Foundations of Psychology Midterm
Exam
Course Introduction
Foundations of Psychology introduces students to the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, providing a broad overview of key concepts, theories, and research methods in psychology. The course explores topics such as biological bases of behavior, sensation and perception, learning, memory, cognition, development, motivation, emotion, personality, psychological disorders, and social behavior. Emphasis is placed on critical thinking and understanding how psychological principles are applied in everyday life and across diverse contexts. This foundational knowledge prepares students for further study in more specialized areas within the field of psychology.
Recommended Textbook
Psychology 10th Edition by Douglas Bernstein
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Chapter 1: Introduction to the Science of Psychology
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Q1) Jami says to her therapist,Len,"I really want to understand myself better.That is why I am in therapy." Len replies,"Then we will have to start digging in your past and understanding all of the unconscious motives that cause you to be who you are." Len probably takes a(n)____ approach to psychology.
A) evolutionary
B) psychodynamic
C) humanistic
D) cognitive
Answer: B
Q2) When Allison's father passed away,Allison decided that her mother should come to live with her.Jameson's father also passed away,but he decided that his mother should live in a nursing home.Based only on this information,Allison is probably from a(n)____ culture and Jameson is probably from a(n)____ culture.
A) multicultural; individualist
B) collectivist; multicultural
C) collectivist; individualist
D) individualist; collectivist
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Research in Psychology
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Q1) Randy,a community psychologist,is working with a community AIDS organization on a project to help reduce HIV transmission.He decides to gather as much information from as many people as possible about their sexual behavior patterns.Which research method would be the best choice for him to use?
A) naturalistic observation
B) case study
C) survey
D) experiment
Answer: C
Q2) Derrill is worried that variables such as age,gender,personality characteristics,and education level might confound the results of his experiment,which is designed to test the effects of mood on reaction time.Derrill should use ____ assignment to experimental groups to distribute the impact of these ____ variables.
A) random; representative
B) representative; random
C) representative; representative
D) random; random
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Biological Aspects of Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Casey gets up one morning after only a few hours of sleep and heats up some water for tea in a pot with a noninsulated handle.As he picks up the pot by the handle a few minutes later,he drops it with a crash.Which part of Casey's nervous system causes him to drop the pot?
A) substantia nigra and sensory neurons
B) spinal cord, sensory neurons, and motor neurons
C) cerebral cortex and motor neurons
D) amygdala and sensory neurons
Answer: B
Q2) After an accident,Stella is left with brain damage.Now Stella has trouble judging the emotions of others,even when she can see their facial expressions.Stella has most likely damaged her ____.
A) cerebellum
B) amygdala
C) hypothalamus
D) thalamus
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) Tim and Amy are listening to their TV surround-sound system.They are impressed with the low tones of the grizzly bear in the movie that they are watching.Tim and Amy are happy with the ____ of sound.
A) timbre
B) frequency
C) amplitude
D) frequency and amplitude
Q2) You are having trouble reading a word in an exam item because the type is blurry,so you move the page to be able to see the word most clearly.You have probably just focused the word onto your ____.
A) optic nerve
B) stapes
C) iris
D) fovea
Q3) Which effect most likely causes astronauts to become nauseated in space?
A) Their vestibular system cannot tell which way is down.
B) Their bodies' kinesthetic perception is thrown off by the lack of gravity.
C) Their visual system has trouble adjusting to seeing things floating and flying.
D) Their brains are being bombarded by cosmic rays.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Learning
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Q1) After Maria drank coffee for the first time in her life,she felt more awake.She then begandrinking coffee every morning.Now when she even smells coffee,she feels more awake.Feeling more awake after just smelling the coffee is the ____.
A) conditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) unconditioned response
Q2) Hailey thinks that it makes no difference as to how hard she studies for her classes.Sometimes she studies and other times she doesn't,but her grades are always the same.Soon,Hailey never studies because she doesn't see any reason to do so.Hailey is experiencing ____.
A) learned helplessness
B) social learning
C) latent learning
D) observational learning
Q3) Explain the various types of intermittent schedules of reinforcement and how rates of responding differ for the different schedules.
