Foundations of Reasoning Test Questions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Reasoning introduces students to the essential principles and methods of critical thinking, logic, and argumentation. The course covers the structure of deductive and inductive reasoning, the identification and evaluation of arguments, common logical fallacies, and the use of formal logic systems, such as propositional and predicate logic. Emphasis is placed on developing analytical skills, understanding the basis of sound reasoning and effective communication, and applying techniques to everyday and academic problem-solving. Through exercises, discussions, and practical examples, students build a foundation for rigorous thinking and clear, persuasive argumentation across disciplines.
Recommended Textbook
THiNK 3rd Edition by Judith A. Boss
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13 Chapters
515 Verified Questions
515 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Critical Thinking: Why Its Important?
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Sample Questions
Q1) Al Gore,in his book Assault on Reason (2007),claims that when there is an increase in the power of the government and an increase in the control of the media by the wealthy,there is a corresponding
A) decrease in public participation in political dialogue.
B) decrease in money spent on education.
C) increase in public participation in political dialogue.
D) increase in money spent on education.
Answer: A
Q2) "Sophomoritis" is the term educators apply to people who are immature and over-confident.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The fact that many Americans are in denial about the possibility that the world oil reserves may soon run out is a classic example of a barrier to critical thinking. A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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3
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a strategy that falls under the heading of reason?
A) deduction
B) spatial-temporal reasoning
C) generalization
D) imagination
E) All of these are strategies that fall under the heading of reason.
Answer: E
Q2) Which of the following is true of dreams?
A) Dreams are capable of helping us solve our problems.
B) Dreams are completely understood by science.
C) Dreams have never been a source of important ideas.
D) Dreams are merely the release of irrational impulses and emotions.
Answer: A
Q3) According to the educator Nel Noddings,critical thought should not only be limited to reason,but should also involve empathy and caring for others.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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4
Chapter 3: Language and Communication
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Sample Questions
Q1) All college campuses allow unrestricted freedom of speech.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Which of the following is true of gender and communication styles?
A) Gender does not influence communication styles.
B) Differences in communication styles due to gender can lead to miscommunication.
C) Men tend to communicate in order to build and strengthen relationships.
D) Women never communicate in order to simply relate information.
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following best describes a verbal dispute?
A) a disagreement that over what is factual
B) an apparent disagreement in which two people believe they are disagreeing but in fact are only using the same words in different ways
C) a disagreement over what words to use to describe a situation
D) None of these answers is correct.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence, and Errors in Thinking
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Sample Questions
Q1) What conclusion did the U.S.Air Force draw in their Blue Book report?
A) Evidence from alien autopsies confirm that UFOs exist and merit further study.
B) Since there is no evidence that UFOs exist, we can safely conclude that they do not exist.
C) Most UFO sightings can be explained without accepting the existence of extraterrestrial beings, but a small number of these sightings have yet to be explained and deserve continuing study.
D) All UFO sightings can be explained as hoaxes or natural phenomenon such as ball lightening.
Q2) We should usually be skeptical of what others tell us.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The common belief that dying individuals can delay their death past holidays and personally significant days illustrates the interplay of which of the following pairs?
A) confirmation bias and Gödel effect
B) confirmation bias and memorable events error
C) memorable events error and self-serving bias
D) memorable events error and Gödel effect
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Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Avoiding verbal disputes can require careful attention to the meaning of words.
A)True
B)False
Q2) An appeal to ignorance is a fallacy of relevance.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following best describes the slippery slope fallacy?
A)attacking an individual's character rather than considering his or her arguments.
B)drawing a general conclusion from an unrepresentative sample.
C)arguing that if something is accepted in one case,then it must be accepted in all cases.
D)an argument with the following form: "If A,then B.Not A.Therefore,not B."
Q4) An argument contains an informal fallacy only if it begs the question.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A famous person appearing in an ad for a product completely unrelated to the person's fame or expertise commits a fallacy of popular appeal.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
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Sample Questions
Q1) All propositions are true.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Definitional premises always contain analogies.
A)True
B)False
Q3) "John,don't jump!" can be a prescriptive premise.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following could be a descriptive premise in an argument?
A) "It is wrong to torture puppies!"
