Foundations of Psychology Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Foundations of Psychology introduces students to the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This course covers major theoretical perspectives, key concepts, and essential research methods in psychology. Topics include biological bases of behavior, sensation and perception, learning, memory, development, motivation, emotion, personality, psychological disorders, and the application of psychological principles in everyday life. Through lectures, discussions, and practical activities, students gain a foundational understanding of how psychological science contributes to our knowledge of individuals and society.
Recommended Textbook
Psychological Science 5th Edition by Michael Gazzaniga
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15 Chapters
2560 Verified Questions
2560 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) "Why am I so depressed?" asked Phia."Obviously," said Dr.Fox,"you have inner,unconscious turmoil that we need to explore." Dr.Fox takes a(n)________ approach to psychology.
A) evolutionary
B) psychoanalytic
C) functionalist
D) Gestalt
Answer: B
Q2) Lassandra takes a sip of cola."Sweet ...cold,wet,tingly ...slightly bitter," she reports.Lassandra is engaging in:
A) functionalism.
B) free association.
C) psychoanalysis.
D) introspection.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Research Methodology
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher studying attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is gathering information on how many children receive an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder diagnosis each year.Which of the four primary goals of science is she addressing?
A) description
B) control
C) prediction
D) explanation
Answer: A
Q2) In observational studies,participants sometimes show reactivity.A related phenomenon in self-report studies is called:
A) participant observation.
B) experimenter expectancy.
C) socially desirable responding.
D) the third variable problem.
Answer: C
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4
Chapter 3: Biology and Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the study conducted by Avshalom Caspi,boys who had been mistreated and showed the low-MAO gene were:
A) least likely to commit a crime.
B) responsible for more than half the crimes committed by the group.
C) no more likely to commit a crime than the boys without the low-MAO gene who had been mistreated.
D) no more likely to commit a crime than boys with the low-MAO gene who were not mistreated.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following subcortical structures plays an important role in fear processing?
A) hypothalamus
B) hippocampus
C) amygdala
D) basal ganglia
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) What brain region(s)have been linked to narcolepsy?
A) motor cortex
B) parietal lobe and spinal cord
C) temporal lobe and frontal lobe
D) hypothalamus
Q2) James is experiencing a strong drug craving.He is most likely experiencing activation in his:
A) amygdala.
B) parasympathetic nervous system.
C) insula.
D) sympathetic nervous system.
Q3) Walter has a strong desire to use methamphetamine,even though he no longer enjoys the feelings it produces.This phenomenon is primarily due to activity in the:
A) amygdala.
B) nucleus accumbens.
C) cannabinoid system.
D) hippocampus.
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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Prolonged exposure to movement in one direction ________ the motion detectors responsive to that direction.When the movement stops,the baseline firing rate of detectors for the opposite direction of motion will be ________ than the firing rate for the detectors that responded to the prolonged movement,leading to motion aftereffects. A) sensitizes; higher B) sensitizes; lower C) fatigues; higher
D) fatigues; lower
Q2) Supertasters are those who experience especially intense taste sensations.This trait is determined largely by:
A) the environment.
B) one's culture.
C) genetics.
D) environmental and genetic factors.
Q3) The size of an object's retinal image is ________ correlated with ________.
A) negatively; the amount of attention we pay to it
B) negatively; its distance
C) positively; the amount of attention we pay to it
D) positively; its distance
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is a Skinner box?
A) a diagram of reward contingencies
B) a special crib-like device Skinner used for raising his children
C) a special kind of rat maze
D) a chamber used for testing animal learning
Q2) According to your textbook,what is the current understanding of the purpose of mirror neurons?
A) Mirror neurons allow us to imitate actions,and therefore accelerate observational learning.
B) Mirror neurons allow us to explain and predict the behavior of others.
C) Mirror neurons allow us to feel the pain of others,and thus learn to avoid painful situations.
D) Mirror neurons allow us to identify the emotions of others in social interactions.
Q3) The imitation of observed behavior is known as:
A) operant learning.
B) play learning.
C) monkeying.
D) modeling.
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8
Chapter 7: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to network of association theories,concepts in memory are localized in: A) nodes.
B) associations.
C) feature lists.
D) feature hierarchies.
Q2) Anita started to talk at 9 months and was speaking fluently by the time she was a year old; she crawled at 13 months and was walking at 15 months.Xenia started to talk at 14 months and was speaking fluently just after her second birthday; she crawled at 10 months and was walking by her first birthday.One theory of childhood amnesia might predict that _____ will have memories from an earlier age because of her _____.
