Foundations of Psychology Test Questions

Course Introduction

Foundations of Psychology offers a comprehensive introduction to the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. The course explores fundamental topics such as biological bases of behavior, perception, learning, memory, development, motivation, emotion, personality, psychological disorders, and social interactions. Emphasis is placed on major theoretical perspectives, research methods, and the application of psychological principles to real-world situations. This foundational course is designed to give students a broad understanding of the key concepts and core areas within the discipline of psychology, preparing them for more advanced study in the field.

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Psychology 10th Edition by Douglas Bernstein

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Page 2

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Science of Psychology

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Q1) A researcher interested in measuring characteristics such as agreeableness or openness to experience would probably be a ____ psychologist.

A) developmental

B) social

C) clinical

D) personality

Answer: D

Q2) A psychologist with a humanistic approach would state that behavior is driven by

A) choices

B) instincts

C) genetics

D) rewards

Answer: A

Q3) In attempting to explain behavior,B.F.Skinner focused on ____.

A) internal motivational variables

B) self-image

C) childhood experiences

D) environmental stimuli

Answer: D

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Chapter 2: Research in Psychology

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Q1) Dr.Kilgore is studying the effects of Prozac on depression.Dr.Kilgore runs a double-blind study on a group of sixty college students.Thirty students receive Prozac and thirty students receive a placebo.At the beginning and end of the study,Dr.Kilgore administers the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)to determine the efficacy of the drugs.In this experiment,the group that receive Prozac is considered the ____ group.

A) independent B) dependent C) experimental D) control

Answer: C

Q2) Dr.Zoeworks for a research foundation that focuses on epigenetics.Dr.Zoe's work most likely examines ____.

A) the environmental triggers that change the sequence of chemicals in the DNA

B) how twin, adoption, and family studies affect the influence of heredity on development

C) the identification of experimental confounds on behavioral genetics research

D) diseases and stress factors that can alter the function of genes

Answer: D

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Chapter 3: Biological Aspects of Psychology

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Q1) While babysitting one night,you receive a phone call from someone who says,in a really weird voice,"I am coming to get you! I am coming to get you!" Just then,the lights in the house flicker out! As you are alone,your heart starts beating faster,you begin to perspire,and you are covered in goose bumps.You have just experienced the ____.

A) fight-or-flight syndrome

B) posttraumatic stress reaction

C) startle reflex

D) automatic fear response

Answer: A

Q2) After an accident,Stella is left with brain damage.Now Stella has trouble judging the emotions of others,even when she can see their facial expressions.Stella has most likely damaged her ____.

A) cerebellum

B) amygdala

C) hypothalamus

D) thalamus

Answer: B

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Page 5

Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception

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Q1) Indiana looks at the ground near his feet.He hears a hissing sound and sees a long,thin shape with scales.From this information only,he determines the object is a snake.He is using ____ processing.

A) sequential

B) top-down

C) ecological

D) bottom-up

Q2) During his adventures around the galaxy,Arthur Dent relies on an earpiece that deciphers all the strange alien languages he hears.Similarly,receptors in the ear encode sound waves into neural activity that the brain can understand,a process called ____.

A) transduction

B) synthesis

C) transcription

D) accommodation

Q3) Transduction of auditory information takes place in the ____.

A) fovea

B) pinna

C) cochlea

D) malleus

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Page 6

Chapter 5: Learning

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Q1) When Imelda was young,she was fascinated by shoe commercials on TV.She was particularly impressed by how happy people seemed to be when buying shoes.As an adult,Imelda goes shopping for shoes every chance she gets.This is an example of ____.

A) operant conditioning

B) classical conditioning

C) spontaneous conditioning

D) observational learning

Q2) Alex has learned that if his mom is upset and he praises her,she will cook him a great meal.However,if he praises his mom when she is in a good mood,she responds by saying,"Are you trying to butter me up?" and doesn't cook at all.In this example,Alex's mom's mood is a ____.

A) discriminative conditioned stimulus

B) reinforcer

C) prohibitive control

D) stimulus predictor

Q3) Think back to one of the many episodes of your life where you have learned through classical conditioning.Recount the learning experience,being sure to point out the different stimulus ® response components.Did you experience stimulus generalization? Has extinction occurred?

