Foundations of Psychology Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Psychology introduces students to the essential principles, theories, and research methods that form the bedrock of the field of psychology. The course explores key topics such as biological bases of behavior, sensation and perception, learning, memory, development, motivation, and emotion, as well as personality, psychological disorders, and social behavior. Emphasis is placed on critical thinking, scientific inquiry, and the application of psychological knowledge to everyday life, providing students with a comprehensive understanding of how psychological processes influence individuals and society.
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SYCH 5 Introductory Psychology 5th Edition by Spencer A. Rathus
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Chapter 1: What Is Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) An association among variables is known as__________.
A)a constant
B)a sample
C)volunteer bias
D)correlation
Answer: D
Q2) A source of bias that may occur in research findings when participants are allowed to choose for themselves a certain treatment in a scientific study is called a _____.
A)gender bias
B)correlation
C)selection factor
D)sampling error
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following statements is true of applied research?
A)It is categorized as research for its own sake.
B)It is designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems.
C)It has no immediate application to personal or social problems.
D)It is broad and nonspecific in its approach.
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Biology and Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Monozygotic twins share _____ of their genes.
A)20 percent
B)40 percent
C)100 percent
D)50 percent
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following pituitary hormones regulates the adrenal cortex?
A)Testosterone
B)Melatonin
C)Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
D)Antidiuretic hormone
Answer: C
Q3) Direct artificial stimulation of the occipital lobe produces visual sensations.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) The pineal gland secretes prolactin.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________refers to the tendency to perceive a broken figure as being complete or whole.
A)The principle of closure
B)The law of common fate
C)The principle of perceptual organization
D)The law of continuity
Answer: A
Q2) The term parapsychological phenomena refers to the perception of objects or events through sensory organs.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The Hering-Helmholtz illusion is a visual illusion.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) The perceptual constancies trick the eye through visual illusions.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) The strength, or energy, of brain waves is expressed in _____.
A)coulombs
B)watts
C)amperes
D)volts
Q2) People deprived of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep:
A)experience paradoxical sleep.
B)learn more slowly.
C)have fewer chances of experiencing REM rebound.
D)spend less time in REM sleep during subsequent sleep periods.
Q3) Which of the following statements is true of insomnia?
A)Over 80% of American adults are affected by insomnia in any given year.
B)Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which a person's air passages are obstructed when asleep.
C)Older adults are more likely than younger adults to have insomnia.
D)Insomnia is a sleep attack in which a person falls asleep suddenly.
Q4) The state of consciousness called the hypnotic trance can be induced by asking people to narrow their attention to a small light.
A)True
B)False
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) In E. C. Tolman's experiment, some rats were trained to run through mazes for standard food goals, while other rats were allowed to explore the mazes for 10 days without food goals or other rewards. Later, when food rewards were placed in a box at the far end of the maze, the previously unrewarded rats reached the food box as quickly as the rewarded rats after only one or two trials. This experiment demonstrated that the rats had the ability to form _____ of their surroundings.
A)observational models
B)operant chambers
C)cognitive maps
D)orienting reflexes
Q2) In the context of the effects of media violence, most organizations of health professionals agree that:
A)media violence contributes to aggression among people.
B)children are more likely to heed what people say than to imitate what they do.
C)media violence directly causes aggression.
D)people are less likely to be aggressive when they are highly aroused.
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Chapter 6: Memory: Remembrance of Things Pastand
Future
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Sample Questions
Q1) Information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored, or learned, is known as _____.
A)elaborative rehearsal
B)state-dependent memory
C)maintenance rehearsal
D)context-dependent memory
Q2) Which of the following is true about elaborative rehearsal?
A)It involves visually representing a list of letters that needs to be remembered.
B)It involves mentally repeating a list of letters or numbers that needs to be remembered.
C)It involves adding additional letters to a list of letters that has already been memorized.
D)It involves extending the semantic meaning of the letters that need to be remembered.
Q3) In sensory memory, the memory traces of visual stimuli last many times longer than the traces of auditory stimuli.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
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Q1) According to__________, language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental influences and the inborn tendency to acquire language.
A)linguistic chauvinism
B)the empiricist theory of language acquisition
C)the triarchic theory of intelligence
D)psycholinguistic theory
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of prelinguistic vocalizations?
A)Babies' babbling frequently combines consonants and vowels.
B)During the second month, babies begin babbling.
C)Crying is a representation of language.
D)Unlike crying, babbling and cooing are prelinguistic.
Q3) The _____ groups test questions into a number of separate subtests where each subtest measures a different intellectual task.
A)Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scale
B)Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
C)Binet-Simon scale
D)Wechsler scale
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Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) The James-Lange theory suggests that emotions cause our behavioral responses to events.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Cognitive theorists note that:
A)people represent their worlds mentally.
B)people's behavior is mechanical and primarily aimed toward survival.
