Foundations of Psychology
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Foundations of Psychology provides an introduction to the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This course explores core psychological concepts, including biological bases of behavior, sensation and perception, learning, memory, development, motivation, emotion, and personality. Students will examine various theoretical perspectives, research methods, and key findings in psychology, gaining insight into how psychological principles apply to everyday life. Emphasis is placed on critical thinking and understanding the role of psychology in addressing individual and societal issues.
Recommended Textbook Psychology From Inquiry to Understanding 2nd Australia Edition by Scott O. Lilienfeld
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17 Chapters
2610 Verified Questions
2610 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Science and Pseudoscience in Psychology
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127 Verified Questions
127 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Demonstrate a time that you fell victim to at least one of the following logical fallacies (bandwagon fallacy, emotional reasoning fallacy, appeal to authority fallacy, or not me fallacy)and how it negatively affected the quality of your decision on that occasion.
Answer: Answers will vary but should contain the following information for full credit. Student clearly and correctly identifies at least one of the fallacies listed above in his or her answer.
Student provides supportive detail to show how the fallacy negatively affected them.
Q2) Which of the following is found in science but NOT in pseudoscience?
A)Amazing, counterintuitive claims
B)The presence of difficult-to-understand jargon or technical information
C)Reliance on anecdotal evidence to support one's theory of human behaviour
D)Self-correction of incorrect hypotheses and theories
Answer: D
Q3) ________ refers to claims or statements that superficially appear to be scientific but are not.
Answer: Pseudoscience
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Chapter 2: Research Methods
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113 Verified Questions
113 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A group of students watch a videotape of two managers interacting with their subordinates at a customer service desk in a department store. Students see one of the managers act in a friendly and respectful manner towards all the employees. The other manager is less friendly but still respectful towards the employees. What concept would explain the more positive ratings on other dimensions for the friendly manager compared with the less friendly manager?
A)The central tendency error
B)The halo effect
C)The horns effect
D)The leniency effect
Answer: B
Q2) ________ is the extent to which a measure assesses what it claims to measure.
A)Operationalisation
B)Reliability
C)Validity
D)Control group
Answer: C
Q3) According to the authors, many superstitious behaviours result from ________.
Answer: illusory correlation
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Biological Psychology
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165 Verified Questions
165 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What part of the brain acts as a relay station for incoming sensory information?
A)Hypothalamus
B)Thalamus
C)Pituitary gland
D)Endocrine system
Answer: B
Q2) The endocrine system is responsible for the production of ________, molecules that influence particular organs.
Answer: hormones
Q3) What is the function of the myelin sheath?
A)To serve as a structure for neurons
B)To monitor neural activity
C)To speed up the neural transmission
D)To produce neurotransmitters
Answer: C
Q4) The part of the brain dedicated to emotion is called the ________.
Answer: limbic system
Q5) A person's set of observable traits is her/his ________.
Answer: phenotype
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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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141 Verified Questions
141 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the best example of telepathy?
A)Kelsey is excellent at choosing winning horses at the track.
B)Kyle, a professional gambler, seems to always know when the other players are bluffing.
C)Jason can almost always guess what his present is before opening the box.
D)Brandon can sometimes make the papers on his desk move by just staring at them and "willing" them to move.
Q2) According to the opponent process theory of colour vision, the correct pairings of opposite colours are ________.
A)black versus white, red versus green, and blue versus yellow
B)black versus gray and white versus coloured
C)greyscales, blue versus red, and green versus yellow
D)blue versus green and red versus yellow
Q3) Which of the following is the most recently identified of the basic taste sensations?
A)Bitter
B)Salty
C)Umami
D)Sour
Q4) The sensory receptors associated with vision are located in the ________.
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Chapter 5: Consciousness
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150 Verified Questions
150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Stage 5 sleep is often called paradoxical sleep because EEG patterns of people in stage 5 show
A)an abundance of K-complexes.
B)excessive sleep spindles.
C)brain waves similar to beta activity.
D)heightened brain activity.
Q2) What general category of drug is used in the controlling of pain?
A)Depressants and sedative-hypnotics
B)Narcotics
C)Psychedelics
D)Stimulants
Q3) Both infrequent and habitual use of ________ may cause users to experience distortions in visual, auditory, or any other mode of perception.
Q4) Multiple researchers agree that dreams assist with ________.
A)creativity
B)overcoming illness
C)feeling rested
D)consolidating memories
Q5) Vivid dreams are most likely to be experienced during ________ sleep.
Q6) The most commonly reported sleep problem is ________.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Learning
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167 Verified Questions
167 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true concerning intermittent schedules of reinforcement?
A)Interval schedules yield higher rates of responding as compared to ratio schedules.
