Foundations of Sociology Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Sociology introduces students to the systematic study of society, social institutions, and human behavior. The course explores core sociological theories, key concepts such as culture, socialization, stratification, and deviance, and examines how individuals interact within groups and larger social structures. Students will learn to critically analyze patterns of social behavior and address issues related to race, class, gender, and social change, providing a framework for understanding the complexities of contemporary societies.
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New Society 8th Edition by Robert J. Brym
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Chapter 1: Introducing Sociology
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Q1) Which theoretical perspective suggests that most social problems can be best solved by reestablishing equilibrium within a society?
A) conflict
B) functionalism
C) feminism
D) symbolic interactionism
Answer: B
Q2) Durkheim argued that suicide rates vary because of differences in the degree of social solidarity in different social groups.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Which statement best summarizes the contribution of ancient and medieval civilizations to today's social ideas?
A) They came together to decide the best way to organize society.
B) They independently developed the same sociological theories.
C) They determined that there was value in empirical social research.
D) They outlined the ideal/utopian society.
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Research Methods
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Q1) Sound social research is required to design effective policy solutions that benefit all people.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Define and provide examples of spurious relationships.
Answer: Correlation does not prove causation;a third variable causes both;number of fire trucks and cost of fire damage correlated with size of fire.
Q3) In research,what term is used to refer to the accuracy or relevancy of measurement in relation to the theoretical concept that it is supposed to measure?
A) reliability
B) internal consistency
C) validity
D) randomization
Answer: C
Q4) Questioning lies at the heart of research.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Culture
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Q1) Alex was just given a lecture from his boss about being late for work and his overall lack of motivation.From a sociological perspective,which term best reflects this example?
A) employment sanction
B) social sanction
C) re-sanction
D) negative sanction
Answer: D
Q2) What is the sociological term that relates to social control and refers to the punishment of inappropriate behaviour?
A) negative conditioning
B) negative sanction
C) operant conditioning
D) punishment sanction
Answer: B
Q3) Hip-hop is an example of how mass consumption is an expression of rebellion.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Socialization
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Q1) Emily recently attended a residential treatment program for her addiction to drugs and alcohol.Upon entry,she was forced to forget about her life as an addict and develop a new identity.Through intensive counselling and group work,Emily left the program as a new person.Which term best characterizes Emily's experience in her treatment program?
A) resocialization
B) secondary socialization
C) adult socialization
D) anticipatory socialization
Q2) In elementary school we learn to raise our hands and stand in line.What scholastic learning objective is this part of?
A) discipline directive
B) hidden curriculum
C) conformity curriculum
D) orderly conduct directive
Q3) Which statement best reflects the concept of resocialization?
A) It helps to confirm and reinforce a person's existing identity.
B) It is based on freedom and the absence of controls over people.
C) It consists of stripping away old identities and creating new ones.
D) It normally has minimal effect on peoples' self-concepts.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Gender and Sexualities
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Q1) According to the text,what is the main alternative to essentialism?
A) politicized sexism
B) social constructionism
C) sensualistic pluralism
D) culturalistic feminism
Q2) According to the text,which statement best explains why physical attractiveness is especially important to women?
A) Unattractive women are judged more harshly than unattractive men.
B) Mating rituals reinforce hourglass figures and grooming rituals.
C) Others may believe that image is everything and the substance of the person is secondary.
D) Women have a more innate connection to their body consciousness.
Q3) According to the text,at what age does interaction with peers become an important factor in reinforcing gender-typed attitudes and behaviours?
A) 4
B) 8
C) 10
D) 14
Q4) Explain the difference between one's sex and one's gender.
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Chapter 6: Communication and Mass Media
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Q1) Which of the following is a limitation of deterministic theories of media influence on the issue of elite control of media?
A) News agencies may rely heavily on corporate and government sources but this does not stop journalistic criticism.
B) They are few examples of mainstream journalists who oppose government and big business.
C) Deterministic theories do not consider the socializing function of mass media.
D) Journalists find very little to criticize in the corporate and political realm.
Q2) What is a prosumer? Discuss,making connections to your personal experiences.
