Foundations of Sociology Practice Exam
Course Introduction
Foundations of Sociology introduces students to the systematic study of society, social behavior, and the structures that shape human interactions. The course explores the origins and development of sociology as an academic discipline, key theoretical perspectives, research methods, and significant social institutions. Major themes include culture, socialization, social stratification, class, race, gender, and the impact of social change. Through the examination of real-world examples, students gain insights into how personal experiences are connected to larger social forces, fostering a critical understanding of the social world.
Recommended Textbook
Sociology in Our Times The Essentials 8th Edition by Diana Kendall
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16 Chapters
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective and Research Process
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Sample Questions
Q1) The conflict and functionalist perspectives focus primarily on microlevel (focuses on small groups) analysis; whereas, the symbolic interactionist approaches are based on a macrolevel (examines whole societies, large-scale social structures, and social systems) analysis.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) A __________ is a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.
A)culture
B)society
C)nation
D)country
Answer: B
Q3) With the increasing diversity of the population, what personal troubles and public issues do you think are most important for the U.S. society to think about?
Answer: Not Answer
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Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) When anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon first confronted the Yanomamo tribe of South America, he became nauseated at the sight of their customs and social environment. Chagnon experienced __________.
A)subcultural shame
B)societal disbelief
C)culture shock
D)personal anomie
Answer: C
Q2) __________ refers to the wide range of cultural differences found between and within nations. It may be the result of natural circumstances (climate and geography) or social circumstances (level of technology and composition of the population).
A)Cultural relativism
B)Cultural diversity
C)Cultural diffusion
D)Cultural transformation
Answer: B
Q3) Discuss how cultural diversity influences society and individuals.
Answer: Not Answer
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Chapter 3: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sociologist George Herbert Mead linked the idea of self-concept to role-taking. He believed that role-taking often occurs through play and games, as children try out different roles (such as being mommy, daddy, doctor, or teacher) and gain an appreciation for them.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) A(n) __________ is a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institutions. Examples include military boot camps, jails and prisons, and concentration camps.
A)bureaucratic institution
B)social institution
C)total institution
D)universal institution
Answer: C
Q3) Describe socialization through the life course and resocialization.
Answer: Not Answer
Q4) Summarize Jean Piaget's views on cognitive development. Answer: Not Answer
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Chapter 4: Social Structure and Interaction in Everyday Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ may focus on the problems of one homeless family, describing how the parents and kids live in a car and eat meals from a soup kitchen. Often what is not shown is the "big picture" of homelessness.
A)Semantic framing
B)Thematic framing
C)Procedural framing
D)Episodic framing
Q2) Define social group and explain the difference between primary groups and secondary groups.
Q3) The fact that people engage in civil inattention demonstrates that interaction does have a pattern, or __________, which regulates the form and processes (but not the content) of social interaction.
A)patterned interaction
B)interaction order
C)socially programmed interaction
D)reasonable interaction expectation
Q4) In relation to stability and change in societies, describe sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies' Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft approach.
Q5) Discuss the various aspects of roles as a component of social structure.
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Chapter 5: Groups and Organizations
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Q1) Applying sociologist Charles H. Cooley's theory on primary and secondary groups, twelve students in a graduate seminar may start out as a primary group but eventually become a secondary group as they get to know one another and communicate on a more personal basis.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The leader of a work group has proposed a solution to a problem that some group members believe will have negative results. Instead of discussing their concerns, they do not want to challenge the leader's authority. The result is an unwise decision. The group experienced __________.
A)the iron law of oligarchy
B)self-fulfilling prophecy
C)group conformity
D)groupthink
Q3) Conflict theorists focus on how the size of the group influences the kind of interaction that takes place among members.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Summarize sociologist Max Weber's ideal characteristics of bureaucracy.
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Chapter 6: Deviance and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe political crime and explain how it may weaken social control in a society.
Q2) During the mid-1970s, practitioners of the __________ theory maintained that women's crime rates were going to increase significantly as a result of the women's liberation movement.
A)emancipation
B)functionalist
C)critical
D)ethnomethodological
Q3) __________ crime refers to illegal acts committed by an organization's employees on behalf of the organization and with its support. These crimes are a result of deliberate decisions made by personnel to enhance resources or profits at the expense of competitors, consumers, and the general public.
A)Occupational
B)Corporate
C)Political
D)Organizational
Q4) Discuss the issue of graffiti
Q5) Discuss the functions of deviance according to sociologist Emile Durkheim.
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Chapter 7: Class and Stratification in the United States
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Q1) According to the Census Bureau, married couples have a higher net worth than the unmarried while households headed by people over the age of 65 are wealthier than those households headed by those who are younger than age 55.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When sociologists define poverty, they define absolute poverty and state that it exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The American Dream is the belief that if people work hard and play by the rules, they will have a chance to get ahead. Moreover, each generation will be able to have a higher standard of living than that of its parents.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Summarize sociologists Dennis Gilbert's and Joseph Kahl's analysis of the class structure in the United States.
Q5) Summarize global systems of stratification.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Global Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the new international division of labor theory and compare the use of global commodity chains.
Q2) Buyer-driven commodity chains is the term used to describe industries in which transnational corporations play a central part in controlling the production process. Industries that produce automobiles, computers, and other capital- and technology-intensive products are examples.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The most frequently noted __________ nations are the United States, Canada, Japan, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand.
A)third world
B)second world
C)first world
D)fourth world
Q4) What is south to south and south to north migration? What are the typical characteristics of people who move from one poor nation to a slightly less poor one?
Q5) Discuss global poverty and its effects upon human development issues of life expectancy, health, and education.