B)Ratio schedules yield higher rates of responding as compared to interval schedules.
C)Fixed schedules yield higher rates of responding as compared to variable schedules.
D)All combinations of intermittent schedules yield similar rates of responding.
Q2) Extinction occurs when the ________ no longer produces the ________.
A)CS; UCS
B)CS; CR
C)UCS; CR
D)UCS; UCR
Q3) Token economies are reinforcement-based strategies that use points, tokens, and chips as ________ reinforcers.
A)secondary
B)primary
C)negative
D)neutral
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Chapter 7: Memory
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173 Verified Questions
173 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Because of Mr Vargas' stereotype regarding the mathematical and scientific abilities of his female students, he often fails to recall exemplary female students whom he has taught. This forgetting is most likely the result of ________.
Q2) ________ is the first process of getting information into memory.
A)Acquisition
B)Memorisation
C)Elaboration
D)Encoding
Q3) A high school student's organised set of expectations about the order of events that will take place in a new class is an example of a ________.
A)script
B)chunk
C)semantic network
D)primer
Q4) Which of these age groups has the strongest memory abilities?
A)Children
B)Infants
C)Older adults
D)Young adults
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Chapter 8: Thinking, Reasoning and Language
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165 Verified Questions
165 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a student is given two seemingly different problems to solve, but the problems have the same underlying logical requirements, the student may miss this similarity due to the apparent differences in the wording of the questions. The relationship between two problems is called ________.
A)salience of surface similarities
B)mental sets
C)functional fixedness
D)parallel paradigms
Q2) Henry hears German spoken in his home, but he is exposed only to English in school. It is likely that Henry will
A)fail to experience difficulties in either language.
B)have improved metalinguistic ability.
C)show metalinguistic deficits.
D)have difficulties in vocabulary, but not syntax.
Q3) The closest vocalisations observed among animals that mirror human language are the different ________ of the vervet monkey.
Q4) The ________ account holds that language is not a specialised ability, but rather an application of overall skills that children employ to navigate their world successfully.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Intelligence and Iq Testing
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158 Verified Questions
158 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A theory of intelligence with eight components (and one tentative addition)was postulated by ________.
A)Gardner
B)Spearman
C)Sternberg
D)Terman
Q2) Which of the following describes the main reason for using the deviation IQ formula instead of Stern's MA/CA × 100 formula to represent IQ scores?
A)Stern's formula underpredicts IQ scores for those under 20 years old.
B)Stern's formula is more difficult to calculate.
C)A 90-year-old would not likely be able to achieve an IQ of 100 using Stern's formula.
D)The older you are, the higher your IQ score will be according to Stern's formula.
Q3) The brain region found to be most active in tasks that involve planning, reasoning, and short-term memory is the ________.
Q4) The term "intellectual disability" is associated with IQ scores falling under ________.
Q5) Women tend to outscore men on ________ tasks.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Human Development
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164 Verified Questions
164 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Daniel is interested in studying how children's behaviour changes when they grow up in high-risk environments. He enlists 500 children and their parents to take part in his research, and observes these children once a year for 20 years. Despite the fact that this research is very time consuming and expensive, it gives very good information about how the children age over time. This type of research is an example of a ________ study.
A)sequential
B)cross-sectional
C)longitudinal
D)continuous
Q2) Piaget's term for the idea that an object continues to exist even when it is out of sight is object ________.
Q3) ________ psychology is the study of how behaviour changes over time. A)Evolutionary
B)Cognitive
C)Social
D)Developmental
Q4) The reproductive organs and genitals that distinguish the sexes are called ________ sex characteristics.
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Chapter 11: Emotion and Motivation
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183 Verified Questions
183 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The idea that muscles in the face send information to the brain, affecting the emotion we feel, is known as the
A)James-Lange theory.
B)Cannon-Bard theory.
C)facial feedback hypothesis.
D)two-factor theory.
Q2) Many people believe that the polygraph test is actually a very good "lie detector". Some groups have suggested that the polygraph is as high as 98 per cent accurate, while research has found that it yields a high rate (as much as 40 per cent)of false positives. This discrepancy highlights the critical-thinking concept of ________.
A)extraordinary claims
B)correlation versus causation
C)falsifiability
D)ruling out rival hypotheses
Q3) One definition of emotion identifies that it involves the synchronisation of ________, ________, and ________ elements
Q4) Opposed to the discrete emotion theory, ________ theories of emotion recognise the idea that emotions are determined by thinking.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Stress, Coping and Health
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139 Verified Questions
139 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A set of attitudes marked by a sense of control over events, commitment to life and work, and motivation and courage to confront stressful events, is known as ________.