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Chapter 5: Memory

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Q1) When Keith took piano lessons as a child,it took him three weeks to learn to play the "Moonlight Sonata." As an adult,when he decides to relearn the piece to accompany his daughter's performance at a dance recital,it takes him only one week.The difference in Keith's learning time is called ____.

A) secondary gain

B) latent learning

C) savings

D) practice

Q2) Long-term memory is normally capable of retaining how many pieces of information?

A) seven pieces of information

B) fivetonine chunks of information

C) an indefinite amount of information

D) about one million pieces of information

Q3) Rose needs to remember how to get to a new friend's house.If she does not remember how to get there,what could have gone wrong with her memory system? Answer the question by describing the three basic memory processes.

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Chapter 7: Thought and Language

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Q1) Yasuo has played a slot machine at a riverboat casino nine straight times and lost on each play.He believes that he will win on the tenth play because "he is due." Yasuo is exhibiting ____.

A) confirmation bias

B) gambler's fallacy

C) the availability heuristic

D) functional fixedness

Q2) Cher is trying to plan her Dad's fiftieth birthday party and is feeling overwhelmed by all the tasks and decisions involved.She decides to start with her final goal of having a surprise party and then considers the location,thinks next about how many people to invite,and finally creates the invitations and orders the right amount of food.Cher has solved her problem by ____.

A) using an analogy

B) working backward

C) overcoming her mental set

D) ignoring negative evidence

Q3) In an experiment to measure reaction time,subjects must push either a blue button in response to a green light or a green button in response to a blue light.Discuss five factors that could influence their reaction time.

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Page 9

Chapter 8: Intelligence

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Q1) Sternberg's triarchic theory emphasizes three different types of intelligence.Which factor below is NOT one of the three types?

A) fluid

B) analytic

C) practical

D) creative

Q2) Mark is asked to use his reasoning skills to solve a problem.Jean is asked a specific knowledge question.According to Cattell,Mark will most likely use ____intelligence,while Jean will most likely use ____intelligence.

A) crystallized; fluid

B) fluid; crystallized

C) general; specific

D) specific; general

Q3) According to your text,it is difficult to define intelligence because ____.

A) cognitive abilities cannot be quantified

B) standard intelligence tests are still relatively new

C) the use of an IQ is not common in modern psychology

D) there is no universally agreed-upon definition

Q4) Describe the four approaches to intelligence presented in the text.

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Chapter 9: Consciousness

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Q1) A picture of a Coke bottle is flashed on a computer monitor,but too briefly for a viewer to notice.According to the concept of priming,which result is most likely?

A) There will be no effect because the viewer is unaware of the event.

B) The viewer will recognize related words (e.g., diet, Pepsi, Dr. Pepper) more quickly than unrelated words (e.g., computer, pencil) on a test a few seconds later.

C) There will be faster recognition of related words if the viewer is in an altered state of consciousness.

D) With repeated exposure, the viewer will become a Coke drinker.

Q2) The risk of relapse for people who have given up addictive drugs is elevated because of ____,which means that for some people,exposure to addictive drugs changes gene expression.

A) severe withdrawal symptoms

B) psychomotor effects

C) reductions in creativity

D) epigenetic effects

Q3) Hilgard noted that people undergo certain changes when they are hypnotized.List and describe four of these changes.

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Page 11

Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion

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Q1) Joani is a college student working two jobs to pay her tuition and living expenses.Despite working long hours,she is worried that she cannot afford to stay in college another semester.According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs,Joani is attempting to satisfy needs at the ____ level.

A) safety

B) belongingness and love

C) self-actualization

D) esteem

Q2) Daniel has a new job.At his first meeting with his new co-workers,someone calls the boss the "old man." Daniel is not sure if this remark is meant as an insult or a joke,but when he sees the boss and the others all smiling and laughing he realizes that the remark was friendly kidding.Daniel's realization best illustrates ____.

A) Darwin's theory of emotion

B) social comparison

C) the facial feedback hypothesis

D) social referencing

Q3) Explain why people date from the perspective of the four theories of motivation: instinct doctrine,drive reduction theory,arousal theory,and incentive theory.

