Foundations of Sociology Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Sociology introduces students to the systematic study of human society, social behavior, and the patterns by which individuals and groups interact. The course explores key concepts such as culture, socialization, social structure, social institutions, stratification, and social change. Through examining classical and contemporary sociological theories, students gain an understanding of how societies are organized, how social norms develop, and how factors such as race, class, gender, and ethnicity influence personal experiences and social outcomes. This course equips students with analytical tools to critically assess social issues and the role of sociology in understanding and addressing contemporary societal challenges.
Recommended Textbook
Sociology Your Compass for a New World 3rd Edition by Robert J. Brym
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Chapter 1: A Sociological Compass
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130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Brym and Lie,a hunch qualifies as a ____ if it suggests how and why certain facts are related to one another.
A)theory
B)value
C)social organization
D)hypothesis
E)concept
Answer: A
Q2) The ability to see the connection between personal troubles and social structures (for example,personal problems and public issues related to unemployment)is known as the sociological imagination.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Define the Postindustrial Revolution.
Answer: The Postindustrial Revolution refers to the technology-driven shift from manufacturing to service industries and the consequences of that shift for virtually all human activities.
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Chapter 2: How Sociologists Do Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the more popular ways of conducting a survey,where people are mailed a questionnaire and then return it to the researcher,is known as a:
A)self-administered questionnaire
B)face-to-face interview
C)telephone interview
D)close-ended questionnaire
E)response rate
Answer: A
Q2) What kind of analysis is usually aimed at understanding patterns of social relationships in small-scale social settings and the meanings people attach to those relationships?
A)annotative
B)connotative
C)quantitative
D)qualitative
E)statistical
Answer: D
Q3) Define a variable.
Answer: A variable is a concept that can take on more than one value.
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Folkways are the most important norms and they evoke the most severe punishment.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) According to symbolic interactionists,people do not accept culture ____.
A)automatically
B)passively
C)altruistically
D)freely
E)hospitably
Answer: B
Q3) William Graham Sumner is known for his work concerning which sociological topic?
A)production
B)culture
C)symbols
D)norms
E)material culture
Answer: D
Q4) What is cultural relativism?
Answer: Cultural relativism is the belief that all cultures have equal value.
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Chapter 4: Socialization
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135 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Widely shared expectations about how males and females are supposed to act are called ____.
A)media roles
B)gender roles
C)roles
D)societal normative genderization
E)gendered behavior
Q2) When people enter military boot camp they are expected to radically change themselves physically,mentally,and emotionally.This is an example of which kind of socialization?
A)self-socialization
B)primary socialization
C)resocialization
D)anticipatory socialization
E)secondary socialization
Q3) According to the textbook,the idea of childhood as a distinct stage of life emerged in the late 1900s in societies that required better-educated adults and in which life expectancy rose.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Social Interaction
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most important types of nonverbal communication involve the use of:
A)facial expressions
B)gestures
C)body language
D)status cues
E)all of these choices
Q2) When someone distinguishes between a public role and a view of their "true" selves,they are engaged in:
A)"back stage" performance
B)"front stage" performance
C)demonstrating their "true" character
D)role distancing
E)"playing"
Q3) What sort of questions is ethnomethodology designed to explore,and what exactly does this research entail? Use an example to illustrate your answer.
Q4) Compare and contract prescriptive and proscriptive norms,using an example to illustrate your answer.
Q5) Define social interaction.
Q6) Define domination.
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Chapter 6: Social Collectivities: Groups to Societies
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a study by Berry Wellman and his colleagues,they found that each Torontonian has an average of about ____ social ties.
A)25
B)50
C)100
D)200
E)400
Q2) One or more networks of people who identify with one another and adhere to defined roles,norms and statuses is a:
A)social group
B)social category
C)primary group
D)secondary group
Q3) What are the advantages and limitations of bureaucracies?
Q4) Bureaucracies can be improved by
A)flattening structures
B)decentralizing decision-making
C)opening lies of communication
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices
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Chapter 7: Deviance and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the text,which group does NOT benefit from a moral panic?
A)the mass media
B)the crime prevention industry
C)the punishment industry
D)the criminal justice system
E)none of these choices,because all of the groups benefit from moral panics
Q2) According to John Hagan,minor acts of deviance,such as participating in fads and fashions,or in dyeing your hair an unusual color,are called ____.
A)social diversions
B)social deviations
C)conflict crimes
D)consensus crimes
E)synthetic deviation
Q3) What kind of crimes are committed disproportionately by people from the lower classes?
A)white-collar crime
B)public-order crime
C)street crime
D)state crime
E)victimless crime
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Chapter 8: Stratification: United States and Global Perspectives
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the functional theory of stratification?
Q2) Marx argued that as the capitalist economy matured:
A)the number of capitalists increased as business opportunities grew
B)the number of workers decreased as the antagonism between workers and capitalists grew
C)the capitalist class grew smaller and richer,while the working class grew larger and poorer
D)the new working class became far wealthier than they had been as serfs
E)none of these choices
Q3) Which of the following was NOT a policy initiative aimed at the problem of poverty in the United States?
