Foundations of Psychology Test Questions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Psychology introduces students to the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. The course covers major psychological concepts, theories, and principles, exploring topics such as biological bases of behavior, perception, learning, memory, development, motivation, emotion, personality, and psychological disorders. Emphasis is placed on understanding research methods, critical thinking, and the application of psychological knowledge to everyday life. Through lectures, discussions, and practical exercises, students gain a foundational understanding of how psychologists investigate and explain human thought, emotion, and behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Introducing Psychology Brain Person Group 4th Edition by Stephen M. Kosslyn
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Section 1: Introduction to the Science of Psychology:
History and Research Methods
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Q1) A case study examines in detail ________.
A)a single participant
B)multiple instances of a situation
C)a set of questions put to participants
D)the relationship between two variables
Answer: A
Q2) Which of these is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology?
A)the science of behavior
B)the science of mental processes
C)the science of behavior and mental processes
D)the science of human behavior and mental processes
Answer: C
Q3) What advice might John B.Watson have offered to psychologists of his time?
A)"Focus on observable behavior."
B)"Life is an effort to overcome inferiority."
C)"We cannot know others until we know ourselves."
D)"Remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes."
Answer: A
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Chapter 1: Section 2: Introduction to the Science of Psychology:
History and Research Methods
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Q1) Which school of psychology questioned whether psychologists should study the mind?
A)psychodynamic theory
B)behaviorism
C)Gestalt psychology
D)the cognitive revolution
Answer: B
Q2) Deceiving participants in a psychological study is _____________.
A)never allowed
B)not addressed as an issue of concern by most IRBs
C)allowed so long as participants will not be harmed (only)
D)allowed so long as participants will not be harmed and the knowledge gained clearly outweighs the use of dishonesty
Answer: D
Q3) A correlation coefficient is a numerical measure of the __________________.
A)unintended changes in participants' behavior due to cues from the experimenter
B)relationship between two variables
C)behaviors of participants of different ages compared at a given time
D)behaviors of participants followed and periodically assessed over time
Answer: B
Page 4
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Chapter 2: Section 1: The Biology of Mind and Behavior: the Brain in
Action
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Q1) To say that both genes and environment are important ________.
A)is completely accurate
B)is completely inaccurate
C)is partially correct depending on the given person and situation
D)is true, yet it fails to clarify that they are different aspects of a single system
Answer: D
Q2) If you were to play a very dangerous (and somewhat gruesome)game and saw part of your skull off and look at your now well-ventilated brain in a mirror, the first structure(s)you would see under the skull will be the ________.
A)corpus callosum
B)meninges
C)ventricle
D)gyrus
Answer: B
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5
Chapter 2: Section 2: The Biology of Mind and Behavior: the
Brain in Action
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Q1) LaKeisha stepped on a piece of glass and quickly pulled her foot away from that sharp object.Which of the following are responsible for sending a message to the muscles in LaKeisha's foot, resulting in her pulling her foot away from the piece of glass?
A)motor neurons
B)interneurons
C)sensory neurons
D)reflexes
Q2) The thalamus is often compared to a(n)________.
A)switching center
B)fast food menu
C)stop sign
D)bus stop
Q3) Agonist is to antagonist as:
A)neuromodulator is to neurotransmitter.
B)reuptake is to receptor.
C)mimic is to block.
D)block is to mimic.
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Page 6
Chapter 3: Section 1: Sensation and Perception: How the World Enters the Mind
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Q1) Closing your eyes and then touching your nose with your forefinger most accurately illustrates which of the following?
A)vestibular sense
B)kinesthetic sense
C)somasthetic sense
D)anomalous cognition
Q2) The point at which a person can detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented is called the ______.
A)absolute threshold
B)range threshold
C)difference threshold
D)noticeable threshold
Q3) Sensation is to perception as ________ is to ________.
A)stimulation; recognition
B)awareness; interpretation
C)interpretation; awareness
D)organization; interpretation
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Page 7
Chapter 3: Section 2: Sensation and Perception: How the World Enters the Mind
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Q1) According to your authors, we identify where objects are by coding ________.
A)categorical spatial relations
B)temporal relations
C)proximal spatial relations
D)occipital relations
Q2) Astronauts who spend too much time in outer space may ultimately jeopardize their ________.
A)vestibular sense
B)kinesthetic sense
C)somasthetic sense
D)anomalous cognition
Q3) A study reviewed in your text investigated the effect of pheromone perfume on various behaviors in females.The results included all of the following except:
A)increase in number of males approaching them.