A)proactive integration
B)hardiness
C)rumination
D)self-enhancement
Q2) According to Selye, some people may develop illnesses such as organ damage, depression, anxiety, or a weakened immune system during the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
A)alarm
B)collapse
C)exhaustion
D)resistance
Q3) Which psychologist is credited with proposing the general adaptation syndrome?
A)Hans Selye
B)Berkowitz
C)Holmes and Rahe
D)Lazarus
Q4) Discuss stress as both a cause and effect of illness.
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Chapter 13: Social Psychology
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173 Verified Questions
173 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sherif's "Robbers Cave" experiment demonstrated that prejudice can be reduced by
A)engaging all members in competitive play.
B)engaging each team against each other in a tournament.
C)getting boys within each group to form strong bonds within the group.
D)engaging the groups in activities that require them to cooperate to achieve a goal.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true about brainstorming?
A)More heads are better than one.
B)Brainstorming groups come up with better ideas than individuals.
C)Group brainstorming generally results in ideas that are less creative than does individual brainstorming.
D)Brainstorming results in confusion and hostility.
Q3) An attitude
A)is a conclusion regarding factual evidence.
B)includes an emotional component.
C)predicts behaviour reasonably well.
D)includes a physiological component.
Q4) The ________ is a persuasive technique that involves making an unreasonably large request before making the small request you are hoping to have granted.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Cross-Cultural Psychology
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59 Verified Questions
59 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Large numbers of Malaysians come to Australia each year to pursue English language courses, technical and vocational training or higher education. Compared to Australians, Malaysians are extremely high in uncertainty avoidance. Which of the following characteristics will they be more likely to display to their teachers and counsellors than would Australian-born students?
A)An independent approach to study
B)Poor motivation to achieve
C)More worry about their future
D)High importance of their personal life
Q2) How does Australian Indigenous psychology differ from "Western" psychology?
Q3) Culture helps us to ________ ourselves and interact with others.
Q4) Many writers about Aboriginal Australians do not compare them with Torres Straits people, because there have been no ________ studies of the differences between Aboriginal and Torres Straits peoples.
Q5) Judith Kearins discovered that children in desert communities in Western Australia had better ________ skills than white children, probably because they used such skills to cope in an environment which had no verbal or numerical cues.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Personality
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174 Verified Questions
174 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your friend Kate is a new mum. She is constantly worried that she is going to ruin her child by doing or saying the wrong thing. What advice might you give her?
A)Most of her parenting will have minimal impact on her child's adult personality.
B)Although she can afford to make a few mistakes, if she isn't careful her child may have lifelong problems.
C)Often children's personalities are shaped initially by genetics, but environmental influences take over in adolescence, so she has plenty of time.
D)As long as her child has enough shared environmental influences with his siblings, the child will be fine.
Q2) The Freudian defence mechanism of ________ involves returning psychologically to a younger and safer age.
A)denial
B)repression
C)displacement
D)regression
Q3) Identify a situation in which you or a friend fell victim to the P.T. Barnum effect.
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Chapter 16: Psychological Disorders
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181 Verified Questions
181 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Differentiate how learning theorists and cognitive theorists differ in their explanations for the causes of anxiety disorders.
Q2) Shelby is concerned that she is spending too much of her day worrying about things that are out of her control. She often experiences disturbances in sleep and often feels tense, even in situations where there is nothing that is directly threatening her safety. If you were a clinical psychologist, you would be trying to determine if Shelby meets the criteria for ________.
A)agoraphobia
B)generalised anxiety disorder
C)major depressive disorder
D)social phobia
Q3) Riddick constantly speaks in a manner that is hard to follow because he quickly skips from topic to topic, sometimes even within a single sentence. This is most clearly the schizophrenic symptom of ________.
Q4) When a mental disorder, such as schizophrenia, is uncommon in a population, it would satisfy the criterion of ________.
Q5) Identify and discuss two important myths as well as the reality of suicide and important risk factors that predict suicide attempts.
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Chapter 17: Psychological and Biological Treatments
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178 Verified Questions
178 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) One could think of the cognitive-behavioural therapies as a method for falsifying ________ beliefs.
Q2) According to the authors, behavioural therapists have been diligent in making only those claims that fit with the data about the effectiveness of their therapeutic techniques. A critical thinker would recognise this as what is required by the critical-thinking principle of ________.
A)extraordinary claims
B)falsifiability
C)parsimony
D)replication
Q3) ________ practitioners teach clients that negative thoughts such as "I'm worthless" are merely thoughts, not facts, while encouraging them to accept and tolerate the full range of their feelings, and act in keeping with their goals and values.
A)Avoidance and commitment therapy
B)Acceptance and commitment therapy
C)Dissonance and commitment therapy
D)Dialectical and behavioural therapy
Q4) ________ are persons who lack formal professional training but provide mental health services.
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