Foundations of Psychology Test Questions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Psychology provides an introduction to the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. This course explores key psychological concepts, theories, and research methods, encompassing topics such as perception, learning, memory, development, emotion, motivation, personality, and psychological disorders. By examining both classical and contemporary studies, students gain a comprehensive understanding of how psychological principles apply to everyday experiences and broader societal issues. The course also emphasizes critical thinking and the ethical considerations involved in psychological research and practice.
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Pioneers of Psychology 5th Edition by Raymond E. Fancher
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction: Studying the History of Psychology
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Q1) internalism
A)focuses on ideas in their intellectual and disciplinary contexts
B)focuses on impact of the "spirit of the times" on the significance achieved by a person or idea in a given era
C)focuses on the eminent individuals whose ideas shaped the field
D)focuses on the social and political factors that shaped the field
Answer: A
Q2) externalism
A)focuses on ideas in their intellectual and disciplinary contexts
B)focuses on impact of the "spirit of the times" on the significance achieved by a person or idea in a given era
C)focuses on the eminent individuals whose ideas shaped the field
D)focuses on the social and political factors that shaped the field
Answer: D
Q3) The continuity-discontinuity debate refers to disagreement
A) over whether psychological knowledge is universally applicable.
B) over whether histories of psychology should focus on external factors.
C) over whether psychological concepts have stable meanings over time.
D) over whether psychology continuously progresses toward greater truth.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Foundational Ideas from Antiquity
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Q1) Academy
A)Center for teaching and learning established by Plato
B)School in Athens directed by Aristotle
C)School in Athens founded by Epicurus
Answer: A
Q2) Avicenna's The Book of the Cure (or The Book of Healing)was intended to provide the cure for
A) madness.
B) epilepsy.
C) ignorance.
D) all known diseases.
Answer: C
Q3) The Garden
A)Center for teaching and learning established by Plato
B)School in Athens directed by Aristotle
C)School in Athens founded by Epicurus
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Pioneering Philosophers of Mind: Descartes, Locke, and Leibniz
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Sample Questions
Q1) Descartes hypothesized that the state of __________ occurs when the brain is relatively emptied of animal spirits,so that its nerve fibers are slack and only infrequently capable of transmitting stimulation.
A) depression
B) passion
C) reflection and memory
D) sleep and dreaming
Answer: D
Q2) demonstrative knowledge
A)knowledge obtained through deductive reasoning
B)knowledge obtained through patterns of sensory experiences
C)knowledge obtained through perceptions that are immediately obvious and true
Answer: A
Q3) intuitive knowledge
A)knowledge obtained through deductive reasoning
B)knowledge obtained through patterns of sensory experiences
C)knowledge obtained through perceptions that are immediately obvious and true
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Physiologists of Mind: Brain Scientists from Gall to Penfield
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Q1) The technique used by Fritsch and Hitzig in their discovery of an area of the brain known as the motor strip was
A) experimental ablations from the brains of animals.
B) careful observation of brain-injured human patients.
C) observation of human patients recovering from brain surgery.
D) electrical stimulation of different parts of animals' brains.
Q2) Wernicke called errors of speech that include numerous peculiar words and mispronunciations
A) ablations.
B) paraphasias.
C) oral aphasias.
D) amativeness.
Q3) Penfield showed that auditory hallucinations such as Beethoven symphonies or complete conversations could be produced by stimulating the
A) interpretive cortex.
B) sensory strip.
C) primary auditory area.
D) secondary auditory area.
Q4) What is phrenology and what aspect of the theory has had lasting significance?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: The Sensing and Perceiving Mind: From Kant through
the Gestalt Psychologists
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Q1) Gestalt psychology focuses on the
A) relationship between the physical reality and psychological experience.
B) ways the mind organizes experiences and perceptions into organized wholes that are more than the sum of their parts.
C) difference between the noumenal and phenomenal worlds.
D) probabilistic, rather than absolute, nature of causality.
Q2) The idea that all living things are imbued with an ultimately unanalyzable "life force" is the major tenet of what doctrine?
A) mechanism
B) vitalism
C) conservation of energy
D) transcendental idealism
Q3) Ernst Weber is important for introducing which of these concepts?
A) the just noticeable difference
B) the absolute threshold
C) apparent movement
D) negative afterimages
Q4) Why was Fechner's invention of psychophysics important for the development of scientific psychology?
7
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Chapter 6: Wundt and the Establishment of Experimental Psychology
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Q1) For Wundt,the most striking conclusion from his early "thought meter" experiment was that
A) both the sound and the sight of a pendulum reaching its farthest extent could be registered in his consciousness simultaneously.
B) if he concentrated on the sound he was unable to process the sight.
C) if he concentrated on the sight the sound seemed quieter.
D) separate and measurable acts of attention were required to register first the sound and then the sight of the pendulum's position.