B)increased sexual intercourse.
C)increase in number of formal dates.
D)increased "petting."
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Page 8
Chapter 4: Section 1: Learning: How Experience Changes Us
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Q1) With observational learning, information gleaned primarily comes from ________.
A)reinforcement
B)watching others
C)neutral stimuli
D)self-motivation
Q2) "If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated.If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated." This is a statement of ________________.
A)the law of positive reinforcement
B)Rescorla's cognitive perspective
C)Thorndike's Law of Effect
D)Garcia's conditional emotional response
Q3) In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response.These behaviors are called _____________.
A)primary reinforcers
B)successive approximations
C)secondary reinforcers
D)unconditioned stimuli
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Chapter 4: Section 2: Learning: How Experience Changes Us
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Q1) After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask.He was studying whether or not _____________________ had occurred.
A)behavior modification
B)stimulus discrimination
C)extinction
D)stimulus generalization
Q2) In Bandura's Bobo doll study, children who observed an adult ignore the Bobo doll
A)showed as much aggression to the doll as those who never saw an adult in the playroom
B)showed more aggression to the doll than those who never saw an adult in the playroom
C)showed less aggression to the doll than those who never saw an adult in the playroom
D)were, surprisingly, the most aggressive group of children in the study
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10
Chapter 5: Section 1: Memory: Living With Yesterday
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Q1) When newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information, this is called ______________.
A)cue-dependent forgetting
B)proactive interference
C)decay
D)retroactive interference
Q2) Suppose Tamika looks up a number in the telephone book.After getting a busy signal, a minute or so later she tries to call again - but has already forgotten the number! This example illustrates the limited duration of________ memory.
A)sensory
B)short-term
C)echoic
D)implicit
Q3) Automatic processing, compared to controlled processing, involves less ________.
A)attention
B)memory space
C)neurotransmitters
D)procedural skills
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Chapter 5: Section 2: Memory: Living With Yesterday
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Q1) The famous case of H.M.pertains to an individual who had severe memory loss once his hippocampus was removed.However, he still had a form of ________.
A)semantic memory
B)implicit memory
C)explicit memory
D)declarative memory
Q2) Memories for general facts and personal information are called _________.
A)episodic memory
B)procedural memories
C)declarative memories
D)factual memory
Q3) Retrograde amnesia is to anterograde amnesia as ________.
A)mild is to severe
B)severe is to mild
C)remembering old is to learning new
D)remembering new is to learning old
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12
Chapter 6: Section 1: Language, Thinking, and Intelligence:
What Humans Do Best
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Q1) You are learning Russian in preparation for a trip next summer.Although you are doing a good job recognizing the written signs you need to know, you are having trouble with the sounds of the Russian language.Which of the following aspects of language is giving you trouble?
A)syntax
B)phonemes
C)morphemes
D)audiograms
Q2) The first thing that comes to mind when asked to name an example from a category is called the ________.
A)schema
B)prototype
C)concept marker
D)category marker
Q3) Which of the following groups of children is most likely to have the most similar IQ scores?
A)identical twins reared apart
B)same-sex fraternal twins
C)siblings reared together
D)identical twins reared together
Page 13
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Chapter 6: Section 2: Language, Thinking, and Intelligence:
What Humans Do Best
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Q1) The sounds t, th, and sh are ______.
A)morphemes
B)phonemes
C)semantics
D)sound bytes
Q2) Solving a problem critically depends on ________.
A)one's general intelligence
B)manipulation of mental images
C)how you represent it
D)the use of language
Q3) Researchers typically stress that a key aspect of intelligence is ________.
A)the ability to speak different languages
B)the Y chromosome
C)the ability to adapt to the environment
D)only accurate for males
Q4) Gardner and his associates are known for proposing ______.
A)the generalized theory of intelligence
B)the Triarchic theory of intelligence
C)the theory of multiple intelligences
D)the theory of emotional intelligence
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Chapter 7: Section 1: Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving
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Q1) Jose's medically ideal weight is 250 pounds.He would be considered to be obese when and if he weighed ________ pounds.
A)275
B)300
C)320
D)330
Q2) Which statement about motivation is true?
A)Motivation energizes and directs behavior.
B)We are always aware of motivational processes.
C)There is only one type of motivation.
D)Two people motivated by the same factor will satisfy that motive through similar means.