C)people are motivated to reduce tension.
D)motivation is independent of environmental factors.
Q3) In the context of hunger, which of the following is true?
A)Watching television increases the amount of food we eat.
B)Watching television makes us focus on what we are eating.
C)Psychological factors are not associated with the human hunger drive.
D)Physiological factors are not associated with the human hunger drive.
Q4) The__________is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that spend body energy from stored reserves.
A)subliminal nervous system
B)parasympathetic nervous system
C)sympathetic nervous system
D)corpus callosum
Page 10
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Chapter 9: The Voyage Through the Life Span
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Sample Questions
Q1) Judy, a 13-year-old girl, is poor at math. Ms. Kobes, Judy's math teacher, shares with Judy a list of math tips and tricks that she can use to become more proficient in the subject. In the context of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, Ms. Kobes is using _____ to help the child.
A)artificialism
B)cognitive scaffolding
C)proximal development
D)animism
Q2) Anaya is a teenager who has just started wearing braces. She hates going to school now because she thinks that everyone is looking at her and laughing. She believes that she must look her best at all times. Which of the following concepts of Piaget's adolescent egocentrism is depicted in this scenario?
A)The concept of cognitive scaffolding
B)The concept of objective responsibility
C)The concept of the personal fable
D)The concept of the imaginary audience
Q3) In the context of adolescence, girls tend to be more self-conscious than boys.
A)True
B)False
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Personality: Theory and Measurement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a shortcoming of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
A)It failed to recognize the significance of repression.
B)It ignored the role of id, ego, and superego.
C)Its clinical method of gathering evidence is suspect.
D)It dismissed the profound effects of childhood events.
Q2) According to Freud, which of the following is true of the ego?
A)It is present in a child at birth.
B)It develops as a child incorporates the values of parents.
C)It develops as a function of moral principle.
D)It begins to develop during the first year of life.
Q3) Freud believed that the Oedipus complex develops in the__________of psychosexual development.
A)anal stage
B)oral stage
C)genital stage
D)phallic stage
Q4) Alfred Adler believed that people are motivated by the collective unconscious.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Stress, Health, and Coping
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the context of stress and the immune system, which of the following is true of steroids?
A)Their persistent secretion makes us immune to the common cold.
B)Their persistent secretion increases inflammation.
C)Their persistent secretion interferes with the formation of antibodies.
D)Their persistent secretion enhances the health of the cardiovascular system.
Q2) _____ is best described as a demand made on an organism to adapt, cope, or adjust.
A)Pathogenicity
B)Stress
C)Homeostasis
D)An equilibrium
Q3) People with higher levels of self-efficacy are more likely to:
A)gain weight.
B)have irrational beliefs.
C)control their alcohol intake.
D)have high levels of noradrenaline.
Q4) When problems assault us, irrational beliefs help diminish their effect.
A)True
B)False
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Panic attacks in people with panic disorder seem to come from nowhere.
A)True
B)False
Q2) __________are excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, such as spiders, snakes, or heights.
A)Delusions
B)Specific phobias
C)Hallucinations
D)Psychomotor retardations
Q3) The central symptom of generalized anxiety disorder is persistent anxiety that can be attributed to a phobic object, situation, or activity.
A)True
B)False
Q4) _____ is a type of somatoform disorder.
A)Acute stress disorder
B)Conversion disorder
C)Generalized anxiety disorder
D)Bipolar disorder
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Chapter 13: Methods of Therapy
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________is the tendency to block the free expression of impulses and primitive ideas-a reflection of the defense mechanism of repression.
A)Resistance
B)Free association
C)Catharsis
D)Transference
Q2) Which of the following is a difference between humanistic forms of therapy and behavior therapy?
A)Humanistic forms of therapy tend to focus on what people think and feel, whereas behavior therapists tend to focus on what people do.
B)Humanistic forms of therapy tend to focus on habits, whereas behavior therapists tend to focus on insights.
C)Humanistic forms of therapy tend to focus on the past events in clients' lives, whereas behavior therapy tends to focus on the present.
D)Humanistic forms of therapy tend to focus on maladaptive behaviors, whereas behavior therapy tends to focus on observational learning.
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Chapter 14: Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) In cultures that view the self as independent, people tend to make dispositional attributions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following best describes attitude?
A)It is an enduring mental representation of a person, place, or thing that typically evokes an emotional response and related behavior.
B)It is the uncensored uttering of all thoughts that come to mind.
C)It is the tendency to block the free expression of impulses and primitive ideas-a reflection of the defense mechanism of repression.
D)It is the expression of repressed feelings and impulses to allow the release of the psychic energy associated with them.
Q3) Stanley Milgram undertook a series of classic experiments at Yale University in 1963 to study the factors that contribute to__________.
A)obedience to authority
B)propinquity
C)recency
D)primacy
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