Foundations of Psychotherapy Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Foundations of Psychotherapy introduces students to the core concepts, historical development, and major theoretical approaches in the field of psychotherapy. This course explores the underlying principles and methods of various therapeutic modalities, including psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, and systemic therapies. Students will examine the therapeutic relationship, assessment techniques, and ethical considerations, as well as the roles and responsibilities of psychotherapists. Through case studies and experiential exercises, learners gain insight into common clinical issues, treatment planning, and the process of change, establishing a strong basis for further study and practice in mental health counseling.
Recommended Textbook
Clinical Psychology Science Practice and Culture 4th Edition by Andrew M. (Mark) Pomerantz
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Clinical Psychology: Definition and Training
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Q1) The Insider's Guide to Graduate Programs in Clinical and Counseling Psychology is A)a book authored by Richard McFall that details scientific standards for psychological research.
B)a resource used by many graduate school applicants to learn about specific clinical psychology programs.
C)an online portal for applying to clinical psychology graduate programs.
D)an evaluation rubric used by graduate program admissions committees to evaluate applicants.
Answer: B
Q2) Compared to clinical psychologists,counseling psychologists tend to A)work with clients whose degree of psychopathology is greater.
B)work in settings such as inpatient psychiatric units.
C)work in settings such as college counseling centers.
D)work in settings such as hospitals
Answer: C
Q3) What is the most common professional activity of clinical psychologists?
Answer: Psychotherapy.
Q4) What is the most common setting in which clinical psychologists work?
Answer: Private practice.
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Chapter 2: Evolution of Clinical Psychology
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Q1) David Wechsler created
A)an inkblot test of personality.
B)a popular objective questionnaire measuring symptoms of depression.
C)a test of intelligence.
D)the MMPI.
Answer: C
Q2) The result of the Boulder conference was an agreement among clinical psychology training directors that
A)PhD clinical psychology training should focus on clinical practice.
B)research was the most essential facet of PhD clinical psychology training.
C)both practice and research were important parts of PhD clinical psychology training.
D)PhD clinical psychology training standards should be revised at least every 10 years.
Answer: D
Q3) What historical event led psychologists to create the Army Alpha and Beta intelligence tests?
Answer: World War I
Q4) What organization is the author of the DSM-5?
Answer: American Psychiatric Association
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Chapter 3: Current Controversies in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) List two applications of technology in clinical psychology.
Answer: Videoconferencing,e-mail,text,interactive Internet sites,online psychotherapy programs,virtual reality,computer-based self-instructional programs,and handheld devices to monitor and interact with clients.
Q2) List two disadvantages of evidence-based practice.
Answer: Threats to the psychotherapy relationship,diagnostic complications,restrictions on practice,and debatable criteria for empirical evidence.
Q3) Briefly summarize two advantages of evidence-based practice and two disadvantages of evidence-based practice.
Answer: Advantages include scientific legitimacy;establishment of minimal levels of competence;training improvements in graduate programs;and a decreased reliance on clinical judgment,which is susceptible to bias.Disadvantages include threats to the psychotherapy relationship/alliance,diagnostic complications,restrictions on practice,and debatable criteria for empirical evidence.
Q4) Define evidence-based practice.
Answer: The integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics,culture,and preferences.
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Chapter 4: Cultural Issues in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) _____ is the way a person responds to living in a new cultural environment,particularly regarding the balance between adopting elements of the new culture and retaining elements of the original culture.
A)Microaggression
B)Integration
C)Acculturation
D)Heterogeneity
Q2) Regardless of a the methods used to train clinical psychologists to be culturally competent,an essential ingredient is that the trainee
A)reaches a deeper appreciation of his or her own cultural identity.
B)reads detailed descriptions of a variety of cultural groups in the form of professional books or peer-reviewed articles.
C)enrolls in courses taught by faculty members whose cultural background is different from that of the trainee.
D)conducts research with participants from culturally diverse backgrounds.
Q3) _____ is the term used to describe the variability of members within a cultural group.
Q4) What are the three levels of the tripartite model of personal identity?