A)the introduction of various social support programs during the Great Depression
B)the "War on Poverty"
C)the reduction of welfare programs in the 1980s
D)the "Death to Poverty Campaign" of the 1990s
E)all of these choices
Q4) Compare and contrast Marx,Weber,and Davis and Moore on how they view social stratification.
Q5) What is the difference between wealth and income?
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Chapter 9: Globalization, Inequality, and Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____ is a policy that promotes private control of industry,minimal government interference in the running of the economy,the removal of taxes,tariffs,and restrictive regulations that discourage the international buying and selling of goods and services,and the encouragement of foreign investment.
A)Modernization theory
B)McDonaldization
C)Imperialism
D)Regionalization
E)Neoliberal globalization
Q2) Explain the legacy of colonialism still at work in today's global world.
Q3) In leading to globalization,technological,political and economic factors:
A)do not work independently.
B)operate independently in the context of global competition.
C)are interrelated and functional exclusively on a domestic level.
D)All of the above.
E)None of the above.
Q4) How does modernization theory view economic underdevelopment?
Q5) How has globalization affected your life,your family and your town?
Q6) Describe transnational corporations.
Q7) What is McDonaldization?
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Chapter 10: Race and Ethnicity
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Sample Questions
Q1) The former Soviet Union used ethnic quotas to determine:
A)who could marry
B)who could hold an apartment
C)who could buy a house
D)where people could reside
E)none of these choices
Q2) Sociologists have identified certain conditions leading to high levels of participation in sports (as well as entertainment and crime).These conditions are:
A)biological
B)physiological
C)social
D)physical
E)genetic
Q3) Brym and Lie conclude that it is misleading to claim that "race and ethnicity are quite different,since one is biological and the other is cultural." Both race and ethnicity,they claim,are rooted in social structure,not biology and culture.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Define discrimination.
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Chapter 11: Sexuality and Gender
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Sample Questions
Q1) About 18 out of every 100,000 babies are born with this condition.
A)unfinished hormonal systems
B)ambiguous geniality
C)intersexed
D)secondary gentrification
E)mixed regalia
Q2) In most schools,teachers and guidance counselors still expect boys to do better in the sciences and math.They also expect girls to achieve higher marks in English.Parents tend to reinforce these stereotypes in their evaluation of different activities.This suggests that:
A)adults contribute little to the gender socialization of children
B)adults contribute more to the gender socialization of children than they used to
C)adults contribute less to the gender socialization of children than they used to
D)adults contribute much to the gender socialization of children
E)none of these choices
Q3) What is gender ideology?
Q4) What is the glass ceiling?
Q5) How do social constructionists see gender differences?
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Chapter 12: Sociology of the Body: Disability, Aging, and Death
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Sample Questions
Q1) Short people experience ____ discrimination based on height.
A)no
B)blatant
C)subtle
D)reasonable
E)ideological
Q2) As a so-called signifier of wealth and prestige in preindustrial societies,people generally favored:
A)muscular female physiques.
B)thin physiques.
C)well-rounded physiques.
D)All of the above.
E)None of the above.
Q3) Rituals signifying the transformation from one life stage to another are called:
A)gerontology
B)the life course
C)aging
D)rites of passage
E)life expectancy
Q4) What is an age cohort?
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Chapter 13: Work and the Economy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the dominant economic system in the world?
A)socialism
B)capitalism
C)hybrid capitalism
D)regulated market
E)communism
Q2) In 2004,about one-fourth of all people in the U.S.labor force worked less than 35 hours a week.These people were:
A)full-time workers
B)part-time workers
C)unionized workers
D)nonunionized workers
E)all of these choices
Q3) Define communism.
Q4) The institution that organizes the production,distribution,and exchange of goods and services is the political system.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are conglomerates?
Q6) Describe the primary labor market.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Politics
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to power resource theory,change in the distribution of power between major classes partly accounts for the fortunes of different political parties.However,class is not the only factor that distinguishes political parties.Another factor that influences parties is:
A)gender
B)religion
C)race
D)all of these choices
E)none of these choices
Q2) The creation of a new democracy guarantees protection of rights and freedoms.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which factor(s)determine the risk of war on the territory of a given country?
A)type of government.
B)level of national prosperity.
C)level of higher educational access.
D)both 'a' and 'b'.
E)both 'a' and 'c'.
Q4) What are social movements?
Q5) Define traditional authority.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Families
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Sample Questions
Q1) A family composed of a cohabiting man and woman who maintain a socially approved sexual relationship and have at least one child,and in which the wife works in the home without pay and the husband works outside the home for money is called:
A)extended family
B)nuclear family
C)traditional nuclear family
D)global nuclear family
E)postmodern family
Q2) What happens,most often,to cohabiting couples?