Q3) According to the text,which form of media are Facebook,Instagram,and Twitter examples of?
A) mass
B) streamlined
C) targeted
D) communication
Q4) List three benefits of social media and discuss.
Q5) What is cultural imperialism? Explain how this relates to Canada.
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Chapter 7: Social Stratification
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Q1) To be a social worker in Canada,a person must be a graduate of a school accredited by the social work association,complete the association's written examination,and maintain membership in the association.According to Weber,what term best describes this association's practices?
A) social blockage
B) social closure
C) occupational restriction
D) occupational licensing
Q2) Sandra,a single mother,has a job that pays an hourly wage,but has no guaranteed hours.She can earn anywhere from $1,500 to $3,000 per month.She needs $1,500 to pay her rent and take care of her child.What does Sandra's situation illustrate?
A) Hourly wage work leads to poverty.
B) Poverty is not a static status.
C) Poverty can be avoided if you save earnings.
D) Single mothers should find salaried work.
Q3) Critically discuss the following statement: "Social inequality in Canada is not a serious problem and,consequently,the government should not try to do anything about it."
Q4) Identify and explain the four types of capital as proposed by Pierre Bourdieu.
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Chapter 8: Gender Inequality
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Q1) Which term is often used to describe the concentration of men in some occupations and women in others?
A) sex typing of occupations
B) occupational segregation
C) sex labelling of jobs and professions
D) occupational over-representation
Q2) Elke has recently arrived from Sweden to work at the Canadian branch of IKEA.When asked for her impressions of the Canadian workplace,she expressed that she found it odd that she was one of three females to be working in upper management ,with the other fourteen positions being held by men.She goes on to explain that in Sweden's IKEA head office,there are just as many women as men in these positions.What is Elke describing in this Canadian workplace?
A) sexism
B) vertical segregation
C) horizontal segregation
D) gendered division of labour
Q3) What is the gender wage gap? How has it changed in Canada since 1992?
Q4) What is queuing theory and why is it an important theoretical tool for sociologists?
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Race and Ethnic Relations
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Q1) A man speaking about his hiring practices explains that he doesn't hire people from visible minorities because his clients prefer working with Caucasians.He goes on to say: "I'm not racist.I'm a business man meeting my client's needs." Which statement best explains why this is an example of new racism?
A) The speaker believes his view is not racist.
B) The speaker believes his view is practical.
C) The speaker believes his view is following provincial law.
D) The speaker believes his view is in the best interest of his business.
Q2) After the terrorist bombings in the United States in 2001,some airline passengers overheard a group of other passengers speaking Arabic and demanded that the foreigners be taken off the plane.The airline employees had the foreign-born passengers disembark.What term best describes this incident?
A) prejudice
B) racism
C) discrimination
D) bigotry
Q3) Describe and explain the difference between civic nationalism and ethnic nationalism.
Q4) Define institutional racism and list the three forms that it can take.
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Chapter 10: Development and Underdevelopment
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Q1) What is the ratio of the richest five percent compared with the poorest five percent of world citizens?
A) 105 to 1
B) 135 to 1
C) 165 to 1
D) 195 to 1
Q2) Minimal state involvement with the economy and development is a core neoliberal belief.What does the text conclude about the countries where rapid development has occurred in the Global South?
A) Growth occurred in countries that were willing to cooperate with the World Bank.
B) Countries with specific government plans and restrictions had the most growth.
C) Countries that tried to use a balance of neoliberal and Keynesian policies did best.
D) The most economically deregulated countries had the most rapid development.
Q3) What is the Washington consensus?
Q4) Canada was initially a collection of colonial colonies until it achieved its independence in 1867.How did Canada become a prosperous country in spite of its colonial past?
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Chapter 11: Families
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Q1) Brian believes that his wife Judy should stay home and raise their children while he goes to work and brings home a paycheque.When Judy wanted to get a job,he told her she already had the most important one-caring for him and the kids.What theoretical perspective of the family does Brian hold?
A) Marxist-feminist
B) family-oriented
C) common sense
D) functionalist
Q2) Mike is a staunch advocate for the nuclear family and he maintains that a family arrangement of biological parents and biological children is optimal for raising healthy children.Which theoretical perspective has Mike adopted?
