Foundations of Psychology Review Questions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Psychology introduces students to the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The course explores key concepts, theories, and research methods in psychology, covering topics such as biological bases of behavior, perception, learning, memory, development, motivation, emotion, personality, and psychological disorders. Through examining classic studies and contemporary findings, students gain a broad understanding of how psychologists investigate questions about the mind and behavior, laying the groundwork for more advanced study in the field.
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Psychology 10th Edition by Douglas Bernstein
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Chapter 1: Introduction to the Science of Psychology
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Q1) Dr.Allera studies how brain activity is related to depressed and anxious behavior in college students.Dr.Allera probably takes the ____ approach to psychology.
A) behavioral
B) psychodynamic
C) cognitive
D) biological
Answer: D
Q2) The group of psychologists who focused on the whole of consciousness rather than its component parts were the ____.
A) structuralists
B) Gestalt psychologists
C) behaviorists
D) functionalists
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Research in Psychology
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Q1) Dr.Harshaw is planning to research the relationship between behavioral genetics and the effect of impulsivity on consumer behavior.To complete his research,Dr.Harshaw would likely conduct a ____.
A) representative sampling
B) twin study
C) random variable study
D) personality test
Answer: B
Q2) The first evidence for EMDR was based on Francine Shapiro's own experience with eye movements.If she had not been able to consistently repeat,or _______,those effects in other people,one would have to question the reliability of such data.And if her clients' reports of reduced anxiety were not supported by,say,their overt behavior or the reports of their close relatives,one would have to doubt the ____of these data.
A) reproduce; effectiveness
B) reiterate; efficacy
C) replicate; validity
D) redo; truthfulness
Answer: C
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4
Chapter 3: Biological Aspects of Psychology
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Q1) Adrian is recovering from a skiing accident.When an apple is shown to his left cerebral hemisphere,he can name it,but when shown to the right hemisphere,he cannot explain it.Adrian most likely damaged his ____ in the accident.
A) locus coeruleus
B) suprachiasmatic nuclei
C) reticular formation
D) corpus callosum
Answer: D
Q2) Bert and Ernie have very different sleeping patterns.Bert always wakes up early in the morning,but he starts to get tired early in the evening.Ernie,on the other hand,prefers to stay up late and then sleep until noon.Bert and Ernie's different sleeping preferences are most likely due to their ____.
A) thalamus
B) amygdala
C) suprachiasmatic nuclei
D) corpus callosum
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) When Ray leaves his dark room and enters the bright hallway,his eyes begin to adjust to the increased amount of light.During this process,the size of Ray's ____ will become smaller,allowing less light to pass through.
A) cornea
B) iris
C) pupil
D) lens
Q2) When trying on new glasses at Lensmasters,Kevin remarks that he can see more details when he looks directly at the letter chart rather than when he looks from the side of his eye.Dr.Eyenstein says,"Well Kevin,that happens because your ____ is greatest in the ____."
A) visual acuity; optic chiasm
B) visual acuity; fovea
C) retinal disparity; optic chiasm
D) retinal disparity; fovea
Q3) Explain the theories that describe how people see color.
Q4) Many depth cues are used by artists to show distance in their paintings.Choose four of the many depth cues described in your text and discuss how they can affect depth perception.
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Chapter 5: Learning
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Q1) Jelena is studying in her apartment when suddenly the power goes out.She has to walk to the kitchen to get a flashlight and is surprised by how well she "navigates" without bumping into anything in the dark.She is able to do this because she has formed a(n)____.
A) conditioned response
B) cognitive map
C) unconditioned response
D) mental proposition
Q2) Bill and Ben are about to have breakfast.Their mother asks Bill,"What would you like for breakfast?" Bill answers,"I would like some damn porridge." She slaps him,then turns to Ben and asks,"And what would you like?" Ben answers,"I don't really care,as long as it isn't any of that damn porridge!" Ben's misunderstanding highlights the importance of ____.
