Foundations of Psychology Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Psychology introduces students to the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, offering a comprehensive overview of the major concepts, theories, and research findings that have shaped the field. Topics covered include the biological basis of behavior, sensation and perception, learning, memory, development, motivation, emotion, personality, psychological disorders, and social psychology. Through examining both classic and contemporary studies, students gain an understanding of how psychological principles are applied to everyday life and the methods used to investigate human thought and behavior. This course lays the groundwork for further study in psychology and related disciplines.
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Exploring Psychology 10th Edition by Myers
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
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475 Verified Questions
475 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a
A) clinical psychologist.
B) personality psychologist.
C) developmental psychologist.
D) psychiatrist.
Answer: D
Q2) The most reliable way of testing whether a newly introduced method of psychological therapy is truly effective is to use
A) survey research.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) correlational research.
D) experimental research.
Answer: D
Q3) Which school of psychology attempted to identify the basic elements of the mind?
A) structuralism
B) functionalism
C) behaviorism
D) psychoanalysis
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Biology of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) The parietal lobes are to ________ as the occipital lobes are to ________.
A) hearing;speaking
B) sensing touch;seeing
C) tasting;smelling
D) speaking;seeing
Answer: B
Q2) The vast majority of neurons in the body's information system are
A) glial cells.
B) interneurons.
C) motor neurons.
D) sensory neurons.
Answer: B
Q3) A laboratory cat could be made to twitch its whiskers by direct stimulation of the ________ lobes of its cerebral cortex.
A) temporal
B) occipital
C) frontal
D) parietal
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind
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Sample Questions
Q1) Even if musically inclined,you will find it difficult to tap a steady three times with your left hand while tapping four times with your right hand because both tasks require A) dual processing.
B) blindsight.
C) change blindness.
D) conscious attention.
Answer: D
Q2) After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half,his heart began to beat faster,his breathing became fast and irregular,and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth.Carlos was most likely experiencing A) NREM-3 sleep.
B) sleep apnea.
C) narcolepsy.
D) REM sleep.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Developing Through the Life Span
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Sample Questions
Q1) Like Piaget,Kohlberg emphasized that children's moral judgments build on their A) cognitive development.
B) social development.
C) physical development.
D) economic development.
Q2) Lilianne is beginning to develop a fear of strangers and will reach for her mother when she sees someone who is unfamiliar.It is likely that Lilianne has also just A) mastered the principle of conservation.
B) overcome the limitation of egocentrism.
C) developed a sense of object permanence.
D) lost her sense of secure attachment.
Q3) Six-year-old Ashley effectively restrained herself from touching a burning candle by inaudibly whispering the word "hot." The advantage of her verbal self-control tactic was most clearly highlighted by A) Erik Erikson.
B) Lev Vygotsky.
C) Jean Piaget.
D) Harry Harlow.
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Chapter 5: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sixteen-year-old Julie often sends sexually explicit texts ("sexts")to her boyfriend after seeing movie and TV characters sending such messages.Her behavior could best be attributed to the _________ provided by the filmed material.
A) social script
B) erotic plasticity
C) refractory period
D) sexual dysfunction
Q2) Suppose that men leave their wives to marry other women more frequently than wives leave their husbands to marry other men.Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to explain this in terms of sex differences in
A) social scripts.
B) reproductive capacity.
C) erotic plasticity.
D) refractory periods.
Q3) The belief that girls are more friendly than boys is a(n)
A) androgyny.
B) gender schema.
C) sexual orientation.
D) secondary sex characteristic.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Audition depends on the movement of ________ on the surface of the basilar membrane triggering impulses in adjacent nerve cells.
A) hair cells
B) the eardrum
C) vestibular sacs
D) olfactory receptors
Q2) Which theory assumes that top-down processing can influence a person's absolute threshold for a particular stimulus?
A) place theory
B) frequency theory
C) signal detection theory
D) opponent-process theory
Q3) Which of the following is an example of sensory adaptation?
A) enjoying a painting more the longer you study it
B) responding vigorously every time a fire alarm is sounded
C) not realizing how cold it is after you have been outdoors for a while in winter
D) relying heavily on your hearing when you wear a blindfold
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8
Chapter 7: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) When grocery shopping with his mother,4-year-old Hakim sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for a particular snack food.Parent-training experts would suggest that his mother should:
A) threaten to punish Hakim if he continues his tantrums.
B) offer to buy the snack food Hakim wants only if he quiets down and behaves himself.
C) continue shopping while ignoring Hakim's tantrums.
D) return any snack foods that are already in her cart to the store shelves.
Q2) An organism's ability to mentally anticipate that a US will follow a CS is most likely to be highlighted by a(n)________ perspective.
A) evolutionary
B) behaviorist
C) cognitive
D) neuroscience
Q3) In classical conditioning a stimulus is any event or situation that:
A) triggers imitation.
B) signals a reward.
C) elicits operant behavior.
D) evokes a response.
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Chapter 8: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) We lack conscious awareness of many procedural memories partially because of limited neural communication from the:
A) cerebellum to the basal ganglia.
B) hippocampus to the frontal lobes.
C) basal ganglia to the cerebral cortex.
D) amygdala to the hippocampus.
Q2) Long-term memory refers to:
A) the conscious active processing of incoming visual and auditory information.
B) the retention of learned facts rather than learned skills.
C) a photographic or picture-image sensory memory.
D) the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
Q3) Varsity basketball players can recall the positions of the players after a 4-second glance at a basketball play.This ability is best explained in terms of:
A) the spacing effect.