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Chapter 5: Memory
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Q1) Aliens abducted Wally and destroyed his capacity to form any new episodic memories.In other words,they damaged Wally's ____,causing ____ amnesia.
A) hippocampus; anterograde
B) hippocampus; retrograde
C) hypothalamus; retrograde
D) hypothalamus; anterograde
Q2) Alexander learns the names of all fifty states of the United States while he is in a very happy mood.Later,while he was in a sad mood,he can remember only twenty of the states.However,when Alexander was again happy,he can remember all fifty states.The principle that best explains this memory effect is ____.
A) melancholic inhibition
B) positive facilitation
C) context-specific memory
D) mood congruency
Q3) The effectiveness of retrieval cues depends on the extent to which they ____.
A) encourage the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory
B) relate to information that was encoded at the time of original learning
C) invoke visual images
D) are context-specific
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Thought and Language
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Q1) Adam and Mike are playing chess.Adam sees that he can win by getting his queen to a particular space.Before he can accomplish that goal,he must get Mike to move the piece that is occupying that space.He sees that he can force Mike to move the piece if he makes a particular move now,which he does.Adam is ____ to solve this problem.
A) working backward
B) using heuristics
C) using incubation
D) making analogies
Q2) The Whitney family lose the first round on a popular game show because none of their answers ("clavichord," "tuba," "ukulele")to the question "Name a popular musical instrument" has been mentioned by the population surveyed.Based on cognitive principles,how would you help them improve for the next round?
A) Teach them to use prototypes.
B) Encourage them to use schematic knowledge.
C) Teach them algorithms.
D) Practice the affirmation rule.
Q3) Explain the reasons that human decisions can be flawed and biased,thus leading to unsatisfactory outcomes.
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Chapter 8: Intelligence
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Q1) You believe that elephants have intelligence and that this intelligence increases as elephants get older.You test your hypothesis by observing the behaviors of the same group of elephants at birth and then at five-year intervals.What type of study is this?
A) developmental
B) longitudinal
C) cross-sectional
D) experimental
Q2) Sierra is diagnosed as being intellectually disabled.She can manage most of her personal needs,has a job shredding paper documents,and knows which bus line to take to her job.However,Sierra needs help with managing money,scheduling doctor's appointments,and communicating with her boss.Sierra would be classified as having a____ intellectual disability.
A) mild
B) moderate
C) severe
D) profound
Q3) Describe the four approaches to intelligence presented in the text.
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Chapter 9: Consciousness
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Q1) Gwendolyn and George attend the famous Dr.Shelmadine's "Hypnotism Show."
Gwendolyn finds it to be an amazing demonstration of altered consciousness and marvels at how the hypnotized participants do exactly as instructed and are not embarrassed or uncomfortable.George disagrees; he believes the participants are simply going along with Dr.Shelmadine's suggestions because they think they should.Gwendolyn's view is most like the ____ theory of hypnosis,George's is most like the ____ theory.
A) role; state
B) state; role
C) role; dissociation
D) dissociation; role
Q2) Ozlem is flying from Chicago to Paris and she will be coming back after a week.Her symptoms of jet lag will ____.
A) be worse when she arrives in Paris (eastward travel)
B) be worse on her return to Chicago (westward travel)
C) be equally bad in Paris and Chicago
D) depend on whether she will have any north-to-south connecting flights
Q3) Hilgard noted that people undergo certain changes when they are hypnotized.List and describe four of these changes.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
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Q1) Due to a freak accident involving reindeer games,a sleigh,and some of Santa's elves,Rudolph's lateral hypothalamus was destroyed.As a result,Rudolph will most likely
A) overeat, well past the point of satiation
B) have intense cravings for his favorite foods
C) lose the desire to eat, nearly starving himself
D) become a finicky eater, preferring only foods high in fat
Q2) According to Darwin,emotional expression is important because it ____.
A) communicates important information to other people
B) causes our brain to arouse our body into action in frightening situations
C) supplies an instinctive response to all situations
D) causes blood to flow to the appropriate parts of the brain
Q3) Isabella is injured when her automatic pencil sharpener malfunctions and a pencil pierces her skull and destroys her thalamus.Now Isabella can no longer experience emotion.This situation supports ____ theory of emotion.