A) immediate and efficiently severe punishments
B) children learning through imitation
C) appropriate responses being identified and positively reinforced
D) specifying why punishment is being administered
Q3) Explain the various types of intermittent schedules of reinforcement and how rates of responding differ for the different schedules.
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Chapter 5: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Long-term memory is normally capable of retaining how many pieces of information?
A) seven pieces of information
B) fivetonine chunks of information
C) an indefinite amount of information
D) about one million pieces of information
Q2) Brian is trying to remember the colors of the visible spectrum: red,orange,yellow,green,blue,indigo,and violet.Brian decides to use the acronym ROYGBIV,which contains the first letter of each of the colors' names.Brian is using ____ to remember the colors.
A) the method of loci
B) semantic coding
C) a mnemonic strategy
D) decomposition
Q3) Lorenzo has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.This means that Lorenzo has
A) damage to his suprachiasmatic nucleus
B) a deficiency in the effectiveness of acetylcholine
C) an excess of dopamine
D) damage to his engrams
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Chapter 7: Thought and Language
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Q1) Many people believe that there are more deaths in the United States each year due to tornadoes than deaths due to asthma,even though asthma kills more people.This mistaken belief is due in part to the reports of tornadoes being more vivid.This is an example of how our judgments are affected by ____.
A) the availability heuristic
B) the representativeness heuristic
C) the confirmation bias
D) loss aversion
Q2) Murat asks his older brother for advice about his first date.His brother tells him that he should first call the woman to ask her out.Then,on the day of their date,he should pick her up and give her a rose.Then he should drive her to a nice restaurant and pay for dinner.Finally,when he takes her home,he should wait until she gets inside before leaving.Murat's brother has provided a ____ of a first date.
A) script
B) formal concept
C) mental model
D) natural concept
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Chapter 8: Intelligence
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Q1) The R&M test claims to be a test without cultural bias-anyone from any cultural background would be equally advantaged or disadvantaged on the test.The R&M test is a(n)____test.
A) culture-fair
B) individualist culture
C) culture-adapted
D) collectivist culture
Q2) Chet scored high on an IQ test that measures reasoning,test taking,and reading.He attributes these abilities to his high overall intelligence.He also believes that high intelligence predicts doing most tasks well and low intelligence predicts poor performance.Chet's concept of intelligence is most similar to the ____approach to intelligence.
A) information-processing
B) psychometric
C) ecological
D) multiple intelligences
Q3) What would a researcher have to do to ensure that a new intelligence test is developed properly? What further considerations would have to be made in the development of a culture-fair test?
Q4) Describe the four approaches to intelligence presented in the text.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are watching a TV infomercial featuring a famous hypnotist.During her pitch,she makes four general statements about effective uses of hypnosis.Based on your thorough reading of the text,you know that one of the hypnotist's claims is false.Which one is it?
A) Hypnosis has been used in an attempt to uncover events from a person's past.
B) Recall becomes more accurate under hypnosis.
C) Hypnosis has been used to reduce nausea due to chemotherapy.
D) Some doctors have used hypnosis to control the pain of childbirth and dental work.
Q2) Brodie ingests a drug and experiences a distortion of time and sensory input.He is at risk for experiencing severe short-term memory loss and violent outbursts.The drug he has taken is most likely ____.
A) caffeine
B) a barbiturate
C) LSD
D) opium
Q3) Your friend learns you are taking psychology and asks you,"Why do people dream?" Based on the theories and research on dreams you've learned about in this course,what answer would you give your friend?
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Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
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Q1) Anu has just finished watching a movie about cement mixing that she thought was long and boring.According to the arousal theory of motivation,Anuwill most likely ____ next.
A) drink water
B) do something exciting
C) read about cement mixing
D) go to sleep
Q2) The most effective weight-loss programs available today are least likely to focus on ____.