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Chapter 5: Ethical Issues in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) According to the current edition of the APA ethical code,psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with current therapy clients
A)unless the client has attended therapy for less than five sessions,in which case the client can be transferred to another therapist.
B)under any circumstances.
C)unless both the therapist and client live in a very small community where there are few other psychologists or potential sexual partners available.
D)unless the sexual intimacies are initiated by the client rather than the psychologist.
Q2) Dr.Roland feels pressure to select a time-limited treatment to address Celia's social anxiety disorder because Celia is using her Topcare Insurance benefits to pay for treatment.This scenario best illustrates which contemporary ethical issue for clinical psychologists?
A)Technology and ethics
B)Ethics in small communities
C)Managed care and ethics
D)Ethics and geographic location
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Chapter 6: Conducting Research in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) In _____,researchers test the outcome of a manualized therapy on a particular diagnosis.Participants are randomly assigned to treatment or nontreatment groups,and target variables are assessed at the outset and end of the study.
A)independent trials
B)dependent trials
C)randomized clinical trials
D)homogenized clinical trials
Q2) What are two main areas in which clinical psychologists conduct research?
Q3) The ABAB design is an example of a(n)_____.
A)case study
B)analogue design
C)between-groups design
D)meta-analysis
Q4) _____ validity refers to the generalizability of a study's results,or the extent to which the study's findings hold true across different settings and populations.
Q5) A researcher planning to follow a group of depressed patients over a 20-year period would likely be using a _____ design.
Q6) Compare and contrast cross-sectional designs and longitudinal designs.
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Chapter 7: Diagnosis and Classification Issues: DSM-5 and More
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Q1) The _____ approach to diagnosis examines where on a continuum a client's symptoms fall.
Q2) The DSM reflects a _____ model of psychopathology.
Q3) What central feature of DSM-III,DSM-III-R,DSM-IV,and DSM-IV-TR was eliminated in DSM-5?
Q4) Essentially,a categorical approach to diagnosis of mental disorders suggests that an individual
A)either has or does not have a disorder.
B)has every disorder to some extent.
C)can only be diagnosed with one disorder at a single point in time.
D)can have multiple disorders at the same time only if those disorders fall within the same larger category,such as depressive disorders or anxiety disorders.
Q5) DSM-III differed from its predecessors in all of the following significant ways EXCEPT that it
A)introduced a multiaxial diagnostic system.
B)listed specific diagnostic criteria to define disorders.
C)featured a greater reliance on empirical data rather than clinical consensus.
D)emphasized psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives.
Q6) List two of the new mental disorders introduced in DSM-5.
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Chapter 8: The Clinical Interview
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Q1) A question such as "Do you consume alcohol?" is an example of a(n)_____ question.
Q2) Describe the difference between paraphrasing and reflection of feeling.
Q3) _____ is the extent to which an assessment technique correlates with other techniques that measure the same thing.
A)Reliability
B)Clinical utility
C)Convergent validity
D)Discriminant validity
Q4) A _____ interview is used to diagnose.The interview should facilitate assignment of an accurate DSM disorder to the client.
Q5) A(n)_____ interview is a predetermined,planned sequences of questions that an interviewer asks a client.By contrast,a(n)_____ interview is improvised and involves no predetermined questions.
A)primary,secondary
B)secondary,primary
C)structured,unstructured
D)unstructured,structured
Q6) What is the primary purpose of the mental status exam?
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Chapter 9: Intellectual and Neuropsychological Assessment
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Q1) A _____ model of intelligence proposes that specific abilities exist and are important,but they are all somewhat related to each other and to a global,overall,general intelligence.
A)topical
B)hierarchical
C)fluid
D)multiple
Q2) Spearman created the concept of _____,an individual's general intelligence or global,overall intellectual ability.
A)fluid intelligence
B)g
C)crystallized intelligence
D)s
Q3) What is the difference between intelligence and achievement?
Q4) Who created the three-stratum theory of intelligence?
Q5) The Wechlser intelligence tests yield all of the following EXCEPT
A)a single full-scale intelligence score.
B)several index scores.
C)about a dozen specific subtest scores.
D)an age quotient score.
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Chapter 10: Personality Assessment and Behavioral Assessment
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT one of the "Big Five" personality traits measured by the NEO Personality Inventory?