Q2) Ebbinghaus's innovative method for studying memory experimentally made use of A) directed association.
B) mental chronometry.
C) nonsense syllables.
D) structural introspection.
Q3) Titchener strongly advocated an approach to psychology he called A) functionalism.
B) introspection.
C) structuralism.
D) empiricism.
Q4) Define the stimulus error.
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Chapter 7: The Evolving Mind: Darwin and His Psychological Legacy
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Q1) __________ was a younger friend and follower of Darwin's who used Darwin's notes on animal behavior in helping to found the new field of comparative psychology.
A) Herbert Spencer
B) George Romanes
C) Thomas H. Huxley
D) Alfred Russel Wallace
Q2) Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection,as presented in his The Origin of Species,presupposed the existence of
A) variable psychological characteristics in human beings.
B) several fixed groups of species.
C) inheritable small individual differences.
D) genes as hereditary units.
Q3) Define the theory of evolution by natural selection.
Q4) The English geologist Charles Lyell promoted and supported which geological theory?
A) catastrophism
B) natural selection
C) uniformitarianism
D) plate tectonics
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Chapter 8: Measuring the Mind: Galton and Individual Differences
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Q1) What was Galton's Anthropometric Laboratory?
Q2) coefficient of correlation
A)derived by following a convenient formula for computing product moment corre-lation coefficients,which can also account for negative relationships
B)a numerically precise value of the strength of a relationship between two variables
C)the tendency for extreme scores on one variable to be associated with less extreme scores on another variable
Q3) separated-twin study
A)recording the first reactions that come to mind following the random presentation of stimulus words
B)the distribution of a standard set of questions to a large sample of respondents
C)the investigation of the characteristics of adult monozygotic twins raised in dif-ferent adoptive environments
D)the investigation the similarities and differences between different categories of twin pairs
Q4) How did Galton envision implementing eugenics?
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Chapter 9: American Pioneers: James, Hall, Calkins, and Thorndike
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Q1) Mary Whiton Calkins
A)famous doll studies of racial identity development
B)study of associative learning using the paired-associates technique
C)study of trial-and-error learning using cats in makeshift puzzle boxes
Q2) Charles Sanders Peirce
A)emotion is a consequence,rather than cause,of physiological reactions
B)free will is "the sustaining of a thought because I choose to when I might have other thoughts"
C)good habits may be established through the voluntary repetition of morally desir-able actions that become permanently impressed in the nervous system
D)pragmatism is a viewpoint according to which ideas are never certain but rather work with varying effectiveness in adapting to the world
Q3) Kenneth Clark
A)Edward Lee Thorndike's study of transfer of training
B)Mamie Phipps Clark's doll study of racial identity development
C)Mary Whiton Calkins's experimental study of dreams
Q4) Why did Mary Whiton Calkins never receive a Ph.D.in psychology?
Q5) What was William James's stand on the free-will determinism issue?
Q6) Describe G.Stanley Hall's recapitulationist theory of child development.
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Chapter 10: Psychology as the Science of Behavior: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner
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Q1) positive reinforcement
A)a response contingency in which the probability of a response is increased when it is followed by a reward
B)a response contingency in which the probability of a response is increased when it is followed by the removal or reduction of an aversive stimulus
C)the specific conditions under which responses are reinforced or not
Q2) According to Skinner,one of the necessary consequences of regarding behavior as "freely" produced by "autonomous man" is a
A) large total amount of "happiness" in society.
B) reduction in the control of behavior exerted by reinforcement contingencies.
C) great and exclusive emphasis on rewards.
D) great and undesirable emphasis on punishments.
Q3) When new workers arrived in Pavlov's laboratory,what were usually their first assignments?
A) to thoroughly read all of the previous publications produced by the lab
B) to assist a senior worker on one of the newest experiments
C) to suggest original ideas for new experiments
D) to replicate some of the experiments previously conducted in the lab
Q4) Define experimental neuroses.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Social Influence and Social Psychology: From
Mesmer to Milgram and Beyond
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Q1) animal magnetism
A)a peaceful,sleeplike trance state that could be induced in magnetic therapy,dur-ing which subjects showed increased suggestibility
B)a hypothetical condition in which a subject enters a deep trance following a se-quence of stages similar to an epileptic seizure
C)a hypothetical force or energy field in the human body that can become misa-ligned,leading to symptoms of illness
Q2) James Esdaile
A)described a new state as a "perfect crisis" (later called artificial somnambulism)
B)employed mesmerism as a form of anesthesia for surgical patients
C)proposed "neurohypnology" as a term for the study of mesmeric phenomena
Q3) "Mesmerism" was a term once used to describe situations that now go commonly under the name __________.