Q3) The percentage of people who marry inside their group is about ____ for Protestants and Jews,and ____ for Catholics.
A)80%; 60%
B)60%; 50%
C)40%; 40%
D)20%; 30%
E)0%; 20%
Q4) What is the functionalist perspective toward the American family?
Q5) Explain how love and mate selection works in the United States.
Q6) What were the dominant family patterns in the 15 years after World War II?
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which theorist equated religion with a drug based on the argument that religion often tranquilizes the underprivileged into accepting their lot in life?
A)Emile Durkheim
B)Max Weber
C)Thomas Hobbes
D)John Calvin
E)Karl Marx
Q2) Karl Marx believed that religion is the "opium of the people" because it tranquilizes the working class into accepting their lot in life.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Frequent church attendance is more common among ____ than ____.
A)African Americans; whites.
B)whites; African Americans.
C)whites; racial minorities.
D)All of the above.
E)None of the above.
Q4) Define religiosity.
Q5) What is a religious ritual? How does ritual affect social life?
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Chapter 17: Education
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is consistent with the conflict perspective on education?
A)Schools identify and sort students based on merit and effort.
B)The school system is the American Dream in action.
C)Schools distribute the benefits of educational unequally.
D)All of the above.
E)None of the above.
Q2) Conflict theorists argue that
A)schools distribute education equally
B)most educational benefits go to students from lower class statuses
C)schools tend to reproduce the stratification system
D)all of these choices
Q3) A few successful comprehensive child and family assistance programs exist.They include:
A)children who are enrolled at birth
B)programs that last all day
C)individualized childcare and primary care
D)adult literacy courses
E)all of these choices
Q4) Discuss the pros and cons of tests like the IQ test,the SAT,and the ACT.
Page 19
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Chapter 18: The Mass Media
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Sample
Questions
Q1) Construct your own essay question drawing on relevant course materials for your answer.Points will be awarded for both the question and answer.
Q2) The average American uses the mass media 63 per cent of waking hours,assuming eight hours of sleep per day.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The portrayal of women,racial minorities,the poor,and people with disabilities,tends to:
A)remain the same over time
B)change with the times
C)reinforce traditional,mainstream,negative stereotypes
D)be more common on TV than in magazines
E)be more common in magazines than on TV
Q4) The sources of mass media are embedded in:
A)the religious needs of society
B)the political needs of society
C)the economic needs of society
D)all of these choices
Q5) How do the functionalists view mass media?
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Chapter 19: Health and Medicine
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Sample Questions
Q1) Racial disparities in health status are largely,though not entirely,due to economic differences between racial groups.Thus,most studies show that blacks and whites at the same income level:
A)have different levels of health
B)have roughly similar levels of health
C)have health levels that depend on diet
D)have identical levels of health
E)none of these choices
Q2) The poor African country of Sierra Leone suffered the world's lowest life expectancy at:
A)21 years
B)35 years
C)51 years
D)61 years
E)71 years
Q3) Because the human body,germs and disease remain essentially unchanged throughout history,health problems remain basically the same over time.
A)True
B)False
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Page 21
Chapter 20: Population and Urbanization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Brazil is more urbanized than the United States.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The main purpose of demography is to:
A)figure out why the size,geographical distribution,and social composition of human populations change over time.
B)figure out the social and geographical patterns of social inequality.
C)figure out root social and economic causes of urban crime.
D)All of the above.
E)None of the above.
Q3) Sociologists call the proliferation of lifestyles and subcultures in the postmodern city: A)privatization
B)fragmentation
C)globalization
D)communalization
E)tintinnabulation
Q4) Construct your own essay question drawing on relevant course materials for your answer.Points will be awarded for both the question and answer.
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Page 22
Chapter 21: Collective Action and Social Movements
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Sample Questions
Q1) If governments choose not to engage in the surveillance of social movements they assist:
A)enemies of democracy
B)supporters of democracy
C)political lobbies
D)PACs
E)both enemies and supporters of democracy
Q2) Between 1948 and 1983,strikes were less frequent during:
A)economic "booms"
B)economic "busts"
C)periods of economic stability
D)"placid" economic periods
E)none of these choices
Q3) Government action in the United States has limited opportunities for union growth since the end of World War II because:
A)the government has focused legislation on worker's rights
B)anti-union legislation was passed by Congress
C)the government has focused efforts on increasing the minimum wage
D)nearly all administrations have been Republican
E)nearly all administrations have been Democratic
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Chapter 22: Technology and the Global Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) The possibility of having children genetically altered would free all children,regardless of class or social standing,from the possibility of inherited diseases and physical abnormalities.It would also put all children of the future on an equal footing.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In 2000,____ of Americans agreed that science and technology do more good than harm.
A)70%
B)93%
C)about 50%
D)30%
E)12%
Q3) Because of the need to bioengineer and use biotechnology to make good food for everyone,large multinational companies share their patents and information.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the greenhouse effect?
Q5) Define normal accidents.
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