) In a class discussion,Adrienne argues that the lack of development in some countries is not due to people who lack a work ethic,but rather it is the result of the power nations exploiting the people and the land in these societies.What theory of development provides the basis for Adrienne's argument?
A) modernization
B) stage
C) dependency
D) stratification
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Chapter 11: Families
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Q1) Who examines the power dynamics and conflicts common within families?
A) Marxist theorists
B) symbolic interactionists
C) feminist analysts
D) family-value politicians
Q2) Family relations in preindustrial societal families were primarily relations of work.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Janette and Alexandra were discussing their personal family experiences when Janette stated "And my messed-up life is largely a result of a patriarchal system." When Alexandra asked her to explain,which of the following would Janette offer?
A) I was raised in a fatherless home.
B) My dad believed that men are born with the right to use and abuse women.
C) My mom was always preaching about female empowerment and pressuring me to succeed.
D) I was not allowed to attend an all-girls school.
Q4) What are some sociological insights that offer support for same-sex couples raising children?
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Chapter 12: Work and Occupations
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Q1) What is deindustrialization?
A) a shift from a service economy to an information economy
B) a shift from a goods-based economy to a service-based economy
C) closing factories that are major polluters of the environment
D) closing up job ghettos and relocating industry to the country
Q2) In which sector do we find the jobs that are in the lower tier of the service sector?
A) utilities and health services
B) finance and business services
C) public and social services
D) retail trade and food services
Q3) Sandra secures a government office job that is scheduled to expire in 12 months.She is categorized as an "unclassified" government employee,working full-time hours,yet receiving no benefits,no pension,and no job security compared to her "classified" coworkers.Which term best describes her employment situation?
A) service job
B) contract worker
C) unionized worker
D) standard employment
Q4) What is Taylorism,and what impact does it have on the workplace?
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Chapter 13: Education
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Q1) According to the text,what is one way that schools connect to and shape society?
A) through the demotion process
B) via the process of promotion
C) through a process of selection
D) as a process of equalization
Q2) According to Powell,Farrar,and Cohen (1985)schools have become like shopping malls.Explain what this means,incorporating examples from your experience in the education system.
Q3) When comparing males and females in education,which statement is most accurate?
A) Today women surpass men on most measures of educational attainment.
B) Females now drop out of high school in greater numbers than males.
C) Males have surpassed females on most measures of educational attainment.
D) Women dominate traditional male domains of math and computer science.
Q4) Children of economically disadvantaged households fare just as well in school as children from affluent home environments.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Compare the nature of moral educational before the late 1960s with what came afterward.What was the main difference in morality?
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Chapter 14: Religion
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Q1) Damian loved going to church because it made him feel part of something larger than himself.Whose approach to religion explains why Damian felt this way?
A) Durkheim
B) Weber
C) Marx
D) Taylor
Q2) Abimbola's father refused to attend church services with his family because he believed that church goers were the most racist and prejudiced group of people in society.According to Gorsuch and Aleshire,what would Abimbola assert?
A) I agree,Dad;all attendees are racially prejudiced.
B) Dad,not all are prejudiced,but most are.
C) Dad,it's only the church members who don't attend services who are racist and prejudiced.
D) Dad,the people who are marginally involved tend to be more racist and prejudiced.
Q3) Compare and contrast humanist perspectives and religious perspectives toward life.
Q4) How does "deprivation" account for religiosity?
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Chapter 15: Deviance and Crime
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Q1) According to the text,breaking what kind of rules is considered crime?
A) folkways
B) normative rules
C) written laws
D) mores
Q2) In a fit of jealous rage,a man attacks his wife's lover.After a few months in jail,he vows that no matter what,he will never commit a crime again-because of his negative incarceration experience.What was this decision based on?
A) general recidivism
B) specific recidivism
C) specific deterrence
D) general deterrence
Q3) What demographic factors could be used to explain a decreasing crime rate in Canada?
Q4) Toronto has the highest homicide rate in Canada.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Define moral panic and discuss its significance in the social construction of crime and deviance.
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Chapter 16: Population and Urbanization
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Q1) What have been the consequences of globalization for the people of North America?
A) de-urbanization of central city areas
B) immigrant groups that are less diverse
C) more homogenization of city populations
D) increasing polarization between rich and poor
Q2) Patricia and Mike are young,married,urban professionals expecting their first child and for lifestyle reasons they have bought a house in a much smaller city that is a 70-kilometre commute to Mike's big-city job.Which term best categorizes their new lifestyle?