A) suggestibility
B) social influence processes
C) perfect crises
D) hypnotism
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Mind in Conflict: Freudian Psychoanalysis and Its Successors
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Q1) When Freud found that a "neutral" manifest dream image such as the chemical formula for trimethylamine symbolized a taboo sexual idea,he named the process involved
A) condensation.
B) overdetermination.
C) displacement.
D) substitution.
Q2) free association
A)a patient's unconscious feelings toward important figures from the past,which are redirected toward the therapist
B)a psychotherapeutic technique in which the venting of emotions is thought to eliminate hysterical symptoms
C)a technique in which one is asked to say,openly and honestly,the first thoughts and ideas that come to mind,without edit
Q3) Which of the following is true of the case of Dora?
A) It was one of Freud's most successful early cases.
B) It helped Freud develop the free-association technique.
C) It taught Freud the importance of transference.
D) It led Freud to the idea of the castration complex.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Psychology Gets Personality : Allport, Maslow, and the Broadening Field
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Q1) What is the contact hypothesis?
Q2) __________ was a major controversy that preoccupied many personality psychologists in the 1970s and early 1980s.
A) the idiographic-nomothetic controversy
B) the person-situation controversy
C) the nature-nurture controversy
D) the PEN-OCEAN controversy
Q3) Which one of the following psychologists was a pioneer in the factor analysis of personality traits?
A) Henry Murray
B) William Stern
C) David McClelland
D) Raymond Cattell
Q4) From which of the following figures did Maslow borrow the term "self-actualization"?
A) Kurt Goldstein
B) Harry Harlow
C) Gordon Allport
D) Erich Fromm
Q5) What was the person-situation controversy?
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Chapter 14: The Developing Mind: Binet, Piaget, and the Study of Intelligence
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Q1) What aroused Piaget's original interest the subject of children's intelligence?
A) his observation of the differences in intellectual "style" between his two equally intelligent daughters
B) his personal experience as a precocious child
C) his fascination with the question as to why children often gave incorrect answers to intelligence test items
D) his desire to understand his own, relatively mediocre academic record as a child
Q2) "Mental orthopedics" was a program developed by Binet,intended to improve children's
A) concentration, emotional intelligence, and IQ.
B) concentration, attention, and intellectual levels.
C) abstract reasoning, memory, and vocabulary.
D) reading, writing, and arithmetic.
Q3) Which philosophical approach profoundly affected young Piaget?
A) Mill's associationism
B) Spinoza's pantheism
C) Bergson's creative evolution
D) Kant's idealism
Q4) Explain the Flynn Effect.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Minds, Machines, and Cognitive Psychology
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Q1) flashbulb memory
A)a computer programming strategy that detects patterns of activity that go on throughout the whole system rather than symbols in specified locations
B)a subdiscipline of psychology focused on the study of the important mental processes that intervene between an activating stimulus and a final adaptive response
C)a vividly recalled (although not necessarily accurate)image of exactly where one was and what one was doing when some particularly momentous event occurred
D)computer programming in which specified sequences of operations are performed on specified sets of symbols,both of which have been stored in specific memory locations
E)emphasized how a variety of nonobjective factors can systematically influence the process of perception
Q2) John Searle
A)Chinese room thought experiment
B)flashbulb memory
C)magical number seven,plus or minus two
D)"new look" in perception
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Chapter 16: Applying Psychology: From the Witness Stand to the Workplace
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Q1) Hawthorne studies
A)a commonly held social and scientific belief that women become physically and mentally impaired during their menstrual periods
B)a series of studies that revealed the power of the interpersonal environment to influence employee satisfaction and behavior
C)the belief that men were more variable than women in both physical and psychological characteristics,and therefore were more likely to occupy the lower and upper ends of the distribution of any trait
D)the increasing tendency to see almost every aspect of life from a psychological perspective
Q2) All of the following were applied activities undertaken by psychologists during World War I EXCEPT for which?
A) In Germany, laboratory driving simulations to screen army motor car drivers
B) In England, studies of the effects of fatigue on workers in munitions factories
C) In Italy, studies of the effects of isolation on submarine crew members
D) In France, the development of tests to assess the emotional stability of war plane pilots
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Chapter 17: The Art and Science of Clinical Psychology
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Q1) All of the following are notable about the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III)EXCEPT
A) disorders were defined in terms of their symptoms.
B) it was atheoretical.
C) it included a larger number of mental disorders.
D) it was heavily influenced by psychoanalytic ideas about mental disorders.
Q2) Which two clinicians began as psychoanalysts only to later abandon this approach?
A) David Shakow and Molly Harrower
B) Carl Rogers and George Albee
C) Joseph Wolpe and Hermann Rorschach
D) Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis
Q3) Which two psychologists recorded psychotherapy sessions as part of their research?
A) Ellis and Beck
B) Harrower and Albee
C) Eysenck and Meehl
D) Shakow and Rogers
Q4) What is the criterion-group method and how was it used to develop the MMPI?
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