Foundations of Psychology Final
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Course Introduction
Foundations of Psychology offers an introduction to the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. The course provides students with a broad overview of the key concepts, theories, and research methodologies that form the basis of psychology, covering topics such as biological bases of behavior, perception, learning, memory, personality, development, and psychological disorders. Through lectures, discussions, and practical activities, students will explore how psychological principles are applied across various fields and develop an understanding of how psychological research informs our understanding of individuals and society.
Recommended Textbook
The Science of Psychology An Appreciative View 3rd Edition by Laura A. King
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Psychology?
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ psychology is the field of psychology that applies psychological concepts to the legal system.
A)Educational
B)Forensic
C)Psychodynamic
D)Physiological
Answer: B
Q2) Diane,a psychologist,is examining the intrinsic factors that make Stella ambitious and passionate about accomplishing her goals but make Cameron indifferent to the goals assigned to him.In this scenario,Diane's research fits best into the area of specialization known as _____.
A)behavioral psychology
B)forensic psychology
C)motivation and emotion
D)sensation and perception
Answer: C
Q3) JohnB.Watson is associated with the school of structuralism.
A)True
B)False Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Psychologys Scientific Method
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Sample Questions
Q1) The influence of a researcher's expectations on the outcome of a research study is known as _____ bias.
A)experimenter
B)control
C)participant
D)third variable
Answer: A
Q2) In the context of inferential statistics,a confidence level of .05 means that:
A)if the odds are .05 or less that the differences are due to chance, the results are considered statistically significant.
B)the researchers are confident about the methodology of their research to an extent of five percent.
C)the confidence level of participants in a research study is calculated to be .05.
D)if the study is conducted five times using the same variables and conditions, the result would be the same.
Answer: A
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4
Chapter 3: Biological Foundations of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Stand-up comedians who improvise constantly while on stage are demonstrating their ability to change according to the environment.Which of the following characteristics of the nervous system is most likely playing a predominant role in their adaptability?
A)Resting potential
B)Reuptake
C)Polarization
D)Plasticity
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following scenarios correctly illustrates the effect of damage to Broca's area in the brain?
A)Janine is unable to produce any words.
B)Franchesca is unable to comprehend words spoken by others.
C)Darrel is unable to remember what he ate in the morning or what he did the previous day.
D)Stanley is unable to taste the food that he eats.
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Derek is watching an airplane fly by.The plane seems to get smaller as it goes farther away.Which of the following aspects of perceptual constancy allows Derek to understand that the airplane is not getting smaller?
A)Shape constancy
B)Size constancy
C)Apparent movement
D)Pattern recognition
Q2) In the auditory system,the _____ is the opening of the inner ear.
A)oval window
B)ear drum
C)stirrup
D)cochlea
Q3) In the context of sensation and perception,specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to afferent nerves and the brain are called _____.
A)ganglion cells
B)sensory receptors
C)sensory effectors
D)barrier cells
Q4) Explain the functions of rods and cones in the context of the visual system.
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Chapter 5: States of Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) During lunch at the school cafeteria,Brianna falls asleep while sipping her glass of soda.She is suffering from:
A)somnambulism.
B)insomnia.
C)sleep apnea.
D)narcolepsy.
Q2) Automatic processes:
A)require little attention.
B)need more conscious effort than controlled processes.
C)interfere with other ongoing activities.
D)are unconscious behaviors.
Q3) Which of the following is an overdose effect of MDMA (Ecstasy)?
A)Breathing difficulty
B)Convulsion
C)Extreme irritability
D)Brain damage
Q4) Hypnosis can be used to reduce pain in patients.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain the concept of automatic processes.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Millie feels sick every time she travels by air.She associates flying with physical illness and,as a result,hates air travel.She also finds it difficult to watch movies with airplanes or read books about airplanes because they make her feel unwell.In this scenario,Millie is demonstrating learning through:
A)positive reinforcement.
B)classical conditioning.
C)observational learning.
D)implicit learning.
Q2) Janet scolds her daughter,Kelley,each time Kelley pinches her little brother.After two weeks,Janet notices that Kelley has stopped pinching her little brother.In this scenario,scolding Kelley is an example of _____ in operant conditioning.
