Foundations of Psychology Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Foundations of Psychology introduces students to the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. The course covers core concepts such as biological bases of behavior, perception, learning, memory, development, motivation, emotion, personality, and social interactions. Students will explore major theoretical perspectives, including cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, and humanistic approaches, and examine the methods psychologists use to conduct research and interpret data. Emphasis is placed on applying psychological principles to everyday life and understanding individual and group behavior within a broader societal context.
Recommended Textbook
THINK Psychology 2nd Edition by Abigail A. Baird
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18 Chapters
2429 Verified Questions
2429 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction
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143 Verified Questions
143 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following would you be least likely to hear emphasized by a humanistic psychologist?
A) self-actualization
B) unconscious motives
C) free will
D) self-expression
Answer: B
Q2) Forming a hypothesis is the third step in a scientific investigation.This step is derived from which goal of psychology?
A) describing
B) explaining
C) predicting
D) controlling
Answer: B
Q3) The concept of dualism was first suggested by René Descartes during the late Renaissance period.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Research Methods
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140 Verified Questions
140 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In order to conduct survey research in a way that will give the best chance to make generalizations beyond those surveyed,a researcher should give their survey to a wide sample of people from a larger population.__________ sampling is a technique that helps ensure the variety within a sample that helps ensure that it is representative of a larger population.
A) random
B) distributed
C) snowball
D) selective
Answer: A
Q2) After the disaster of Hurricane Katrina in 2005,many people come forward and said that they knew that the levees in New Orleans should have been built stronger,and that they just knew that a catastrophe like this was coming.In research this is known as the __________.
A) false consensus effect
B) hindsight bias
C) critical error
D) empirical fallacy
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: The Human Brain
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134 Verified Questions
134 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system and the smallest unit of communication in the human body.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Approximately how many interneurons are contained in the human central nervous system?
A) 100 million
B) 100 trillion
C) 100 billion
D) 100 quadrillion
Answer: C
Q3) If you were able to (safely)remove your own brain and flatten out the entire cerebral cortex,how large would it be?
A) About 2.5 square feet
B) About 250 square feet
C) About 25 square feet
D) About 2500 square feet
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Genetics and Evolution
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134 Verified Questions
134 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) An organism's reproductive cells are called gametes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Infant __________ refer to a set of innate traits in humans.
A) adaptations
B) reflexes
C) development
D) adjustments
Q3) On average,how many of your genes do you share with each of your siblings?
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 25%
D) 50%
Q4) Bipedalism refers to the ability of an animal to walk on four legs in a coordinated fashion
A)True
B)False
Q5) Charles Darwin was the original theorist who suggested social Darwinism.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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135 Verified Questions
135 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When attention is directed by external stimuli,it is referred to as __________.
A) exogenous
B) intrasensory
C) endogenous
D) extrasensory
Q2) When light enters the human eye,what is the correct order of structures through which that light passes?
A) Cornea, lens, pupil
B) Cornea, pupil, lens
C) Sclera, cornea, lens
D) Pupil, lens, cornea.
Q3) The human brain is capable of distinguishing over 700 million different color variations.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A person who 'tastes sounds' suffers from a disorder called synesthesia.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Consciousness
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132 Verified Questions
132 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The activation-__________ theory of dreaming states that dreams are the result of the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural electrical activity while we sleep.
A) information
B) processing
C) lucidity
D) synthesis
Q2) Barry was working in his workshop one evening when he got a one-inch cut on his forearm.It bled for several minutes before he was able to apply a bandage without it bleeding through.After a good night of sleep,he noticed that his injury had formed a rough scab that was now protecting the cut as it healed.The fact that this happened while Barry slept is evidence of the __________ theory of sleep.
A) Memory
B) Protection and preservation
C) Growth
D) Body restoration
Q3) The average human being will have over 100,000 dreams in his or her lifetime.