B) "How are you?"
C) "The Earth is the twenty-second planet from the sun."
D) None of these answers is correct.
Q5) Which of the following best describes a valid deductive argument?
A) an argument with two premises
B) a persuasive argument
C) an argument that provides just some reason for believing its conclusion
D) an argument that guarantees the truth of its conclusion if its premises are all true
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Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
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Sample Questions
Q1) The information collected in the Freshman Survey is used to make which of the following type of argument?
A) inductive argument
B) deductive argument
C) ad hominem argument
D) dream journal argument
Q2) The only purpose anyone has in conducting a poll is to collect information.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following words or phrases tend to indicate that an argument is inductive?
A) "necessarily"
B) "therefore"
C) "proposition"
D) "mostly likely"
Q4) A randomly selected sample is always representative.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
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Sample Questions
Q1) "All dogs are diseased.John is a dog.Therefore,John went to the vet." Which of the following is true of the preceding argument?
A) The argument is false.
B) The argument has a false conclusion because it has at least one false premise.
C) The argument is not deductively valid.
D) The argument is sound.
Q2) Which of the following is true of sound arguments?
A) A sound argument may have a false premise.
B) A sound argument is valid.
C) A sound argument sounds good, but may be invalid.
D) A sound argument always has a true conclusion even if one of the premises is false.
Q3) Arguments by elimination are deductive.
A)True
B)False
Q4) All invalid arguments are unsound.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Ethics and Moral Decision Making
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a moral sentiment?
A) empathy
B) guilt
C) fear
D) resentment
Q2) Moral outrage is the capacity for imagining the feelings of others.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is associated with morality throughout the world?
A) happiness
B) self-interest
C) the death penalty for murder
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q4) According to Lawrence Kohlberg,which of the following is a stage of moral development?
A) the preconventional stage
B) the conventional stage
C) the postconventional stage
D) All of these answers are correct.
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Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
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Sample Questions
Q1) Nissan's first sports car for the American market was originally named "My Fair Lady."
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is true of product placement?
A) It is a form of advertisement.
B) There is often disclosure that it is an instance of advertisement.
C) It carefully details the merits of the advertised product.
D) None of these answers is correct.
Q3) Endorsements by well-known figures in advertisements are not always fallacious forms of arguing.
A)True
B)False
Q4) SWOT is an acronym for "strengths,weaknesses,opportunities,and theories."
A)True
B)False
Q5) Market anomalies can safely be ignored.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Mass Media
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a way that a reporter may introduce inaccuracies into a report involving scientific issues?
A) interpreting a scientific result using cultural biases
B) oversimplifying a scientific result
C) emphasizing controversial aspects of science
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q2) Scientists always report their findings regardless of the nature of the results.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Internet contains only reliable information.
A)True
B)False
Q4) As of 2012,about how many people worldwide used the Internet?
A) 1 million
B) 78 million
C) 2 billion
D) 13 billion
Q5) Press releases from the subjects of reports are almost always reliable.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Science
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Q1) Francis Bacon is the author of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is true of observations according to science?
A) Observations must be made without the aid of instruments.
B) Observation should, in general, be guided by hypotheses.
C) Observations cannot be trusted because we can never be sure that we are not dreaming.
D) Measuring devices cannot supplement direct observation.
Q3) The existence of the physical world can be proven by science.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The testing of hypotheses always occurs in tightly controlled conditions such as laboratories.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The confidence level in an experimental result decreases as the margin of error decreases.
A)True
B)False
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Law and Politics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best describes lobbying?
A) standing in the lobby of Congress
B) advocacy that seeks to influence government for someone's benefit
C) seeking restitution from harms suffered by unjust laws
D) asking other nations to pressure your own nation into fairly enforcing its laws and respecting the rights of its citizens
Q2) Which of the following is the power of the judicial system to overturn laws it believes conflict with the Constitution?
A) judicial review
B) veto power
C) rules of evidence
D) checks and balances
Q3) Which of the following best describes the state of nature?
A) a condition in which people live without government
B) a condition in which government can only enforce laws approved by the people
C) a condition in which government is a part of the natural order
D) a state with strict environmental laws to protect nature
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