A) familism
B) urbanism
C) ruralism
D) suburbanism
Q3) Toronto,Vancouver,and Calgary all have rapidly growing populations,and all for the same reasons.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss the population debate between Malthus and Marx.Include more recent viewpoints from theorists cited in the text.
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Chapter 17: Sociology and the Environment
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Q1) What is the polluter pays principle?
Q2) Which movement resulted from the recognition that people in subordinate positions are exposed to more and greater environmental risk factors than are experienced by people occupying dominant positions?
A) full-stomach environmentalist
B) risk management
C) environmental justice
D) environmental inequality
Q3) For a class presentation Tatiana decided to stage an awards ceremony,honouring the companies that put more time,energy,and money into the promotion of their ecofriendly image than they do at actually being environmentally friendly.What name would she give to the awards?
A) social responsibility award
B) corporate greenwashing award
C) ecostandard award
D) environmental whitewashing award
Q4) Disadvantaged people are the primary victims of pollution.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Define sustainable development and explain its significance.
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Health and Aging
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Q1) Eduardo spent his early life eating a high-fat diet,not exercising,and getting obese,which led to a severe stroke in his mid-50s.He is now confined to wheelchair,with a short-term prognosis of more strokes.Which theory best explains Eduardo's condition?
A) life course perspective
B) age as leveller hypothesis
C) hierarchy stress perspective
D) life-expectancy model
Q2) What is the difference between privatization and profitization?
Q3) Whitefeather's statuses include being elderly,Aboriginal,and female.What hypothesis might be applied to her?
A) age as leveller
B) compression of morbidity
C) multiple jeopardy
D) multiple discriminators
Q4) It has been noted that the answers that we as a society give to questions about what causes health problems and inequalities will influence how we go about dealing with them.Discuss this statement with reference to older adults and the Canadian health-care system.
Q5) Explain the multiple jeopardy hypothesis and utilize examples.
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Chapter 19: Politics and Social Movements
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Q1) What are the four stages in the process of the expansion of citizen rights that were achieved/are being achieved as a result of social movements?
Q2) According to public policy analysts,what needs to be done in order to increase female political participation?
Q3) Which statement would power-balance theorists support?
A) There is a balance of power between workers and capitalists in Western societies.
B) The distribution of power in society is natural and balanced.
C) The distribution of power in society does change,sometimes massively.
D) Power is likely to be greatly concentrated in the hands of the judiciary.
Q4) Canada's socialist party (the NDP)has never formed the federal government or even had a representative in the federal cabinet.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Do you believe that Canada will be a more democratic society 25 years from now? Discuss your position,incorporating concepts and theories addressed in this chapter.
Q6) What was the Occupy Wall Street movement,and what did it achieve?
Q7) What is the difference between power and authority?
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Chapter 20: Globalization
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Q1) Which statement best reflects the taxation situation of big corporations?
A) They are getting smaller to avoid paying as much in taxes.
B) They are paying higher taxes because they operate in more than one country at a time.
C) They are not paying big taxes generally,and pay less than they used to.
D) They are donating substantial portions as tax write-offs to avoid paying higher taxes.
Q2) According to your text,what percentage of the global population is overweight or obese?
A) less than 20 percent
B) approximately 25 percent
C) nearly 30 percent
D) over 35 percent
Q3) What is the concept of neoliberalism?
A) new members of a political party
B) humanitarian work done by the United Nations
C) faith in the market and a retreat from state spending
D) individuals who are part of social movements of liberation
Q4) How does globalization affect the production and consumption of food?
Q5) How have corporations responded to anti-corporate criticism?
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Chapter 21: Networks, Groups, and Bureaucracies
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Q1) Dr.Jeffrey Wigand was the vice-president of research and development for the Brown and Williams Tobacco Corporation and reported that the company was adding ammonia and other chemicals to cigarettes to enhance nicotine absorption and speed up addiction.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bureaucracy?
A) impersonality
B) written rules,communications,and records
C) primary group
D) division of labour
Q3) We live in a shrinking world because our social networks tend to be local and isolated.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Conformity ensures group cohesion.
A)True
B)False
Q5) List the sociological factors,as outlined in the text,which contribute to the ability of humans to commit evil acts upon others.
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