Q3) A famed psychologist claims that motivated behaviors result from an effort to reduce tension caused by bodily needs such as hunger or thirst.This psychologist's philosophy most closely matches ______ theory.
A)reciprocity
B)homeostatic
C)needs
D)drive
Page 15
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Chapter 7: Section 2: Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving
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Q1) Anna Nicole weighed about 125 pounds most of her adult life.However, it seemed like whenever Anna Nicole gained weight it was easy to lose and get back to 125.But when she wanted to go below 125 it took forever, and even the slightest deviation from her diet got her back to 125.What explanation would you give Anna Nicole?
A)Use better diet products.
B)Start a reality TV show.
C)Her weight, 125, is her set point.Leave it alone.
D)Her BMR is not tied to her set point.
Q2) Which statement reflects the core idea of the facial feedback hypothesis?
A)Men do not express emotion via the face.
B)Facial features have no connection with emotion.
C)Information from facial muscles intensifies emotional experiences.
D)When one facial expression occurs, we quickly register its opposite on the face.
Q3) Which of the following statements is true?
A)Emotions are generally unaffected by culture.
B)Positive and negative emotions are opposite sides of the same coin.
C)An emotion can have different types and different facial expressions.
D)Display rules are genetically received.
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Chapter 8: Section 1: Personality: Vive La Différence
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Q1) Which of the following concepts is not found in the humanistic perspective of personality?
A)self-actualization
B)self-concept
C)free will
D)self-efficacy
Q2) Which of the following is one of the dimensions of personality associated with Hans Eysenck?
A)psychoticism
B)agreeableness
C)impulsivity
D)emotionality
Q3) In contrast to women, men tend to score lower on ________.
A)extraversion
B)neuroticism
C)openness
D)conscientiousness
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Chapter 8: Section 2: Personality: Vive La Différence
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Q1) Donita is angry with her boss so she leaves work a little early in order to run an extra mile before it gets dark.Which defense mechanism is Donita employing?
A)repression
B)reaction formation
C)rationalization
D)sublimation
Q2) According to Freud, when the realities of life are in conflict with someone's conscience or selfish desires, it results in a(n)________.
A)psychosis
B)an Electra complex
C)neurosis
D)an Oedipal complex
Q3) Tony has devised a test in which people look at clouds and talk about what they see.What type of test would psychologists call this?
A)dynamic
B)projective
C)objective
D)predictive
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18
Chapter 9: Section 1: Psychology Over the Life Span:
Growing Up, Growing Older, Growing Wiser
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Q1) In a __________design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.
A)cohort
B)longitudinal
C)behavior genetics
D)cross-sectional
Q2) Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of ______.
A)cognitive development
B)perceptual development
C)language development
D)physical development
Q3) A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives.This psychologist is most likely working in the field of__________ psychology.
A)abnormal
B)gerontological
C)developmental
D)maturational
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Chapter 9: Section 2: Psychology Over the Life Span:
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Q1) Infants who tend to show a(n)________ response typically respond positively to new situations or stimuli.
A)approach
B)withdrawal
C)easy
D)difficult
Q2) Assimilation is to accommodation as ________.
A)necessary is to optional
B)help is to hinder
C)hinder is to help
D)using is to changing
Q3) What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation?
A)the nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies
B)aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment
C)parental discipline styles in the first year of life
D)the nature of attachment between caretakers and babies
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Q1) Elizabeth hears that her neighbors' son just died.She decides to bring them dinner.This is an example of ________ social support.
A)enacted
B)indirect
C)direct
D)perceived
Q2) Adelaida hears a rattling sound as she hikes through the desert.Her muscles tense and her blood pressure rises.According to Hans Selye, she is in the___________.
A)chronic stress phase
B)alarm phase
C)exhaustion phase
D)resistance phase
Q3) There are ________ stages of sleep.
A)two
B)three
C)four
D)five
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Page 21
Chapter 10: Section 2: Stress, Health, and Coping: Dealing With Life
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Q1) A period of time for which an alcoholic has no memory of events is referred to as a(n)________.
A)alcohol myopia
B)inhibitory conflict
C)blackout
D)disinhibition
Q2) Because stress can impair the functioning of white blood cells, it plays an important role in ________.
A)causing cancer
B)the healing of wounds
C)contributing to Alzheimer's disease
D)causing AIDS
Q3) A real-world example of how assumed narcissistic tendencies can potentially lead to aggression would be the ________.
