Foundations of Social Research Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Social Research introduces students to the core principles, methods, and ethical considerations involved in the study of social phenomena. The course explores various research designs, including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods approaches, and emphasizes the formulation of research questions, hypothesis testing, data collection, and analysis techniques. By examining key concepts such as validity, reliability, and sampling, students gain the skills necessary to critically assess existing studies and develop their own research projects. Ethical issues in research, such as informed consent and the protection of vulnerable populations, are also addressed to ensure responsible and effective research practices.
Recommended Textbook
Sociology The Core 8th Edition by Michael Hughes
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13 Chapters
1494 Verified Questions
1494 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Developing a Sociological Consciousness
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123 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The more recent developments in feminist theory grew out of an awareness that the social experience of gender is not universal.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Feminism
A) is viewed as an intellectual movement in the humanities and social sciences.
B) examines women's roles and experiences in society.
C) attempts to avoid theories developed through the experiences and situation of women.
D) is viewed as an intellectual movement in the humanities and social sciences and examines women's roles and experiences in society are correct.
Answer: D
Q3) Auguste Comte and Harriet Martineau both presented sociology as a A) component of the liberal arts.
B) science.
C) religion.
D) philosophy of humanism.
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Culture and Social Structure
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is most purely an ascribed status in the United States?
A) age
B) education level
C) occupation
D) political candidacy
Answer: A
Q2) ________ play a major role in determining what we will become and who we will be.
A) Primary statuses.
B) Determinant statuses.
C) Master statuses.
D) Roles.
Answer: C
Q3) Countercultures are identified as groups of people,such as delinquent gangs,who tend to be at odds with the larger mainstream society.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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4
Chapter 3: Socialization
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122 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A major component of Piaget's preoperational stage is
A) children's awareness and understanding that they are "children" in the full meaning of the word.
B) the children's identification of themselves as boys or girls.
C) learning the meaning of religion.
D) understanding the role of family.
Answer: B
Q2) The "generalized other" is an attitude children acquire that is essentially the attitude of their parents.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Evidence suggests that
A) women progress through a different set of stages than men.
B) the stages women pass through take longer than those passed through by men.
C) women progress through the same developmental periods as do men,but there are important differences.
D) men take longer to pass through their stages than do women.
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Social Groups and Formal Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) On college campuses,hiking and biking groups,service organizations,and intramural sports teams are prime examples of ______________ organizations.
A) utilitarian
B) mortification
C) coercive
D) voluntary
Q2) Sociologist Charles Perrow claims that our world is more loosely coupled than structural theories admit.
A)True
B)False
Q3) One of the major functions of in-groups and out-groups is to
A) diminish differences that result from such social distinctions as race.
B) reduce hostility that results from competition.
C) dissolve social boundaries.
D) emphasize the significance and importance of social boundaries.
Q4) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of modern bureaucracy according to the perspectives identified in the text.
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6
Chapter 5: Deviance and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the real world,norms allow some latitude for behavior that is not strictly conformist.This is called
A) classic anomie.
B) a zone of permissible variation.
C) nonsense,sociologically speaking.
D) social disorganization.
Q2) When they study deviance,sociologists tend to focus on what is "wrong" with people who deviate.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Deviance is viewed as dysfunctional for society in that it undermines our willingness to play our roles and contribute to the larger social setting.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Child abuse is one example of deviant behavior that has been "defined down."
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain the functions and dysfunctions of deviance.
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Chapter 6: Social Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Regarding the "American Dream,"
A) growing numbers of Americans are not achieving prosperity.
B) the middle class appears to be shrinking.
C) more and more Americans are experiencing prosperity.
D) growing numbers of Americans are not achieving prosperity and the middle class appears to be shrinking are correct.
Q2) Karl Marx believed that the key to social stratification in capitalist societies is the separation between those who own and control the means of production and those who are the laborers.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Max Weber's three dimensions of social stratification include all of the following except A) class.
B) party (power).
C) education.
D) status (prestige).
Q4) Contrast the conflict and functionalist views on social stratification.What appear to be the strengths and weaknesses of each perspective?
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Chapter 7: Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Races
A) are characterized by rather fixed,clear-cut differences.
B) involve physical characteristics that never change over time.
C) are groups whose physical traits make it a relatively easy task to determine where one racial population ends and another racial population begins.
