Foundations of Psychology
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Psychology introduces students to the fundamental principles, theories, and research methods that form the basis of modern psychology. The course explores key topics such as biological bases of behavior, perception, learning, memory, development, personality, and social influences. Emphasis is placed on understanding scientific approaches to the study of behavior and mental processes, as well as examining how psychological research contributes to our knowledge of human thought and action. Through lectures, readings, and discussions, students gain essential insights into how psychologists investigate and explain the complexities of mind and behavior.
Recommended Textbook
The Person An Introduction to the Science of Personality Psychology 5th Edition by Dan P. McAdams
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12 Chapters
486 Verified Questions
486 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Studying the Person
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40 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A good sample for a hypothesis-testing research study should
A) Be larger than 30 subjects
B) Be appropriate for the hypothesis to be evaluated
C) Be representative of all subjects within a particular category
D) Include many different kinds of subjects
Answer: B
Q2) In an experiment, the psychologist manipulates the variable in order to observe the effect on the variable.
A) Independent, dependent
B) Control, experimental
C) Dependent, independent
D) Experimental, control
Answer: A
Q3) In the context of justification, a scientist seeks to
A) Discover new facts
B) Build theories
C) Test hypotheses
D) Collect unsystematic observations
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Evolution and Human Nature
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is reciprocal altruism adaptive for the altruist?
A) Genes of relatives are passed down to the next generation
B) Helping others may eventually lead to being helped, which promotes survival and reproductive success.
C) Group harmony is enhanced, which enhances inclusive fitness for all members of the group.
D) Reciprocal altruism is not adaptive, but it occasionally occurs under periods of upheaval and stress.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following statements about mother-infant attachment is true?
A) The first few hours after birth are a critical period in the development of attachment
B) The central component of the attachment system is sucking
C) By the end of the first year of life an infant may be attached to many different people-as many as 20-30
D) Attachment appears to follow the same developmental course in all human societies
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Social Learning and Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Extraverted people tend to interpret and evaluate situations in terms of
A) The pleasantness of the situation and opportunity for interpersonal reward
B) The interpersonal threats posed by the situation
C) The extent to which the situation affords opportunities for dominance
D) The situation's inherent complexity and level of challenge
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following parenting styles combines high acceptance and low demands?
A) Authoritarian
B) Authoritative
C) Permissive
D) Neglecting
Answer: C
Q3) Compared to urban Westerners, members of a rural Indian village are more likely to explain people's behavior in terms of
A) Internal traits
B) Religious values
C) Social forces
D) Luck
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Personality Traits: Fundamental Concepts and Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not one of the Big Five traits?
A) Agreeableness
B) Openness to experience
C) Social desirability
D) Neuroticism
Q2) Shweder and other psychologists who adopt the concept of "implicit personality theory" argue that trait measures are invalid because they
A) Fail to predict behavior in specific situations
B) Fail to encompass subtle aspects of personality, such as life stories
C) Merely capture people's understanding of how trait-relevant words go together
D) Do not make explicit the theories of self that people hold dear
Q3) In the act-frequency approach to personality, traits are
A) Summary categories of behaviors
B) Internal dispositions
C) Causal factors in action
D) Situationally specific
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6
Chapter 5: Five Basic Traits in the Brain and in Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements does not reflect an empirical finding concerning the trait of neuroticism N)?
A) N is a negative indicator for recovery from depression
B) N is positively associated with guilt and anxiety about sexual relations
C) N is positively associated with emotion-focused coping strategies
D) N is negatively associated with performance on achievement tasks
Q2) In interpersonal relationships, neuroticism is associated with which of the following tendencies?
A) Inability to adjust intimacy to appropriate level in a given situation
B) Overly dependent style of relating to others
C) Inappropriate expressions of both positive and negative emotions
D) Failure to behave with others in an appropriately assertive manner
Q3) Recent research has shown that individuals high in extraversion expect to experience more positive emotion in which of the following situations?