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Page 12

Chapter 11: Human Development

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Q1) Mr.Nguyen is a very warm and caring boss.He often meets with his employees to discuss their work.His employees know what the rules are and why they help make the company more productive.If Mr.Nguyen's parenting style is similar to his managerial style,it will be ____.

A) permissive

B) authoritative

C) neglectful

D) authoritarian

Q2) Parents try to channel children's impulses into socially acceptable outlets and teach them the skills and rules needed to function in society.This process is known as ____.

A) culture-training

B) socialization

C) authoritarian parenting

D) authoritative parenting

Q3) The term tabula rasa refers to Locke's belief that ____.

A) altering people's inherent personality "slates" is impossible

B) human development is influenced primarily by the environment

C) children develop according to an invariable set of stages

D) humans are born with a natural propensity toward goodness

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Page 13

Chapter 12: Health, stress, and Coping

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Q1) During lunch,Barry tells Wynne that he cannot take any more stressors in his life.She gives him a funny look,so he explains that a stressor is a(n)____.

A) reaction of the body, such as increased heart rate or nausea

B) behavioral response, such as drinking

C) person in the process of adjusting to uncomfortable circumstances

D) event or situation to which people must react

Q2) People with disease-prone personalities are least likely to ____.

A) avoid thinking about stressors

B) perceive stressors as catastrophic and brought on by themselves

C) think pessimistically about their ability to overcome stressors

D) rely mainly on problem-focused coping strategies

Q3) Near the end of the semester,Gina shows signs of exhaustion.She is pulling all-nighters to finish papers and projects while working part-time and visiting her ailing grandmother.As a result,she becomes more vulnerable to illness.Hans Selye would refer to Gina's resulting illness as ____.

A) a maladaptive coping outcome

B) a disease of adaptation

C) functional fixedness

D) posttraumatic stress disorder

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Page 14

Chapter 13: Personality

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Q1) According to Freud,id functions are ____,while superego functions are ____.

A) innate; learned

B) sexual; aggressive

C) rational; irrational

D) based on the pleasure principle; based on the reality principle

Q2) Kierston and Missy are studying together for their psychology final.Kierston asks Missy,"Okay,now tell me Freud's components of personality and how they develop." Which response would be most appropriate?

A) "Everyone is born with an id and a superego, and the ego develops over time to deal with conflicts between those two components of the personality."

B) "Everyone is born with an id, and the ego and then the superego develop as the person interacts with the world around him or her."

C) "Everyone is born with an id, ego, and superego. The manner in which the person is raised determines whether the three components maintain a healthy balance of power."

D) "Everyone is born a blank slate, but through interacting with the world around him or her, the ego, then the id, and finally the superego will develop in the individual."

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Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders

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Q1) Cally is taking her psychology final exam.She is concerned that the students sitting around her can cheat by hearing her thoughts."Everything I think is available for everyone to hear," she explains.Cally is most likely describing ____,which is a symptom of ____.

A) thought insertion; schizophrenia

B) thought insertion; bipolar disorder

C) thought broadcasting; schizophrenia

D) thought broadcasting; bipolar disorder

Q2) Two psychologists interview the same patient and give her two different diagnoses.This illustrates the problem of ____.

A) low interrater reliability

B) high diagnostic specificity

C) statistical conformity

D) the neurotic-psychotic distinction

Q3) Psychopathology is a social matter because ____.

A) mental illnesses can always be treated

B) everyone in society is affected by those with mental disorders

C) society must protect and isolate itself from those with mental illness

D) mental illnesses are caused by other people

Q4) What are some of the causes of depressive disorders?

Page 16

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Chapter 15: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

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Q1) Modern psychoanalysis differs from classical (Freudian)psychoanalysis in that there is now ____.

A) more emphasis placed on the influence of unconscious instincts

B) less emphasis on the problem-solving powers of the ego

C) more attention given to interpersonal relationships and core conflicts

D) less emotional support given to clients

Q2) William,Ellen,Marie,and Paul are all depressed and see different therapists with different orientations.William sees a behavioral therapist; Ellen,a psychoanalytic therapist; Marie,a cognitive behavior therapist; and Paul,a humanistic therapist.Based on the current evidence on outcomes of psychotherapeutic approaches,who is most likely to improve in therapy?