A) reducing food intake
B) increasing energy expenditure through exercise
C) altering brain mechanisms involved in overeating through anti-obesity drugs
D) changing eating habits and attitudes toward food
Q3) The fact that some people often ignore their hunger and skip lunch in anticipation of a special dinner is a direct contradiction to the ____ theory of motivation.
A) drive reduction
B) arousal
C) incentive
D) opponent-process
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Human Development
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Q1) During a workshop,the presenter asks everyone to reflect on their own identity.Kelly starts by reflecting on how she is Indian American,practices Hinduism,and that her parents were part of the Brahmin caste when they lived in India.Kelly is thinking about her ____.
A) generativity
B) ethnic identity
C) ego integrity
D) attachment behavior
Q2) By one month of age,babies will stare longest at which of the following?
A) objects with little contrast
B) human faces or face-like drawings
C) colorful, small-patterned wallpaper
D) stationary objects
Q3) "When Myoung hears the music outside,she runs to her piggy bank." Most people realize that Myoung is going to get money to buy ice cream from a vendor.This is due to the correct use of ____.
A) cognitive maps
B) artificial concepts
C) propositions
D) scripts
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Chapter 12: Health, stress, and Coping
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Q1) The fact that cognitive restructuring is effective in managing stress indicates that
A) we react not only directly to a stressor, but also to our cognitive appraisal of it
B) all the major stressors in our lives are psychological in nature
C) escaping stress is as effective as coping with it directly
D) psychotherapy is the best way of dealing with stress
Q2) Jay is writing a song about his use of an emotional coping strategy in dealing with his relationship problems.Which song title is most appropriate?
A) "Taking Action to Change My Ways"
B) "Meditation for My Soul"
C) "Catastrophize Our Love"
D) "Friends Will Keep Me Strong"
Q3) A person with a disease-resistant personality is one who ____.
A) is very angry and resentful
B) handles stress effectively
C) has an external locus of control
D) is high on all big five characteristics
Q4) Describe the steps in a stress-coping program.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Personality
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Q1) Juno the Emperor Penguin was criticized in the Glacier Times as being untrusting,inconsiderate,and unforgiving of others.The Emperor's psychologist tells him that according to the five-factor personality model,he will likely score low on what dimension?
A) agreeableness
B) openness to experience
C) conscientiousness
D) extraversion
Q2) After filling out a personality test,students are given individual personality profiles.Most state that their profiles are fairly good descriptions of themselves,and they are amazed to discover that they had all received the same profile.This illustrates one of the main criticisms of the ____ approach.
A) psychodynamic
B) trait
C) cognitive behavioral
D) humanistic psychology
Q3) When describing your best friend,you first note that she is honest.How would this characteristic be explained from three different theoretical perspectives?
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15
Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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Q1) People who talk about suicide are ____.
A) unlikely to attempt suicide
B) more likely to try it than the general population
C) most often men; women do not talk about suicide in advance
D) more likely to actually kill themselves than are people who attempt suicide but don't talk about it
Q2) Victoria has symptoms of both depression and schizophrenia.Victoria probably has ____.
A) delusional disorder
B) schizophreniform disorder
C) bipolar disorder
D) schizoaffective disorder
Q3) According to the biological model,anxiety disorders develop because of ____.
A) some physical condition or disease
B) societal pressure to react with anxiety to certain situations
C) the learning of coping mechanisms
D) a predisposition to suffer severe anxiety
Q4) What are some of the causes of depressive disorders?
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) "Don't worry about the hidden meanings behind your psychological problems.Just change the way you think and act about them,and you'll get better." This statement best summarizes which therapeutic approach?
A) Gestalt
B) humanistic
C) psychodynamic
D) cognitive behavioral
Q2) Techniques such as deep brain stimulation (DBS)and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)have been developed as a safer means than ____ at inducing seizures or treating severe depression
A) thorazine
B) positron emission tomography (PET)
C) lithium
D) electroconvulsive shock therapy (EST)
Q3) Which drug is commonly used to treat the symptoms of bipolar disorder?