A)True
B)False
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8
Chapter 7: Learning
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134 Verified Questions
134 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The process of __________ consolidation involves morphological changes that help stabilize memories within a few hours after learning.
A) synaptic
B) systemic
C) sensory
D) adaptive
Q2) Albert Bandura used the Bobo Doll experiment to demonstrate the precepts of operant learning.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The __________ action principle states that reduction in learning is proportional to the amount of brain tissue destroyed,no matter where in the brain the destruction occurs.
A) locus
B) mass
C) proportionate atrophy
D) cerebral cancellation
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Memory
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133 Verified Questions
133 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) How many different kinds of sensory registers does each person have?
A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 7
Q2) An essay examination is an example of a(n)__________ task.
A) induction
B) recall
C) deduced
D) recognition
Q3) Students often use fancy report covers,exciting fonts,and vivid pictures on the covers of their term papers to try to impress their teacher.If their various strategies cause the teacher to have a more vivid memory of their individual paper,then they have succeeded in using __________ to influence the teacher's memory.
A) deep processing
B) decoy processing
C) interferent processing
D) shallow processing
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Chapter 9: Cognition and Intelligence
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136 Verified Questions
136 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a person's mental age is the same as their chronological age,what will their IQ be calculated as?
A) 50
B) 200
C) 10
D) 100
Q2) Which of the following cognitive skills has not been found to contribute to high IQ scores
A) quick information processing speeds
B) high capacity of working memory
C) better skill at regulating emotions
D) mental self-monitoring
Q3) In which country did Lewis Terman published an adaptation of Alfred Binet's intelligence test in 1916?
A) England
B) The United States of America
C) Canada
D) Italy
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11
Chapter 10: Human Development I: Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development
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135 Verified Questions
135 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) While the sequence in which motor skills develops is generally universal,the _________ of the development of those skills tends to be different from child to child.
A) order
B) timing
C) speed
D) appearance
Q2) Stanley was born in October of 1944.In April of 2009 his __________ age will be 64 years.
A) developmental
B) physiological
C) chronological
D) social
Q3) The elementary vowel and consonant sounds that combine to form morphemes are called __________.
A) syntacks
B) phonics
C) phonemes
D) consonemes
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Chapter 11: Sex and Gender
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133 Verified Questions
133 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Up until 1973,__________ was listed as a psychological disorder by the American Psychiatric Association.
A) sexual promiscuity
B) transsexualism
C) homosexuality
D) gender identity disorder
Q2) When examining the concordance rates of homosexuality between identical twins and fraternal twins or non-twin siblings,the following has been reported by research - if one identical twin is gay,his brother has a ___% chance of being gay as well.If a fraternal twin or a non-twin sibling is gay,his brother has a ___% chance of being gay as well.
A) 75; 10
B) 50; 15
C) 25; 5
D) 95; 30
Q3) Which of the following "equations" is the most accurate?
A) gender schema theory + elements of cognition = social learning theory
B) gender schema theory + androgyny = transsexualism
C) androgyny + social learning theory = elements of cognition
D) social learning theory + elements of cognition = gender schema theory.
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Chapter 12: Human Development II: Social Development
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134 Verified Questions
134 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the United States of America,the average age for a first marriage has increased by ____ years since 1960,when the average age was 23 for men and 21 for women.
A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
Q2) According to the __________ theory of aging,elderly people gradually and willingly withdraw themselves from society as they approach the end of their lives.
A) deactivation
B) withdrawal
C) disengagement
D) socioemotional selectivity
Q3) The highest levels of moral reasoning,called __________ morality,are based on abstract principles such as justice,liberty,and equality.
A) conventional
B) postconventional
C) preconventional
D) retroconventional
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14
Chapter 13: Emotion and Motivation
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135 Verified Questions
135 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The __________ defines job satisfaction as a worker's sense of achieving a certain outcome based on expectancy,instrumentality,and valence.
A) expectancy theory
B) occupationality theory
C) instrumentality theory
D) valence theory
Q2) In general,which of the following groups can detect and interpret nonverbal cues the best?