A)September 11, 2001 attacks
B)the relationship between fomer U.S.President Bush and Iraqi President Hussein
C)ongoing conflict between Israelis and Palestinians
D)Enron scandals
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Chapter 11: Section 1: Psychological Disorders: More Than Everyday Problems
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Q1) Aaron Beck (1967)proposed the idea of ________ to explain the negative view of the world, the negative view of themselves, and the negative view of the future in the thoughts of depressed people.
A)cognitive distortions
B)the negative triad
C)the positive triad
D)rumination
Q2) Which of the following is a condition in which a person shows little or no emotion?
A)hallucinations
B)delusions
C)inappropriate affect
D)flat affect
Q3) Steve's psychiatrist notes that Steve is experiencing a disruption of the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, and identity.Therefore, Steve most likely has a(n)________ disorder.
A)schizophrenic
B)adjustment
C)dissociative
D)impulse-control
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best describes dysthymia?
A)a mild, chronic form of depression
B)a severe, intermittent form of depression
C)a form of depression that affects biological functions such as appetite
D)a form of depression that is very responsive to electroconvulsive therapy
Q2) Paranoid schizophrenia is to disorganized schizophrenia as
A)passive is to aggressive.
B)aggressive is to passive.
C)best prognosis is to worst prognosis.
D)worst prognosis is to best prognosis.
Q3) A cognitive therapist is working with a depressed client.Which of the following causes is the likely focus of this therapist's intervention?
A)learned behaviors of depression
B)unusual levels of neurotransmitters
C)negative interpretations of life events
D)a superego that is too harsh and strict
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Chapter 12: Section 1: Treatment: Healing Actions, Healing
Words
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Q1) What are two of the major classes of antidepressant drugs?
A)benzodiazepines and lithium
B)MAO inhibitors and tricyclics
C)benzodiazepines and tricyclics
D)benzodiazepines and MAOIs
Q2) As Celine begins to reveal more and more of her innermost thoughts and feelings to her therapist, she begins to feel good about him as well as accepted by him.She develops a sense of trust, particularly because he does not criticize her.What process is occurring?
A)unconditional positive regard
B)insight
C)rationalization
D)transference
Q3) An advantage to group therapy is that groups ______.
A)are a source of social support
B)allow countertransference to occur
C)bestow unconditional approval on group members
D)allow an extremely shy person to feel more comfortable speaking up
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Chapter 12: Section 2: Treatment: Healing Actions, Healing
Words
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Q1) For which of these problems would systematic desensitization most likely be used?
A)Joe has been depressed for two years.
B)Ken is sexually attracted to young children.
C)As a result of schizophrenia, David does not interact with members of his family.
D)A fear of heights restricts Alice's enrollment to classes that meet on the first floor.
Q2) According to Albert Ellis, we become unhappy and depressed about events because of _______.
A)our behaviors
B)our irrational beliefs
C)the events that happen to us
D)other people's irrational beliefs
Q3) Some drugs that combat depression work by____________.
A)increasing the amount of serotonin in the brain
B)blocking dopamine receptors in the brain
C)inhibiting the function of the medulla and the pons
D)increasing the amount of acetylcholine in the brain
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Chapter 13: Section 1: Social Psychology: Meeting of the Minds
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Q1) Voluntarily yielding to social norms, even at the expense of one's own preference, is called ______.
A)obedience
B)submission
C)conformity
D)compliance
Q2) The realistic conflict theory focuses on conflict ______.
A)within an in-group
B)between two groups
C)within an out-group
D)between two members of an in-group
Q3) In the Stanley Milgram obedience experiment, the teachers were given a "sample shock" of _______ volts.
A)10
B)25
C)30
D)45
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Chapter 13: Section 2: Social Psychology: Meeting of the Minds
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Q1) Malik failed his biology final, but attributes his failure to a bad test; his friend Roger, who's in a different biology final, also failed his biology final.Malik automatically assumes that Roger failed his biology class because he is stupid.Malik's beliefs are most consistent with the________.
A)self-serving bias
B)fundamental attribution error
C)belief in a just world
D)general attributional bias effect
Q2) Realistic conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises from ________.
A)learned behavior
B)competition over scarce resources
C)social categorization
D)self-fulfilling prophecies
Q3) Conformity stemming from a desire to be correct tends to occur when a situation is
A)causing the person anxiety
B)expected
C)highly positive
D)ambiguous
28
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