A)Neuroticism
B)Conscientiousness
C)Openness
D)Eclecticism
Q2) Briefly explain empirical criterion keying,the method of test construction used by the authors of the MMPI.
Q3) The practice of evidence-based assessment is characterized by the selection of tests that meet all of the following criteria EXCEPT
A)strong clinical utility.
B)acceptable reliability and validity.
C)sufficient normative data.
D)endorsement by the American Psychological Association.
Q4) How does behavioral assessment differ from the traditional approach personality assessment approach?
Q5) The _____ emphasizes the positive attributes of personality and yields scores on scales such as Independence and Self-Acceptance.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: General Issues in Psychotherapy
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Q1) The tripartite model,created by Hans Strupp and colleagues,essentially suggests that A)multiple parties may have meaningful and potentially inconsistent views of psychotherapy outcome.
B)various styles of psychotherapy are equally effective due to common factors.
C)the success of the first three sessions of psychotherapy correlates very strongly to the eventual success of psychotherapy after its completion.
D)psychotherapy yields the best results when at least three approaches are blended together into a new,integrative approach.
Q2) The "dodo bird verdict" refers to the finding that
A)behavioral psychotherapy is more beneficial than cognitive psychotherapy.
B)psychodynamic psychotherapy is more beneficial than humanistic psychotherapy.
C)behavioral psychotherapy is more beneficial than all other forms of psychotherapy.
D)various forms of psychotherapy are about equally beneficial.
Q3) In 2010,what was the orientation most endorsed by clinical psychologists?
Q4) Who are the three parties described in the tripartite model that should be consulted to determine what constitutes a successful therapy outcome?
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Chapter 12: Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
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Q1) Psychodynamic psychotherapy refers broadly to the approach created by _____ and including all subsequent adaptations or expansions of it.
A)Carl Rogers
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Hans Strupp
D)B)F.Skinner
Q2) When a psychodynamic therapy patient does not immediately accept his analyst's interpretation,the analyst may need to repeat the interpretation across multiple sessions before it is fully accepted.This process is known as _____.
A)interpretive reframing
B)working through C)transference
D)defensive scaffolding
Q3) Free association is to _____ as word association is to _____.
A)Sigmund Freud,Carl Jung
B)Carl Jung,Sigmund Freud
C)Albert Bandura,Alfred Adler
D)Alfred Adler,Albert Bandura
Q4) What is the primary goal of psychodynamic therapy?
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Chapter 13: Humanistic Psychotherapy
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Q1) According to the humanistic approach,_____ is the root of psychopathology.
A)reflection
B)incongruence
C)fixation
D)negative self-regard
Q2) When an individual's real and ideal selves are different,the individual is experiencing
Q3) _____,developed by William Miller,is a contemporary application of the principles of humanism.
A)Existential psychotherapy
B)Quality of life therapy
C)Motivational interviewing
D)Behavioral consultation
Q4) Who is the most prominent pioneer of humanistic therapy?
Q5) Freud is to _____ as Maslow is to _____.
A)behavioral,cognitive
B)cognitive,behavioral
C)psychodynamic,humanistic
D)humanistic,psychodynamic
Q6) Name three of the six central principles of motivational interviewing.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Behavior Therapy
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Q1) Describe the process of exposure therapy.What psychological problem is it usually used to treat? Include key elements or techniques used in this type of therapy.
Q2) Briefly explain the extinction burst.
Q3) Briefly define both generalization and discrimination as understood by behavior therapists.Also,explain how each could alter the development of a phobia related to a traumatic incident in an elevator.
Q4) The form of behavior therapy derived from Bandura's work that involves clients learning from the experiences of others,rather than their own experiences,is _____.
A)exposure therapy
B)assertiveness training
C)observational learning
D)flooding
Q5) The goal of _____ is to increase the frequency of behaviors that are positively reinforcing to the client.
A)cognitive therapy
B)aversion therapy
C)systematic desensitization
D)behavioral activation
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Chapter 15: Cognitive Psychotherapy and Mindfulness-Based Therapies
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Q1) Aaron Beck has argued that the cognitive triad,which includes thoughts about _____,is a powerful determinant of mental health and depression levels.