B) chunking.
C) the self-reference effect.
D) implicit memory.
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10
Chapter 9: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) The written exam for a driver's license would most likely be considered a(n)________ test.
A) achievement
B) reliability
C) aptitude
D) intelligence
Q2) In her research,Professor Kyoto seeks to identify circumstances in which confirmation bias is especially likely to impede effective problem solving.Which specialty area does her research best represent?
A) biological psychology
B) developmental psychology
C) personality psychology
D) cognitive psychology
Q3) An IQ of approximately 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the normal demands of life is most clearly an indication of:
A) savant syndrome.
B) crystallized intelligence.
C) fluid intelligence.
D) an intellectual disability.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Observers watching fearful faces show more brain activity in the ________ than do those watching angry faces.
A) cerebellum
B) thalamus
C) amygdala
D) hippocampus
Q2) Compared with the explanations we give for men's emotionality,our explanations for women's emotionality are ________ likely to focus on their personal dispositions and ________ likely to focus on their circumstances.
A) less;less
B) more;more
C) less;more
D) more;less
Q3) The arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for understanding the aversive effects of:
A) homeostasis.
B) instincts.
C) hunger.
D) boredom.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Stress, Health, and Human Flourishing
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who is the best example of a Type B personality?
A) George,a self-confident,time-conscious mail carrier
B) Wang Lung,a relaxed,easygoing dentist
C) Henry,an irritable,impatient college professor
D) Stasio,a fun-loving,hard-driving corporation president
Q2) One seven-decade-long study found that at age 50,healthy aging was better predicted by ________ than by a low cholesterol level.
A) an external locus of control
B) mindfulness meditation
C) a good marriage
D) a type A personality
Q3) Type A personality is to Type B personality as ________ is to ________.
A) epinephrine;norepinephrine
B) obesity;cancer
C) time-conscious;competitive
D) irritable;calm
Q4) Describe two continuing sources of stress at this time in your life.For each source of stress,propose a specific problem-focused or a specific emotion-focused coping strategy that is likely to effectively reduce your stress.
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Chapter 12: Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Only when experimental participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape.This best illustrates that victim blaming is fueled by
A) the other-gender effect.
B) scapegoating.
C) hindsight bias.
D) unconscious patronization.
Q2) Blindfolded people were observed to clap louder when they thought they were clapping alone than when they thought they were clapping with others.This best illustrates
A) groupthink.
B) social loafing.
C) group polarization.
D) social facilitation.
Q3) In communities where anti-gay prejudice is high,the LGBT rates of _____ and cardiovascular deaths are also higher than average.
A) suicide
B) cancer
C) genetic disorders
D) aggressive behavior
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Chapter 13: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Being sociable and fun-loving is most closely related to the Big Five trait dimension of
A) openness.
B) conscientiousness.
C) extraversion.
D) emotional stability.
Q2) Carl Rogers suggested that ________ is a central feature of personality.
A) empathy
B) individualism
C) self-actualization
D) self-concept
Q3) According to Freud's theory,the behavior of a newborn is controlled by A) the reality principle.
B) the ego.
C) the superego.
D) the id.
Q4) Tonya demonstrates personality traits at parties with her friends that are very different from those she exhibits when she participates in class activities.Using your knowledge of the person-situation controversy,explain why the variability of Tonya's behavior in different situations is not surprising.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Professor Pott emphasizes that normal depression serves an adaptive function by slowing people down and preventing them from engaging in life-threatening behaviors.The professor's emphasis best illustrates a ________ perspective.
A) social-cognitive
B) psychoanalytic
C) biological
D) conditioning
Q2) According to Professor Kang,fear responses pave neural pathways that are more readily activated by later anxiety-producing experiences.The professor's suggestion most directly reflects a ________ perspective.
A) genetic
B) biological
C) conditioning
D) psychoanalytic
Q3) Antisocial personality disorder is most likely to be characterized by A) a persistent,irrational fear of people.
B) episodes of intense autonomic nervous system arousal.
C) disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity.
D) a lack of guilt feelings.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Therapy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Patient improvement following psychotherapy for the treatment of depression may result from many factors other than the psychotherapy itself.First,identify some factors that might contribute to patient improvement.Then,carefully describe how you would design an experiment to determine the extent to which the psychotherapy itself actually contributes to patient relief from depression.
Q2) In which form of therapy is unwanted behavior systematically associated with unpleasant experiences?
A) virtual reality exposure therapy
B) systematic desensitization
C) cognitive therapy
D) aversive conditioning
Q3) Which form of treatment is especially likely to focus on the goal of healing social relationships?
A) behavior therapy
B) psychoanalysis
C) family therapy
D) cognitive therapy
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17
Chapter 16: Exploring the Role of Industrial-Organizational Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Personnel psychology is one of the main subfields of A) organizational psychology.
B) industrial-organizational psychology.
C) human factors psychology.
D) social psychology.
Q2) Engaged employees are likely to
A) practice human factors psychology.
B) view their work as a job rather than a calling.
C) prefer working for managers with a directive management style.
D) know what is expected of them at their workplace.
Q3) For which of the following distributions of scores would the median most clearly be a more appropriate measure of central tendency than the mean?
A) 16,28,4,8,24
B) 9,6,9,12,9
C) 8,9,12,10,16
D) 6,18,4,5,2
Q4) Identify specific work situations in which you have experienced a state of flow.Describe some of the features of those situations that could help you to better understand your own personal interests and vocational commitments.
Page 18
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