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Chapter 9: Race and Ethnicity
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ is still prevalent in many U.S. cities; owners, landlords, real estate agents, and apartment managers often use informal mechanisms to maintain their properties for "whites only."
A)De jure segregation
B)De face segregation
C)De facto segregation
D)De hisce segregation
Q2) Inequalitarian pluralism describes a situation in which specific ethnic groups are set apart from the dominant group and have unequal access to power and privilege. This pattern is also referred to as __________.
A)miscegenation
B)segregation
C)accommodation
D)incompatibility
Q3) Define prejudice, discrimination and racism. What kinds of things would you recommend in order to achieve lower levels of prejudice in the U.S.?
Q4) Discuss the changes in racial classifications and the meaning of race in the United States, and compare dominant and subordinate groups.
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Chapter 10: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the issue of gender stratification both in historical and contemporary perspective.
Q2) The text cites a comprehensive study of gender bias in schools, suggesting that girls' self-esteem is undermined in school through a number of experiences. Which of the following experiences was not cited?
A)a relative lack of attention from teachers
B)direct rejection by instructors
C)the stereotyping and invisibility of females in textbooks, especially in science and math texts
D)test bias based on assumptions about the relative importance of visual-spatial ability, as compared with verbal ability
Q3) Women are seen as "all alike" and are easily ignored. This represents A)trivialization.
B)objectification.
C)deification.
D)mechanization.
Q4) Discuss the biological dimension of sex.
Q5) Explain why sex is not always clear-cut; discuss hermaphrodites, transsexuals, and transvestites.
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Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) The text points out that conflict and feminist analysts __________.
A)examine the relationship between family troubles and a decline in other social institutions
B)view functionalist perspectives on the role of the family as realistic and adequate
C)view families as sources of social inequality and conflict over values, goals, and access to resources and power
D)examine the roles of husbands, wives, and children as they act out their own part and react to the actions of others
Q2) According to the __________ perspective, families in preindustrial societies are economic production units, while in industrial societies, the economic security of families is tied to the workplace and to macrolevel economic systems.
A)symbolic interactionist
B)conflict
C)postmodern
D)functionalist
Q3) Describe kinship ties and distinguish between families of orientation/procreation and extended/nuclear families.
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13
Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Q1) Analyze education from the symbolic interactionist perspective.
Q2) Tracking refers to the practice of assigning students to specific curriculum groups and courses on the basis of their test scores, previous grades, or other criteria. Conflict theorists believe that tracking seriously affects many students' educational performance and their overall academic accomplishments.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Schools are responsible for teaching values such as discipline, respect, obedience, punctuality, and perseverance. Schools teach conformity by encouraging young people to be good students, conscientious future workers, and law-abiding citizens. This represents the manifest function of education known as __________.
A)socialization
B)transmission of culture
C)social control
D)social placement
Q4) Describe symbolic interactionist perspectives on education and explain the significance of labeling and the self-fulfilling prophecy on educational achievement.
Q5) Outline opportunities and challenges in colleges and universities.
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Chapter 13: Politics and the Economy in Global Perspective
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Q1) Government intervention in the 1990s included billions of dollars in subsidies to farmers, tax credits for corporations, and large subsidies or loan guarantees to automakers, aircraft companies, railroads, and others. Overall, most corporations have gained much more than they have lost as a result of government involvement in the economy.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Interlocking directorates increase competition by producing dependence. Individuals who serve on multiple boards are often able to forge cooperative arrangements that benefit their corporations but not necessarily the general public.
A)True
B)False
Q3) __________ relies on modern technology to monitor and control people; mass propaganda and electronic surveillance are widely used to influence people's thinking and control their actions.
A)Monarchy
B)Authoritarianism
C)Totalitarianism
D)Democracy
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Health, Health Care, and Disability
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS, more than two-thirds of the people with HIV/AIDS live in __________.
A)the United States
B)England
C)sub-Saharan Africa
D)Canada
Q2) According to the United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS, of all new cases worldwide, __________ are children.
A)5 percent
B)14 percent
C)25 percent
D)33 percent
Q3) A TV actor is advertising a drug and states that, "I have had the same affliction and I know what you are going through." This illustrates _________________ framing.
A)intuitive
B)sympathetic
C)mainstream
D)thematic
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16
Chapter 15: Population and Urbanization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Symbolic interactionists argue that "uneven development" -the tendency of some neighborhoods, cities, or regions to grow and prosper whereas others stagnate and decline-reflects inequalities of wealth and power in society.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In the United States, the estimated sex ratio for 2006 was __________
A)75.4
B)82.3
C)88.6
D)97.1
Q3) According to economist Thomas Malthus, when a __________ occurs, population growth inevitably surpasses the food supply; and the lack of food ultimately ends population growth and perhaps eliminates the existing population.
A)moral restraint
B)positive check
C)doubling effect
D)preventive check
Q4) Discuss Herbert Gans and twenty-first century urban villagers.
Q5) Describe the study of demography and define the basic demographic concepts.
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Chapter 16: Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify and describe casual, conventional, expressive, acting, and protest crowds.
Q2) __________ movements seek to produce radical change in individuals and are typically based on spiritual or supernatural belief systems. They are concerned with renovating or renewing people through "inner change."
A)Alternative
B)Reform
C)Resistance (regressive)
D)Religious (expressive)
Q3) __________ crowds are made up of people who come together for a scheduled event and thus share a common focus.
A)Acting
B)Expressive
C)Conventional
D)Casual
Q4) Rumors thrive when tensions are low and when an abundance of authentic information is available on an issue of great concern.
A)True
B)False
Page 18
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