A) feminist
B) functionalist
C) Marxist
D) symbolic interactionist
Q3) The declining fertility rate over the past several decades can be attributed to women's rising level of education.
A)True
B)False
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Work and Occupations
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Q1) Which statement best describes the polarization of working hours?
A) Half the workers at OK Mart are expected to work an extra eight hours of overtime every week,while the remaining workers get two 7-hour shifts a week.
B) Tony's server job requires him to work split shifts (four hours over the lunch rush and four hours over the dinner rush).
C) Natalia,a single mom,requested to work hours from 9:00 am-3:30 pm so she can get her children off to school and be home for them when school is finished,but was assigned the 4 pm-10:30 pm shift.
D) Brad and Joanne are a married couple;they both work at AMC Electronics but on opposite shifts.
Q2) Abimbola is in the enviable position of selecting from four job offers,and comes to you for advice on which one to choose.According to the text,which of the following should you advise she accept in order to maximize on the likelihood of job satisfaction?
A) a job offer to work for ABC-a midsized company with offices across Canada
B) a job offer to work for XYZ-a small and locally owned company
C) a job offer to work for LMP-a large multinational corporation
D) a job offer to work for JKL-a large national company
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Chapter 13: Education
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Q1) Explain credential inflation and professionalization.Is there a relationship between them or are they discrete and exclusive concepts?
Q2) According to the text,what trend can be identified concerning religious influences in Canadian schools?
A) Religious influence is steady.
B) Religious influence is rising.
C) Religious influence has been eliminated.
D) Religious influence is declining.
Q3) In comparison with European countries,Canadian education has been quite restrictive and inflexible.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Compare the nature of moral educational before the late 1960s with what came afterward.What was the main difference in morality?
Q5) Discuss the three charges made by feminist critics pertaining to how education remains sexually biased in favour of men.
Q6) What are the issues involving the creation of gender and racial identities in education?
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Chapter 14: Religion
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Q1) Provide a summary of the personal,interpersonal,and societal consequences of religion discussed in the text.Do they apply to your own experiences? Explain.
Q2) Compare and contrast humanist perspectives and religious perspectives toward life.
Q3) Who wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism?
A) Karl Marx
B) Max Weber
C) Talcott Parsons
D) Émile Durkheim
Q4) According to the text,what must religious groups do to achieve their formal goals?
A) They must establish norms and roles for their members.
B) They must compete with other religions for members.
C) They must exhibit miracles to strengthen faith.
D) They must establish how prophecies have been fulfilled.
Q5) The research findings of Frankel and Hewitt indicate that there is a positive relationship between religious group involvement and good mental health.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Deviance and Crime
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Q1) According to Robert Merton,pioneer of control theory,deviance and crime occurs when young people experience weak ties to the conventional world.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to John Hagan,what is a conflict crime?
A) one that involves acts of interpersonal violence or aggression
B) a crime that is mala in se
C) a crime that is mala prohibita
D) a crime that deserves the harshest punishment
Q3) Shannon's mother was diagnosed with a debilitating disease and asked Shannon to help her end her life when she becomes no longer able to be independent or care for herself.If Shannon assists her mother,according to John Hagan,what type of crime would this be?
A) mala in se
B) social sanction
C) consensus crime
D) conflict crime
Q4) Describe a circumstance where a person might be forced to innovate and commit a crime.
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Chapter 16: Population and Urbanization
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Q1) What term is used to denote the process by which an increasing proportion of the population lives in cities?
A) suburbanization
B) urbanization
C) gentrification
D) megalopolitanism
Q2) What is the demographer's concept of replacement level?
A) upgrading crumbling infrastructure in our cities (such as replacing old bridges)
B) people relocating out of the city's transition zone and being replaced
C) immigration policies designed to increase populations where they are declining
D) the point where births and deaths balance out for stable population levels
Q3) According to Louis Wirth,what is an accompaniment to city life?