A)positive reinforcement
B)negative reinforcement
C)negative punishment
D)positive punishment
Q3) Give a brief account of the four main processes involved in observational learning.
Q4) How does positive punishment differ from negative punishment in operant conditioning?
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Chapter 7: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Motivated forgetting is usually associated with _____ memories.
A)prospective
B)semantic
C)implicit
D)traumatic
Q2) Yvette remembers the time that she and her brother got lost in the park.This is an example of _____ memory.
A)retrospective
B)prospective
C)procedural
D)semantic
Q3) The term "reminiscence bump" refers to the fact that adults remember more events from the fourth decade of their lives than they do from the second and third decades.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In the context of retrieval cues,differentiate between recall and recognition,with the help of examples.
Q5) In the context of memory encoding,describe the concept of elaboration.
Q6) Describe the concepts of declarative memory and nondeclarative memory.
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Chapter 8: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Veronica has to cook dinner for 30 people this Saturday.Moreover,her apartment is a mess,and she has nothing suitable to wear for the party.Hence,she decides to do her laundry on Thursday night,buy the groceries on Friday,clean the apartment on Saturday morning,and cook dinner by Saturday evening.This process of defining intermediate problems is known as:
A)creating subgoals.
B)using algorithms.
C)using heuristics.
D)fixation.
Q2) Define the two essential components of critical thinking.
Q3) After the outcome of an election is announced,George states that he knew all along what the outcome would be.This is a form of:
A)confirmation bias.
B)hindsight bias.
C)availability heuristic.
D)representativeness heuristic.
Q4) Distinguish between availability heuristic and representativeness heuristic.
Q5) Define a concept.List the characteristics of a concept.
Q6) Define reasoning.Discuss the two types of reasoning.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Human Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____,a dimension of temperament,is described as being shy and showing distress in an unfamiliar situation.
A)Effortful control
B)Self-regulation
C)Inhibition
D)Negative affectivity
Q2) The _____ technique in studying infant perception involves searching for a reliable preference for one stimulus over another.
A)habituation
B)preferential looking
C)object permanence
D)non-differential perception
Q3) Ethnic identity is less important during adolescence because the changes experienced during that time are universal.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to Piaget,sucking is an example of an early schema.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Extrinsic motivation is based on factors such as organismic needs (competence,relatedness,and autonomy),as well as curiosity,challenge,and fun.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Ryan realizes that his heart is beating faster than usual the moment Jenna walks into the classroom.He wonders whether he has a crush on her.This reaction is best explained by the _____.
A)James-Lange theory
B)Cannon-Bard theory
C)drive reduction theory
D)two-factor theory
Q3) A _____ is a graph that arranges emotional states in an organized fashion,using the dimensions of valence and arousal level.
A)Yerkes-Dodson chart
B)Myers-Briggs type indicator
C)psychometrics chart of emotion
D)circumplex model of mood
Q4) Differentiate between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation.Give appropriate examples of each.
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Chapter 11: Gender, Sex, and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true of the disorders of sexual desire and sexual response in women?
A)All the disorders of sexual response that women suffer from are related to their experience of orgasm.
B)The disorders of sexual response in women cannot be treated with androgens.
C)All occurrences of problems of arousal and orgasm in females should be considered as disorders.
D)The disorders of sexual response in women may be treated through psychotherapy.
Q2) Briefly describe how the social cognitive approaches view gender development.
Q3) Jimmy,a six-year-old,is watching his parents fight.He observes his father shouting while his mother sits quietly,crying.Which theory of gender development is most likely to predict that Jimmy will imitate his father in his interactions with women?
A)The psychodynamic approach
B)The evolutionary psychology approach
C)The social cognitive approach
D)The biological approach
Q4) Give a brief account of the four phases of the human sexual response pattern.
Q5) Discuss the two common approaches to sex education.
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Chapter 12: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following concepts is related to Bandura's social cognitive theory?
A)Defense mechanisms
B)Reciprocal determinism
C)Unconditional positive regard
D)Self-concept
Q2) According to Carl Rogers,conditions of worth refer to an individual's need to be accepted,valued,and treated positively regardless of his or her behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to Carl Rogers,which of the following is NOT an essential ingredient of healthy human relations?