A) Pleasant social situations, such as talking with friends
B) Pleasant nonsocial situations, such as enjoying music alone
C) Both a and b
D) Neither a nor b
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Chapter
Environments, and Time
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Sample Questions
Q1) The 5-HT transporter gene is responsible for
A) Producing molecules that removes serotonin from the synaptic cleft
B) Producing proteins that stimulate the production of serotonin
C) Turning on systems that increase nurturant behavior
D) Turning on systems that stimulate nerve transmission along serotonegenic lines
Q2) Research involving temperament dispositions and environment indicates that
A) People select and create environments that reinforce their current temperamental dispositions
B) People select and create environments that change their current temperamental dispositions
C) Environments shape temperament dimensions rather than the other way around D) People actively seek environments that complement, rather than match, their temperaments
Q3) Research suggests that among older adults marriage tends to
A) Insulate men from negative emotion
B) Promote positive emotion in women
C) Lead to negative emotion in women
D) Increase negative emotion in both women and men
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Chapter 7: Motives and Goals: What Do We Want in Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Freud, the structure of the psyche most responsible for rational coping with the world is the
A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) Self-concept
Q2) Vaillant's longitudinal study of men showed that the use of mature defense mechanisms was positively associated with
A) Higher levels of stress
B) Greater levels of social support from friends and family
C) Greater levels of overall adjustment
D) Age
Q3) According to Freud, the aspect of the psyche that provides energy for thought and behavior is the
A) Superego
B) Oral stage
C) Cathexis
D) Instincts
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9
Chapter 8: Self and Other: Social-Cognitive Aspects of Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Higgins's research on self-discrepancy, discrepancies between the actual and ought selves lead to the experience of
A) Fear, anxiety, guilt
B) Sadness, shame, disappointment
C) Excitement, interest, focusing
D) Anger, aggression, denial
Q2) According to Cantor and Kihlstrom's view of social intelligence, intelligent action is
A) Reflexive
B) Stereotypic
C) Flexible
D) Indiscriminate
Q3) Adherents to strict, fundamentalist forms of religion tend to show all of the following except
A) Emotion-focused coping strategies
B) Distrust of people with dissimilar religious views
C) Optimism
D) Marital satisfaction
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Developmental Stages and Tasks
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Sample Questions
Q1) Josselson's longitudinal studies of women suggest that those who as college students ignored the challenges of identity formation tended in midlife to
A) Have a large number of regrets
B) Develop strong convictions about life
C) Have delayed identity crises
D) Express higher levels of warmth and care for others
Q2) Compared to parents scoring low on generativity measures, those scoring high
A) Tend to employ authoritative methods of child rearing
B) Are more likely to send their children to private schools
C) Stress religion and political activism in raising their children
D) Engage in more smiling and eye contact with their infants
Q3) Which of the following identity statuses is associated with high levels of anxiety combined with being rated by others as especially friendly, sensitive, and warm?
A) Identity achievement
B) Moratorium
C) Foreclosure
D) Identity diffusion
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11
Chapter 10: Life Scripts, Life Stories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compared to the paradigmatic mode of thought, the narrative mode
A) Aims to say no more than is meant
B) Emphasizes illogical and nonsensical statements
C) Explains the cause-and-effect relations of the physical world
D) Organizes human intentions
Q2) According to Tomkins's script theory, the person "magnifies" negative affect scenes by
A) Emphasizing similarities among scenes
B) Emphasizing differences among scenes
C) Combining them with positive scenes
D) Exaggerating their importance in his or her own development
Q3) To say that a narrative identity integrates a life is to say that it
A) Brings happiness and fulfillment to a person's life
B) Brings together different parts of a person's life
C) Offers important life lessons
D) Connects the individual to ultimate truths about life
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12
Chapter 11: Interpreting Peoples Stories: From Freud to Today
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hermans's dialogical approach to life narratives uses a self-confrontation strategy for research. According to this strategy, the research participant is an)
A) Opponent
B) Co-investigator
C) Passive subject in an experiment
D) Patient
Q2) In the Oedipus complex, penis envy symbolizes desire for A) Power
B) Sexuality
C) Nurturance
D) Justice
Q3) For Jung, the archetypes are located in the
A) Personal unconscious
B) Self
C) Collective unconscious
D) Id
Q4) Some writers on the postmodern self suggest that it is futile to try to compose a coherent identity in today's world. Do the students agree?
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Chapter 12: Writing Stories of Lives: Biography and the Life Course
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Sample Questions
Q1) Murray's understanding of "personology" included all of the following except
A) An understanding that each human life has a dominant theme
B) The belief that fantasies and narratives are at the core of human individuality
C) An emphasis on lives being set in time
D) An interdisciplinary approach to studying lives, incorporating the biological sciences, social sciences, and humanities
Q2) Which of the following is not a criterion identified by Alexander for the inclusion of a particular piece of data in a psychobiographical study?
A) Frequency
B) Uniqueness
C) Primacy
D) Consistency
Q3) The growing "on time" concern about mortality during the midlife years is manifested in increasing experience and preoccupation with A) Losses
B) Separations
C) Endings
D) All of the above
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