A) increasing social solidarity and orderliness
B) the undermining of traditional social solidarity
C) greater individual freedom and well-being
D) lifestyles based on money and individual interests
Q4) Apply the basic principles of Chicago School theories of urbanization to the development of a Canadian city.
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Chapter 17: Sociology and the Environment
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Q1) Ulrich Beck in his risk society thesis outlines that in the decades following World War II,citizens were concerned with issues regarding the distribution of social goods,but in the last few decades citizens have become concerned with issues regarding the distribution of social bads.Explain this change in focus.
Q2) What was explored in Silent Spring?
A) the impact of nuclear power and wastes
B) the impact of pesticides
C) the impact of global warming
D) the impact of genetically modified organisms
Q3) The Buckminster Fuller Institute sponsored a corporate challenge to "make the world work for 100 percent of humanity" and asked for submissions outlining proposed industry strategies to address environmental concerns.What was the Institute advocating?
A) alternative environmental design
B) modern science system
C) sustainable development
D) conquer nature program
Q4) How does the way we treat the environment affect various groups in society,especially those who are not privileged or powerful? Explain fully with examples.
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Health and Aging
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Q1) Aboriginal populations show higher disability levels and tend to experience more suffering from chronic illnesses than non-Aboriginal populations do.
A)True
B)False
Q2) List the three factors that have been linked to social inequalities and poor individual physical and mental health.
Q3) What does the term medicalization refer to?
A) the broadening emphasis of healthcare on prevention,rather than treatment
B) the increasing use of natural and alternative medicines
C) the over-medication of elderly persons in nursing homes
D) the process where normal human conditions are now addressed as medical problems
Q4) When determinants of health pertaining to individual behaviour are identified as causes of negative health consequences,who or what gets blamed?
A) person
B) environment
C) fast-food corporations
D) health system
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Chapter 19: Politics and Social Movements
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Q1) Democracy - "a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system." Would you argue that a robust voter turnout is fundamental to a healthy democracy? Explain your position.
Q2) Why does the United States have one of the lowest voter turnouts of any rich democracy in the world?
Q3) Sasha had never thought of herself as an activist until she had a tour of the public school located in an upscale neighbourhood of her city.After seeing the state-of-the-art computer lab,she became outraged that the school her daughter attended did not even have a computer in the classrooms.Consequently,she organized a parents' group to petition the school board for funding in order to construct a computer lab in their neighbourhood public school.Which concept could be used in order to understand Sasha's actions?
A) resource mobilization
B) political citizenship
C) civil citizenship
D) relative deprivation
Q4) What was the Occupy Wall Street movement,and what did it achieve?
Q5) What is the difference between power and authority?
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Chapter 20: Globalization
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Q1) Pam was explaining bottom-up globalization to her friend Adam.Which situation would Pam offer when Adam asked for an example of bottom-up globalization efforts?
A) the Hasty Minute Corporation in the process of expanding its business operations internationally
B) a group of major trade and banking organizations working toward developing a common world currency
C) a group of university students who have created a documentary critiquing a company that utilizes illegal immigrants for cheap labour in order to make more profit
D) the "buy more stuff" movement that is doing its part to promote consumerism and keep people employed
Q2) Naomi Klein's book No Logo was based on the simple thesis that the more corporate brands expanded globally,the more resistance their presence would stimulate.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How have corporations responded to anti-corporate criticism?
Q4) What is fair-trade coffee? Why does it have such a small fraction of the total coffee market?
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Chapter 21: Networks, Groups, and Bureaucracies
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Q1) Heads of bureaucracies generally have a good handle on what is happening in their organizations.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Carmen asked Jason to give an example of a laissez-faire leader in the company they both worked at.Which of the following individuals would Jason identify?
A) Paul in the shipping department-his workers require his approval and authorization for everything they do.
B) René in personnel who is continuously asking everyone in the department for suggestions that would streamline their work.
C) Stanley in catering who holds staff meetings every Wednesday and they collectively decide the following week's menu for the company cafeteria.
D) Jane in the accounting department whose philosophy is-do your work,and come find me if you need me.
Q3) Secondary groups generate more pressure to conform than do primary groups.
A)True
B)False
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