A)Conditions of worth
B)Unconditional positive regard
C)Empathy
D)Genuineness
Q4) Distinguish between a Type A and Type B behavior pattern.
Q5) Briefly describe the trait of agreeableness in the context of the big five factors of personality.
Q6) Discuss the structures of personality conceptualized by Freud.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ethnocentrism involves:
A)asserting one's own group's dominance.
B)accepting all ethnicities.
C)resisting prejudice.
D)being self-centered within a group.
Q2) In the context of social influence,Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrates _____.
A)conformity
B)obedience
C)reactance
D)altruism
Q3) According to the cognitive dissonance theory,when attitudes and behavior conflict,individuals are most likely to reduce cognitive dissonance by:
A)changing their attitudes to fit the behavior.
B)moving on to a different task.
C)ignoring the conflict.
D)consulting others.
Q4) Define and provide an example of persuasion using the central and the peripheral route.
Q5) Explain the social exchange theory in the context of close relationships.
Q6) Explain the social identity theory proposed by Henry Tajfel.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Industrial and Organizational Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Joel is a marketing executive at DigiData Corp.Although he is very good at analyzing the market trends,he is not very efficient in project planning.His manager,Darren,decides to augment Joel's analytical skills instead of trying to develop his planning skills.Which of the following approaches to management has been exemplified in this scenario?
A)Strengths-based management
B)Theory X management
C)Open management
D)Theory Y management
Q2) Transformational leaders work within the context of a workplace culture,whereas transactional leaders seek to define and redefine it.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following positions requires the most extensive training?
A)Software engineer
B)Home health aide
C)Airline pilot
D)Massage therapist
Q4) List and briefly explain the three types of employee commitment.
Q5) Explain the human relations approach to management.
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Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jillian cannot bear to leave her home without sweeping the floors,vacuuming the carpets,and organizing everything in her cupboards.She knows that her behavior is extreme,but when she tries to go to work without doing all of these things,she is overcome with such overwhelming dread that she never makes it all the way to the office.In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders,it can be inferred that Jillian suffers from _____.
A)obsessive-compulsive disorder
B)generalized anxiety disorder
C)a phobia
D)panic disorder
Q2) Penny is a single mother who constantly struggles to make both ends meet.As a result of her stressful circumstances and lack of financial stability,Penny is depressed more often.In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders,it can be inferred that Penny's depression has a _____ basis.
A)biological
B)medical
C)sociocultural
D)psychological
Q3) What are the major criticisms associated with the DSM-5?
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Therapies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a primary goal of psychodynamic therapists?
A)To help clients resolve unconscious conflicts and gain insight
B)To bring about environmental changes to impart adaptive behaviors
C)To develop the innate growth potential of clients
D)To modify irrational beliefs of clients
Q2) Sandra and Ian have been happily married for the past five years.However,Ian recently discovered that Sandra is having an affair with his best friend and is completely devastated.Upon questioning his wife,she states that she does not receive the emotional support that she expects from him.Ian narrates this incident to his friend who then recommends that he seek _____ therapy from a marital counselor.
A)client-centered
B)psychodynamic
C)couples
D)cognitive-behavioral
Q3) Dream analysis is a psychoanalytic technique for interpreting a person's dreams.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss the role of a therapist in obtaining effective therapeutic outcomes.
Q5) Define integrative therapy with a suitable example.
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Chapter 17: Health Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) An event which is perceived to be stressful by one person will be perceived to be stressful by everyone else.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Aerobic exercise increases heart and lung functioning.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Ryan has started working out in the gym so that he can play for the football team next year.He is very optimistic about being chosen in the team and feels his peers will support him.Ryan's views reflect:
A)the theory of planned behavior.
B)the theory of reasoned action.
C)the social exchange theory.
D)the self-perception theory.
Q4) Which of the following is the first stage of the change model?
A)Preparation/determination
B)Precontemplation
C)Action/willpower
D)Contemplation
Q5) What is aerobic exercise? Give a few examples.
Page 19
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