Foundations of Psychology Final
Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Psychology offers a comprehensive introduction to the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This course covers major psychological concepts, theories, and research methods, exploring topics such as perception, learning, memory, cognition, motivation, emotion, development, personality, and social behavior. Students will gain an understanding of how psychological principles are applied to everyday life and develop a critical appreciation for how biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors influence human behavior. Through lectures, discussions, and practical activities, the course lays the groundwork for advanced study in psychology and related fields.
Recommended Textbook
Psychology 4th Canadian Edition by Carole Wade
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16 Chapters
5794 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The formal movement to make psychology a science began in ________, when the first official psychological laboratory was established in Leipzig, Germany.
A) 1795
B) 1854
C) 1879
D) 1921
Answer: C
Q2) Sigmund Freud argued that many of his patients' symptoms had mental, not physical, causes.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Practitioners now account for over of half all psychologists in Canada.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: How Psychologists Do Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) A hypothesis is an organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The Tri-Council and CPA's ethical guidelines require researchers to thoroughly debrief participants about the true purpose of a study if deception has been involved. A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) With respect to assessment instruments, when test scores are consistent they are referred to as ________, whereas the term ________ means that the test scores accurately reflect what is being measured.
A) valid; reliable
B) valid; standardized
C) consistent; reliable
D) reliable; valid
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Genes, Evolution, and Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) He proposed that humans possess an innate language acquisition device.
A)John B. Watson
B)Edward O. Wilson
C)Edward Thorndike
D)Noam Chomsky
E)Charles Darwin
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is true with regard to the heritability of intelligence?
A) Heritability estimates are higher for children than for adults.
B) Heritability estimates increase with age up to at least late middle age.
C) Heritability estimates differ for males and females.
D) Regardless of age, heritability estimates for intelligence range from 0.75 to 0.90.
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following illustrates an error of overregularization?
A) "I spilled my joose."
B) "Allgone milk."
C) "I eated my breakfast."
D) "Ba-ba-ba-ba-ba."
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: The Brain: Source of Mind and Self
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Sample Questions
Q1) A brain structure involved in the storage of new information in memory.
A)corpus callosum
B)hypothalamus
C)cerebrum
D)amygdala
E)hippocampus
Q2) We know that both sides of the brain are involved in most activities but that some activities are more closely associated with one hemisphere or the other. List three activities that are most closely associated with the left hemisphere and three activities that are most closely associated with the right hemisphere.
Q3) On each cerebral hemisphere, deep fissures divide the cortex into four distinct lobes. Name each of the four lobes and describe the location of each lobe.
Q4) Corene has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Which approved drug is she not likely to try?
A) Respiridal
B) Provigil
C) Ritalin
D) Adderall
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6
Chapter 5: Body Rhythms and Mental States
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Sample Questions
Q1) Stefania Follini spent four months in a New Mexico cave as part of a study on biological rhythms. During that time, she tended to stay awake for about ________ hours and then sleep for ________ hours.
A) 12; 5
B) 16; 8
C) 20; 10 that seems to contradict the 24.3 hours mentioned in previous question though.
D) 35; 15
Q2) In his dream, Andy is an infant crawling through a dark tunnel looking for something he has lost. Which theory would be most receptive to an explanation that while Andy was sleeping, neurons in his pons that stimulate leg-muscle movement were active?
A) psychoanalytic
B) problem-focused
C) mental housekeeping
D) activation-synthesis theory
Q3) All cultures have found ways to alter consciousness. Explain two ways that do not involve drugs and then describe the recreational drugs that are used in Western societies to alter consciousness.
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Chapter 6: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ is concerned with how the physical properties of stimuli are related to our psychological experience of them.
A) Perception
B) Psychophysics
C) Signal-detection theory
D) Gestalt theory
Q2) Kevin watches as his wife, Denise, walks toward the house. Even though the retinal image of Denise grows larger as Denise approaches, she does not appear to be growing larger as she moves closer and closer to Kevin. This illustrates:
A) linear perspective.
B) retinal disparity.
C) relative size.
D) size constancy.
Q3) visual cliff apparatus
A)Hubel and Wiesel
B)Young and Helmholtz
C)Johannes Müller
D)Walk and Gibson
E)Melzack and Wall
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Learning and Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which school of thought heavily influenced the study of learning in the twentieth century?
A) social-cognitive
B) behaviourism
C) social-learning
D) cognitive
Q2) Operant conditioning
A)Edward Tolman
B)Edward Thorndike
C)Watson and Rayner
D)Ivan Pavlov
E)B. F. Skinner
Q3) Negative emotions and dislikes can be classically conditioned, but it is difficult to use this technique to condition positive emotions.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Harry and Sally want their daughter Olivia to enjoy the opera. They tell her that they will pay her $20 for attending The Barber of Seville with them. How could their plan backfire?
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Chapter 8: Behaviour in Social and Cultural Context
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ generally have the greatest conversational distance compared to other cultures; that is, they stand further apart when they converse.
A) Latin Americans
B) English and Swedes
C) Arabs
D) Southern Europeans
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a way in which stereotypes distort reality?
A) exaggeration of differences between groups
B) producing selective perception
C) exaggeration of differences within other groups
D) underestimation of differences within other groups
Q3) Bystander apathy results from:
A) social loafing.
B) the familiarity effect.
C) deindividuation.
D) diffusion of responsibility.
Q4) Individuals are generally conscious of the social rules that they follow in their own society.