A) Prozac
B) anxiolytic drugs
C) neuroleptic drugs
D) lithium
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the best example of social facilitation?
A) Andrew's mom helps him build a birdfeeder.
B) Ellen is talked into going to a dance by her best friend.
C) Sarah runs the mile much faster when she runs against someone else.
D) Lester becomes more nervous when speaking to larger audiences.
Q2) Considering that people in collectivist cultures are particularly likely to go along with the group merely to maintain harmony within the group suggests that collectivists often experience ____.
A) social dilemmas
B) private acceptance
C) public conformity
D) social facilitation
Q3) When he visits Japan,Anton does not remove his shoes upon entering the house,as do his Japanese hosts.Anton cannot understand why his hosts are no longer friendly.What did Anton do?
A) He used the wrong reference group.
B) He experienced a social dilemma.
C) He did not demonstrate openness.
D) He violated a Japanese social norm.
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Industrial and Organizational Psychology
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Q1) Allowing employees time to set specific goals has been shown to lead to ____.
A) more organizational citizenship behaviors
B) better job performance
C) fewer critical incidents
D) a decrease in absenteeism
Q2) Discuss the three main methods that employers use to measure the personal characteristics of job candidates.
Q3) Phil just received a written evaluation from his supervisor that provides feedback about various aspects of Phil's work.Phil just received a(n)____.
A) validation study
B) job analysis
C) assessment center
D) job performance appraisal
Q4) Objective measures of job performance are least likely to include ____.
A) number of days employees are absent from work
B) number of complaints filed against employees
C) total value of items sold per month by each employee
Q5) Describe the characteristics of effective leaders in the workplace.
Q6) Discuss the personal and environmental factors that can affect job satisfaction.
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Chapter 18: Neuropsychology
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Q1) Which of the following would most likely make it hard for a stroke patient to eat from the dinner plate served on his or her hospital tray?
A) prosopagnosia
B) apraxia
C) aphasia
D) paraphasias
Q2) At a bookstore,Dusty asks the sales associate for recommendations on books that deal with disorders in language comprehension and speech production.What book should the sales associate recommend?
A) "Hemineglect: A Partial Story."
B) "Understanding Aphasias."
C) "Exploring Anosognosia."
D) "Apraxia Revealed."
Q3) In cases in which consciousness is impaired due to widespread damage to both sides of the cerebral cortex,what would be the most likely cause?
A) tumor
B) genetic abnormalities
C) cerebrovascular accident
D) alcohol
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Appendix A: Statistics in Psychological Research
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Q1) The sperm and ovum that joined to become you each had only one half of each of the pairs of chromosomes that belonged to your father and mother.The process that created the sperm and ovum is known as ____.
A) mitosis
B) halitosis
C) meiosis
D) zygosis
Q2) Balint is a behavioral geneticist who focuses on human behavior and mental processes.Which of the following is he most likely to investigate?
A) The effects of the environment on learned behavior
B) The way heredity and the environment influence personality
C) How learning influences genotypes
D) Cultural influences on mitosis
Q3) Genes are composed of molecules of ____.
A) deoxyribonucleic acid
B) nitrous oxide
C) sodium phosphate
D) chromosome
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Chapter 20: Appendix B: Behavioral Genetics
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Q1) Dorothea conducts a survey to find out how many national parks people have visited in the past two years.She polls twenty people and finds that ten people have visited no national parks; five people have visited one national park; four people have visited two national parks; and one person has visited twenty national parks.Which measure of central tendency should Dorothea use to provide the most accurate picture of her data?
A) Mean
B) Median
C) Mode
D) Standard deviation
Q2) Eunice is a new elementary school principal.One of her first projects is to determine whether students have been appropriately assigned to either the Sparrow,Blue Jay,or Robin reading groups.She administers the Miller Reading Ability Test (MRAT)to all three groups.What statistical analysis should Eunice use to compare the means of the three groups?
A) analysis of variance
B) correlational analysis
C) standard deviation
D) t test
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