A) James's peripheral
B) the Darwin-Buss
C) the Schachter-Singer
D) Cannon's central
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Human Development
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Q1) Developmental psychology is best defined as the study of ____.
A) children's thought processes and moral reasoning
B) the physical changes that occur in the womb and during the childhood years
C) the social, cognitive, and physical changes that occur over the course of the life span
D) the influence of genes on the behavior of infants, children, adolescents, and adults
Q2) When little Augustus is given his first vitamin pill,he says,"Yea!!! Candy!!!!" According to Piaget,this is an example of ____.
A) assimilation
B) accommodation
C) egocentrism
D) object permanence
Q3) Which event does not occur during menopause?
A) Estrogen levels drop.
B) Menstrual cycle ceases.
C) Reproductive capability ends.
D) Progesterone levels rise.
Q4) Describe the newborn's sensory and motor abilities.
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Chapter 12: Health, stress, and Coping
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Q1) Han-Sung is a university student who feels very anxious and on edge when he is struggling to get everything done.To feel less anxious,he listens to relaxing classical music.Which form of coping skills does Han-Sung employ?
A) Emotion-focused
B) Problem-focused
C) Cynical optimist
D) Socially supportive
Q2) Carrie realizes that she smokes too many cigarettes and drinks too many alcoholic drinks every day.Acknowledging the serious effects her smoking and drinking can have on her health,she develops a plan to cut back on her smoking.She also checks herself into an alcohol treatment center and abstains from alcohol for four months.Carrie is in the ____ stage of readiness regarding her smoking and in the ____ stage of readiness regarding her drinking.
A) contemplation; action
B) preparation; maintenance
C) preparation; action
D) action; maintenance
Q3) Describe the steps in a stress-coping program.
Q4) Describe five stages of readiness for changing health-related behaviors.
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Chapter 13: Personality
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Q1) A teacher is excessively neat,always insists on washing the blackboard before and after class,and always cleans the classroom after his lectures.According to Freudian theory,the teacher may be suffering from a(n)____.
A) anal fixation
B) repressed superego
C) oral fixation
D) phallic symbol fixation
Q2) Which approach has been heralded as an application of the social-cognitive approach to personality?
A) promoting research in the field of positive psychology
B) explaining the complexity and uniqueness of personality
C) translating easily into treatment principles for psychological disorders
D) uncovering unconscious thoughts and feelings that motivate behavior
Q3) Mookie is outgoing and sociable,seeks excitement,and loves a good time.According to Eysenck,Mookie's personality is a result of all of the following except ____.
A) his bodily reactions to stress
B) the sensitivity of his nervous system to environmental stimulation
C) his genetic and biological uniqueness
D) his level of self-efficacy
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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Q1) You would be more biologically prepared to have a ____ phobia than a(n)____ phobia.
A) snake; book
B) water; height
C) school; insect
D) worm; insect
Q2) Edison believes that all psychological disorders have anatomical or chemical causes.He is interested in research that would help to uncover the genetic influences of such disorders.Edison must support the ____ model of psychopathology.
A) social-cognitive
B) medical
C) psychological
D) biopsychosocial
Q3) How does addiction to psychoactive substances differ from substance abuse?
A) Addiction is a more severe form of substance abuse.
B) Addiction is a physical need, while substance abuse can stem from a psychological need.
C) Addiction does not result in the building of tolerance.
D) Addiction leads to serious medical problems while substance abuse does not.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
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Q1) Dr.Schwinn,a clinical psychologist,wants to know if behavior desensitization therapy is an effective treatment for a variety of specific phobias.Moreover,she wants to know scientifically that the benefits of the therapy are the result of the treatment itself,rather than the client's own motivations or merely the passage of time.Based on this knowledge,Dr.Schwinn must be an advocate of ____.
A) the use of congruence
B) phenomenological psychology
C) the eclectic approach to therapy
D) evidence based practices
Q2) Which drug is commonly used to treat the symptoms of bipolar disorder?