A)family,friends,and acquaintances
B)the self,the external world,and the future
C)religion,wealth,and politics
D)an individual,a group,and a nation
Q2) _____ would likely have his patients compete an ABCDE chart,whereas _____ would likely have his patients complete a dysfunctional thought record.
A)George Harris,Martin Seligman
B)Albert Ellis,Aaron Beck
C)Martin Seligman,George Harris
D)Aaron Beck,Albert Ellis
Q3) According to Ellis' ABCDE model,"C" represents _____.
A)cognition
B)emotional consequence
C)choice behavior
D)applied conditioning
Q4) Describe the five components of Ellis' ABCDE model.
Q5) Who created dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)?
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Chapter 16: Group and Family Therapy
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT one of the seven stages through which typical intact middle-class American families proceed?
A)Leaving home
B)Joining of families through marriage or union
C)Launching children and moving on in midlife
D)Resignation and acceptance of death
Q2) Exception questions,such as "When was this not a problem for you?" and "When was this not so bad?" and the formula-first session task,in which clients consider what aspects of their lives they want to remain the same,are important components of
A)narrative therapy
B)humanistic therapy
C)solution-focused therapy
D)structural family therapy
Q3) What type of family therapy uses "solution-talk" and focuses almost exclusively on solutions?
Q4) List three of Yalom's therapeutic factors for group psychotherapy.
Q5) Who is the leading figure in the interpersonal approach to group therapy?
Q6) Explain Yalom's corrective recapitulation of the primary family group.
Q7) What do group therapists mean by the term social microcosm?
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Chapter 17: Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
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Q1) _____ is a form of behavioral therapy in which therapists teach parents to use techniques based on conditioning to modify problematic behavior in their children.
A)Parent training
B)Adult rehabilitation
C)Child modification
D)Behavioral shaping
Q2) Briefly describe behavior rating scales frequently used for child assessment.
Q3) Which three factors did Grotberg (2003)suggest contribute to resilience in children?
A)Child strengths,parental support,and community involvement
B)External supports,inner strengths,and interpersonal problem-solving skills
C)Peer relationships,educational commitment,and quality of life
D)Social supports,psychological skills,and biological strengths
Q4) _____ direct observation of a child behavior takes place where it actually happens,whereas _____ direct observation typically takes place in a clinic room where the real-life situation is simulated.
Q5) What is the rationale for a multisource,multimethod,multisetting approach to the assessment of children?
Q6) What is the recommended approach to assessment of children?
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Chapter 18: Health Psychology
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Q1) _____ is a technique for promoting physical health in which patients write about what they value most in life.
A)Values affirmation
B)Healthful writing
C)Narrative weight management
D)Parable telling
Q2) What technique a therapist who promotes physical health by having his patients write about the things they value most in life is using?
Q3) _____ has been defined as the process of managing demands that are appraised as exceeding the resources of the person.
A)Coping
B)Social support
C)Detoxification
D)Chronic stress
Q4) _____ is an interdisciplinary field interested in the ways in which our minds influence our bodies.
Q5) _____ is when the body requires increasing amounts of alcohol to achieve the same effect (i.e. ,level of drunkenness).
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Chapter 19: Forensic Psychology
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Q1) _____,an issue that can arise in forensic psychology,occurs when the person being evaluated exaggerates or "fakes" symptoms in order to achieve some external benefit.
A)Confabulation
B)Blindsiding
C)Malingering
D)Echopraxia
Q2) The process by which an expert witness is approved for the court
A)does not apply to clinical psychologists because they are exempt.
B)is called voir dire.
C)was established in 1945 by Dundlewood v.Georgia.
D)is so costly that most clinical psychologists refuse to serve as expert witnesses.
Q3) A clinical psychologist conducting an NGRI evaluation is most interested in determining
A)the mental status of the defendant at the time the crime was committed.
B)the likelihood that the defendant will behave dangerously in the future.
C)the current mental status of the defendant.
D)the fitness of the defendant to stand trial.
Q4) What name is given to statistical prediction methods used to predict dangerous?
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Page 21