D) are groups that are not easily identified by cut-and-dry classifications.
Q2) Prejudice is a state of mind - a feeling,opinion,or disposition;discrimination,on the other hand,is action.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Sociologist William J.Wilson believes that racial discrimination in the United States
A) has become more important than it was 50 years ago in affecting the life chances of African Americans.
B) has become less important than social class in affecting the life chances of African Americans.
C) has not changed much one way or the other.
D) is found primarily in small rural villages or towns.
Q4) Explain the meanings of and relationship between prejudice and discrimination.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Gender Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) The world average for percentage of women in the national parliaments has risen to
A) 16.4
B) 25.2
C) 35.2
D) 45.2
Q2) Two-thirds of the world's illiterates are female.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The "glass ceiling" refers to
A) women having to provide sex in the workplace to get promotions.
B) the problems women have in finding adequate daycare.
C) the problems women have reconciling their husband's demands and the demands of the job.
D) the problems women have being promoted to top executive positions.
Q4) Until the 20<sup>th</sup> century,English and American common law specified that a wife must submit to sexual intercourse with her husband.
A)True
B)False
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Political and Economic Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) The collapse of communism in much of the world
A) increased the appeal of Marxist explanations of the state.
B) reduced interest in democratic forms of power in the world.
C) diminished the appeal of Marxist explanations of the state.
D) resulted in a revision of Marxist explanations of the state.
Q2) Totalitarianism is a type of government in which the state tries to control all parts of the society and all aspects of social life.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Politics and economics are mutually exclusive.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Max Weber would have looked upon people like John F.Kennedy or Elvis Presley as being instilled with charismatic leadership characteristics.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Power based on the use of force alone is a permanent condition.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: The Family
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sociologists agree that incest taboos are the only universal norm in the world.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Sociologists agree that industrialization and extended family patterns are incompatible.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Massive amounts of research prove that the American family has undergone a complete disintegration process.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is not among the problems associated with day care for children?
A) high turnover of day-care workers
B) day-care centers operating without licenses
C) inadequate toys,books,and chipping lead paint
D) All the choices are common problems.
Q5) Most divorced people do not remarry.
A)True
B)False
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Religion, Education, and Medicine
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Sample Questions
Q1) Education is one aspect of the many-sided process of socialization by which people acquire behaviors necessary for effective functioning in society.
A)True
B)False
Q2) __________ was NOT a characteristic of effective schools in Rutter's study.
A) Expectations that order would prevail in the classrooms
B) Emphasis on academic concerns
C) Moderate achievement expectations of students
D) Respect for students as responsible people
Q3) According to the text's discussion of people's statuses and health care,
A) well educated people are more likely to live a healthy lifestyle.
B) there is a racial divide.
C) much research indicates that racial and ethnic minorities receive lower quality health services than whites,even when their incomes and insurance coverage are the same.
D) All of the choices are correct.
Q4) Contrast the functionalist and conflict theory views of medicine.
Q5) The aging of America is one factor contributing to rising health care costs.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Population and Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Chinese officials,in recent years there have been about 50 abortions in that country for every 100 births.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Functionalists emphasize that human beings must become more sensitive to both the manifest and latent consequences of their actions on the environment to avoid damaging the ecosystem.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Demographically,a fertility rate is
A) related to actual reproductive behavior.
B) data dealing with the potential to reproduce.
C) the equivalent of fecundity.
D) data regarding ZPG.
Q4) According to Thomas Malthus,human beings have to continually deal with a paradox: the need for food and the passion between the sexes.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are population pyramids? Explain how demographers use these.
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Chapter 13: Social Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some communication experts argue that fictional media presentations provide images that influence attitudes and behavior about such policies as crime,violence,and welfare.This phenomenon is referred to as a(n)__________ effect.
A) anomie
B) cultivation
C) restrictive
D) Hawthorne
Q2) According to Herbert Spencer,social evolution has gradually produced a society that has moved from one consisting of heterogeneous interdependent units to one that is more homogeneous in nature.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The ideal conditions for rumors to occur are typified by A) calm and boring serenity.
B) steady,calculated,progressive change.
C) anxiety and tension.
D) periods of fluctuating economic growth.
Q4) Identify and briefly explain each of the seven sources of social change discussed in the text.
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