A) Prozac
B) anxiolytic drugs
C) neuroleptic drugs
D) lithium
Q3) Electroconvulsive shock therapy (EST)is not usually used when the patient ____.
A) has schizophrenia
B) is not responding to antidepressant drugs
C) is at a high risk for suicide
D) has severe depression
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Social Psychology
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Questions
Q1) Jessi asks Bill to take her pizza out of the oven while she is on the phone.Bill agrees.Later that week Jessi asks Bill for a ride to the mall,and he agrees.Finally,Jessi asks Bill to lie to her parents when they call and say that she's not home.Jessi is using the ____ to gain Bill's compliance.
A) door-in-the-face technique
B) foot-in-the-door technique
C) tit-for-tat strategy
D) zero-sum game
Q2) While looking through a pile of applications,Rosa decided to interview only the applicants who had a college degree,even though the job did not require one.Rosa is demonstrating her ____ attitude toward college graduates,and her refusal to read the noncollege graduate applications could be considered ____.
A) stereotypical; prejudicial
B) prejudicial; discriminatory
C) discriminatory; prejudicial
D) prejudicial; stereotypical
Q3) What are the key factors that influence whether you will be attracted to someone?
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Industrial and Organizational Psychology
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Q1) A supervisor is rating an employee's performance on each of several general dimensions,using a scale from 1 to 10.In other words,the supervisor is filling out a ____.
A) graphic rating form
B) behavior-focused rating form
C) validation study
D) job analysis
Q2) Theo is an industrial and organizational psychologist.As a researcher in the field,Theo's main goals are least likely to include ____.
A) promoting effective job performance
B) improving the health and well-being of employees
C) designing equipment to minimize injury
D) improving the safety of employees
Q3) Relationship-motivated leaders tend to be high on the dimension known as ____,while task-motivated leaders tend to be high on the dimension known as ____.
A) initiating structure; consideration
B) consideration; initiating structure
C) relatedness; growth
D) growth; relatedness
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Chapter 18: Neuropsychology
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Q1) Disconnection syndrome occurs when various modules in a network ____ and are prevented from ____.
A) are damaged; interacting
B) are damaged; firing
C) remain intact; interacting
D) remain intact; firing
Q2) Which of the following would most likely make it hard for a stroke patient to eat from the dinner plate served on his or her hospital tray?
A) prosopagnosia
B) apraxia
C) aphasia
D) paraphasias
Q3) Amnestic disorders all share the common feature of ____.
A) confabulations
B) neurodegeneration
C) anomia
D) memory loss
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Appendix A: Statistics in Psychological Research
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Q1) Jorge and Julio are identical twins.Since Jorge has been diagnosed with schizophrenia,there is about a ____ chance that Julio can also be diagnosed with the disorder.
A) 10 percent
B) 40 percent
C) 70 percent
D) 100 percent
Q2) The sperm and ovum that joined to become you each had only one half of each of the pairs of chromosomes that belonged to your father and mother.The process that created the sperm and ovum is known as ____.
A) mitosis
B) halitosis
C) meiosis
D) zygosis
Q3) The genes contained in a single cell contain information for constructingevery aspect of ____.
A) that individual cell and nothing else
B) the individual organ/muscle to which that cell belongs and nothing else
C) the organ/muscle system to which that cell belongs and nothing else
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D) the physical human being to which the cell belongs
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Chapter 20: Appendix B: Behavioral Genetics
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Q1) If an IQ test is constructed to have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 16,approximately what percentage of scores falls between 84 and 116?
A) 34 percent
B) 95 percent
C) 68 percent
D) 50 percent
Q2) Edhilvia is studying the relationship between smoking and number of visits to the doctor.After giving a survey to 1,000 people,she finds that the more people smoked,the more times they visited the doctor every year.From these results,Edhilvia can logically conclude that ____.
A) there is a negative correlation between smoking and visiting the doctor
B) there is a positive correlation between smoking and visiting the doctor
C) smoking causes people to go to the doctor
D) her results are invalid since participants were not randomly assigned to groups
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