A) children
B) women
C) domesticated pets
D) men
Q3) While a polygraph test is often referred to as a lie detector,in truth it should be called a(n)__________ detector.
A) truth
B) facial feature
C) brain-wave change
D) emotions
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Chapter 14: Social Psychology
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136 Verified Questions
136 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In and of themselves,stereotypes are always dangerous and destructive.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The __________ bias is the tendency for a person to attribute his or her failures to external events and his or her successes to personal characteristics and skills.
A) internal-external
B) attractiveness
C) fundamental attribution
D) self-serving
Q3) Stanley was sitting on his front porch when he saw a child run into the street after a stray ball.The child did not see that there was a car coming,and Stanley knew something very bad was about to happen.He jumped off of his porch,ran into the street,and just snatched the child out of the way before the car hit them.Stanley and the child were fine,but his action,taken without concern for his own safety,is an example of
A) self-sacrifice
B) altruism
C) prosocial behavior
D) collectivism
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Health and Stress
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128 Verified Questions
128 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ therapy is a therapeutic technique that involves alternately tensing and relaxing muscles in the body and practicing breathing exercises in order to relieve tension.
A) Hyperflexation
B) Relaxation
C) Tense-and-Release
D) Serenity
Q2) In 1930,endocrinologist __________ proposed the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)model that explains the body's three-stage physiological response to the presence of stress
A) Walter Cannon
B) Hans Selye
C) Ishmael Golatz
D) Laurente di Maroni
Q3) Attempting to remove the source of stress so that the stress decreases is an example of emotion-focused coping.
A)True
B)False
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Personality and Individual Differences
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134 Verified Questions
134 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) "Those who believe they will succeed are usually right.Those who believe they will fail are always right." This quotation is a brief summary of the locus of control theory of
A) Mary Carver Jones
B) Mary Ainsworth
C) Marshall McConaghie
D) Julian Rotter
Q2) What has research found about the heritability of traits identified by trait theories?
A) Traits only show heritability for family members who are raised in the same household. Otherwise there is no type of research that can investigate personality heritability.
B) Traits only show heritability for identical twins, since they are genetic clones. Relatives without the exact same genetic heritage show no real personality heritability.
C) Traits tend to be heritable, as demonstrated by the fact that the closer two people are genetically, the greater their trait similarity.
D) Personality is 90% genetic, so those who don't want to turn into their own parents are out of luck.
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Psychological Disorders
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138 Verified Questions
138 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the two following types of diagnoses are combined when a psychiatric patient receives a dual diagnosis?
A) Any two distinctly different mental disorders
B) Major depression and any psychotic disorder
C) Any mental disorder and any physiological disorder
D) Any mental disorder and substance abuse
Q2) Asperger syndrome is thought to be a childhood disorder that bears a resemblance to autism.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Asperger syndrome is one of the __________ spectrum disorders.
A) autism
B) conversion
C) mental disorder
D) schizophrenia
Q4) The memory loss of dissociative amnesia is caused by a psychological,rather than a physical, trauma.
A)True
B)False
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Psychological Therapies
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135 Verified Questions
135 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Benzodiazepines have replaced barbiturates for the treatment of anxiety because they have fewer addictive qualities and have no unpleasant withdrawal symptoms.
A)True
B)False
Q2) "My wife made me so mad that I just couldn't help but shake her," Darren said to his therapist after being mandated by the judge to seek anger-management counseling.His therapist,Dr.Lowe,said to him,"Well,Darren,maybe we could go about that differently.Is it your wife who makes you angry,or is it you who allows yourself to get so angry?" Because she is attempting to get Darren to take responsibility for his own feelings and actions,Dr.Lowe might be described as a __________ therapist.
A) behavioral
B) cognitive
C) Gestalt
D) social learning
Q3) Antipsychotic drugs include SSRIs,MAOIs,and benzodiazepines.
A)True
B)False
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Page 20