A) William

B) Ellen

C) No one, because all therapies are equally ineffective.

D) Uncertain, because there are no major and consistent differences in superiority of any approach for treating major depressive disorder.

Q3) Is psychotherapy effective? Discuss the research that evaluates different methods of psychotherapy and why this question has been difficult to answer.

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Chapter 16: Social Psychology

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Q1) The field of social neuroscience is of particular importance because ____.

A) researchers have not yet linked specific brain regions to various emotional reactions

B) funding problems have caused many psychology programs to consolidate their departments

C) our social environment can shape how genes are expressed

D) attitudes have been shown to have a strong biological component

Q2) Ramona was in a crowd of fellow students when she saw a maintenance worker fall down a flight of stairs at the entrance to a building.Ramona continued on to her class without helping the worker.Ramona's behavior reflects ____.

A) deindividuation

B) diffusion of responsibility

C) social interference

D) social facilitation

Q3) When you are in a restaurant,you probably will not belch because of social ____.

A) facilitation

B) interference

C) attribution

D) norms

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Chapter 17: Industrial and Organizational Psychology

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Q1) Mr.Burns believes that his employees will be motivated when they know they will be rewarded for their efforts,especially when they value the reward they anticipate.Mr.Burns believes in the ____ theory of motivation.

A) goal-setting

B) existence, relatedness, growth

C) initiating structure

D) expectancy

Q2) Who would not be considered a member of a restaurant's dinner shift work team?

A) The busboy

B) The chef

C) The produce delivery person

D) The server

Q3) As part of a job analysis,an industrial and organizational psychologist describes the particular tasks involved in doing the job.The psychologist is using a(n)____ approach to job analysis.

A) job-oriented

B) person-oriented

C) emotion-focused

D) problem-focused

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Page 19

Chapter 18: Neuropsychology

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Q1) Rosie is paralyzed on one side of her body but does not seem to be aware of it.The most likely explanation of her condition is ____.

A) the ego defense mechanism denial

B) a true lack of awareness

C) a stress-coping tendency

D) a retrospective bias

Q2) Ruth works in a hospital.She meets with patients who have experienced cerebrovascular accidents and traumatic brain injuries.Often Ruth will run a test battery to determine the psychological damage that has been sustained.Ruth must be a(n)____ neuropsychologist.

A) social

B) experimental

C) clinical

D) forensic

Q3) Anosognosia can have serious consequences because ____.

A) it affects more than 50 percent of stroke victims

B) the patient cannot be made aware of the condition

C) it can lead to irreversible hemineglect

D) the patient is unlikely to seek treatment

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Page 20

Chapter 19: Appendix A: Statistics in Psychological Research

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Q1) According to your text,research exploring the influence of genetics on behavior and mental processes has been inhibited by ____.

A) Darwin's theory of evolution

B) Watson's behaviorism

C) World War I

D) Skinner's work with rats

Q2) The sperm and ovum that joined to become you each had only one half of each of the pairs of chromosomes that belonged to your father and mother.The process that created the sperm and ovum is known as ____.

A) mitosis

B) halitosis

C) meiosis

D) zygosis

Q3) Maria and Juanita are identical twins.Therefore,they have ____.

A) the same phenotype and the same genotype

B) the same phenotype but not necessarily the same genotype

C) the same genotype but not necessarily the same phenotype

D) neither the same genotype nor the same phenotype

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Chapter 20: Appendix B: Behavioral Genetics

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Q1) The mean is ____.

A) the difference between the highest and lowest scores

B) the arithmetic average

C) one-half of the range

D) the most frequent score

Q2) Jebreel is a graduating senior who must decide among four job offers in four different cities.He wants to move to a city where he can wear the same clothes all year.The standard deviations of temperature in these cities are given below.Which city should Jebreel choose?

A)8.19

B) 12.46

C) 19.48

D) 24.13

Q3) The most basic use of histograms is to ____.

A) establish that the null hypothesis is true

B) determine whether an analysis of variance is needed

C) analyze data statistically

D) better understand the shape of the data

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