A)True
B)False
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Thinking and Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) As an African Canadian, Sanyu is aware of the negative stereotypes regarding racial differences in intelligence. When he is given an intelligence test, it is most likely that:
A) Sanyu's test score will be unaffected but he will feel uncomfortable throughout the test.
B) Sanyu's awareness of the stereotype will motivate him to excel on the test.
C) Sanyu will return the test to the administrator completely blank.
D) Sanyu's self-conscious awareness of the stereotype may worsen his test performance.
Q2) A child is tested by Alfred Binet. Her test results indicate that she has a mental age of five. What does this mean?
A) She is definitely five years old.
B) She is probably developmentally disabled.
C) There is no meaning that could be attached to the fact that she has a mental age of five.
D) Her score is the same as the average score of a group of five-year-olds.
Q3) Research on human cognition reveals that not all mental processing is conscious.
A)True
B)False
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11
Chapter 10: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is considered to be an implicit memory?
A) procedural memory
B) declarative memory
C) episodic memory
D) semantic memory
Q2) When Sir Frederic Bartlett asked people to read unfamiliar stories and then recite the stories to him, he found that details or morals were added to make the story coherent.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Confabulation, such as confusing an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, is one of the symptoms of reaching old age.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Elaborative rehearsal is defined as the rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why is short-term memory sometimes called a "leaky bucket"?
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Chapter 11: Emotion, Stress, and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Chapter 9 (Thinking and Intelligence), we learned that a prototype is an especially representative example of a concept. For example, an apple is more prototypical of a fruit than is a pomegranate. Integrate information on primary emotions with your knowledge of prototypes.
Q2) When babies were placed on an ambiguous visual cliff:
A) all the babies crossed when their mothers showed happy, reassuring faces.
B) about three-quarters of the babies crossed when their mothers showed happy, reassuring faces.
C) about one-third of the babies crossed when their mothers showed happy, reassuring faces.
D) none of the babies crossed despite their mothers' happy, reassuring faces.
Q3) Authentic smiles last 10 seconds or more, whereas false smiles last only about 2 seconds.
A)True
B)False
Q4) When people try to hide their feelings with an inauthentic expression, they use different groups of muscles than they do for authentic emotions.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Motivation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which underlying motive emphasizes having sex to feel emotionally close to the partner?
A) intimacy
B) pleasure
C) partner approval
D) self-affirmation
Q2) ________ refers to a genetically determined weight range for an individual that is maintained by biological mechanisms.
A) Genetic weight
B) Metabolic rate
C) Set point
D) Regulated weight
Q3) The TAT involves interpreting abstract, symmetrical inkblots.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the eating disorders that occur when women (and some men) become obsessed with weight and dieting in order to avoid becoming "fat." What causes eating disorders?
Q5) How did Alfred Kinsey's research shed light on the biology of arousal and orgasm?
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Chapter 13: Development Over the Life Span
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Sample Questions
Q1) Researchers have found that:
A) girls express stronger preferences for feminine toys than boys do for masculine toys.
B) girls' gender schemas are more rigid than are boys' gender schemas.
C) when girls behave like boys, the girls lose status.
D) when boys play with girls, the boys lose status.
Q2) The study of gender over the life span has revealed that:
A) children growing up in extremely gender-typed families usually choose gender-typed careers and relationships as adults.
B) women often become more achievement oriented and men often become more nurturant when they reach middle age.
C) gender differences in personality traits are greatest during the early adult years as individuals establish intimate relationships.
D) gender-typed behaviours at the age of three are positively correlated with gender behaviours in early adulthood.
Q3) Piaget underestimated the cognitive skills of adults.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Theories of Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) In behavioural-genetic research, the ________ includes the family background in which you grew up and the experiences you shared with your siblings and parents.
A) nonshared environment
B) surface structure
C) deep structure
D) shared environment
Q2) Research on ________ supports the hypothesis that personality differences are due in part to genetic differences.
A) peak experiences
B) unconditional positive regard
C) temperament
D) the use of defence mechanisms
Q3) According to Judith Harris, the conformity of children to their peer group is essential. A)True
B)False
Q4) In collectivist cultures, people tend to value relationships over schedules.
A)True
B)False
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Carlin has recurring periods of intense fear during which he thinks that he is having a heart attack. He trembles and shakes, and his heart palpitates. This kind of problem is called:
A) generalized anxiety disorder.
B) agoraphobia.
C) posttraumatic stress disorder.
D) panic attack.
Q2) The narcissistic personality disorder received its name due to its similarity to the Greek mythological figure of Narcissus, a young man who fell in love with his own reflection.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Before 1960, only a few cases of dissociative disorder had been reported worldwide. A)True
B)False
Q4) Women who are depressed often try to mask their feelings through violent behaviour or drug abuse.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Approaches to Treatment and Therapy
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Sample Questions
Q1) For common emotional problems of life, about half of the clients improve within eight to eleven sessions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Cognitive therapy's greatest success has been in the treatment of mood disorders, especially depression.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is the most important predictor of successful therapy?
A) the bond between the therapist and the client
B) whether the therapist and client are matched by gender
C) how long the therapy lasts
D) the insight that the therapy provides the client
Q4) The proponents of ________ therapies also refer to their methods as "depth" therapies.
A) humanist
B) cognitive
C) behaviour
D) psychodynamic
Q5) What physical side effects are associated with antidepressant drugs?
Page 18
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