A) Anita; better linguistic capacity
B) Anita; cognitive precocity
C) Xenia; increased capacity to explore
D) Xenia; higher level of motor skill
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Chapter 8: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) People tend to become closed minded when asked to find a different use for an object that has a clear purpose.This mind-set is a result of:
A) mental sets.
B) restructuring.
C) working backward.
D) functional fixedness.
Q2) The Law School Admissions Test (LSAT)is designed to measure someone's ability to think logically.This ability is predictive of success in law school and as a practicing attorney.The LSAT is a(n)________ test.
A) aptitude
B) achievement
C) general ability
D) standardized
Q3) Which of the following concepts would Spearman agree with regarding intelligence?
A) One main intelligence factor is supplemented by smaller factors.
B) One intelligence factor operates in all intellectual tasks.
C) The main intelligence factor is composed of many small intelligence factors.
D) Crystallized intelligence is more important than fluid intelligence.
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Chapter 9: Human Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following theorists is noted for studying development across an individual's life span?
A) Jean Piaget
B) Sigmund Freud
C) John Bowlby
D) Erik Erikson
Q2) Separation anxiety appears in infants:
A) at varying times,depending upon the cultures the infants are in.
B) at 8 to 12 months of age.
C) primarily if they have been deprived of caregiver comfort.
D) at about the same time they reach the formal operational stage of development.
Q3) Over the course of the last several decades,research on child development has suggested that:
A) environmental factors are more important than previously thought.
B) Freud was essentially correct regarding the psychosexual stages.
C) biological factors play a less significant role than previously thought.
D) by using varied types of assessments,we know that children understand more and at an earlier age than psychologists previously thought.
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Chapter 10: Emotion and Motivation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bingwen does not like formal clothes,but he must buy a suit for his sister's wedding.He goes to seven stores before he finds a suit that he likes.Bingwen's going to buy a suit shows the ________ quality of motivation.His search through seven stores shows the ________ quality of motivation.
A) energizing; directive
B) energizing; persistent
C) directive; energizing
D) directive; persistent
Q2) Ever since his girlfriend broke up with him,Marcus has been going over the breakup in his mind."Why did she leave? How could I have stopped her? We had such wonderful times.I miss her so much." Marcus is coping with his feelings through:
A) thought suppression.
B) misattribution.
C) rebound.
D) rumination.
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Chapter 11: Health and Well-Being
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Sample Questions
Q1) Amy has just been diagnosed with breast cancer.She reminds herself that breast cancer is highly treatable and that the doctors caught hers early.She feels much luckier than people whose breast cancer is caught during later stages of the disease.Which of the following coping strategies is Amy using?
A) creation of positive events
B) downward comparisons
C) secondary appraisals
D) emotion-focused coping
Q2) In distinguishing the alarm stage of the GAS model from the exhaustion stage,you know that in the alarm stage ________,whereas in the exhaustion stage ________.
A) the immune systems begins to fail; immunity to infection increases
B) immunity to infection increases; the immune system begins to fail
C) physiological responses aimed at boosting physical abilities are activated; the immune system begins to fail
D) physiological responses aimed at boosting physical abilities are activated; immunity to infection increases
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Chapter 12: Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a political candidate wants to create a positive image that will convince people to contribute throughout a long campaign,the candidate should use campaign materials that:
A) feature endorsements from prominent people.
B) involve short emotional attacks on the opponent.
C) use catchy slogans and attention-grabbing graphics.
D) present well-argued descriptions of the candidate's positions.
Q2) Building from the principle of transitivity,you can assume that if Person A and Person
B are friends and Person A strongly likes Person C,then Person B will ________ PersonC
A) moderately dislike
B) strongly like
C) strongly dislike
D) feel neutral toward
Q3) Romantic conflict is predicted by:
A) mental withdrawing.
B) defensiveness.
C) contempt.
D) all of the above.
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Chapter 13: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Freud's theory about people fixated at the anal stage becoming stubborn and regulating:
A) is related to Freud's theory that those fixated at the oral stage become strict and inflexible.
B) has a lot of backing by current personality research.
C) is unsupported by current research in personality theory.
D) was an important factor in the humanistic movement.
Q2) If working through unconscious conflicts is central to healthy personality in Freud's psychodynamic theory,then ________ is central to healthy personality in Roger's person-centered theory.
A) recognizing one's value expectancies
B) accepting oneself unconditionally
C) developing a healthy level of extraversion
D) reducing one's level of psychoticism
Q3) According to Gordon Allport,personality:
A) is largely contingent on one's environment.
B) is a dynamic system arising from biological processes.
C) is largely a social construction.
D) is the outcome of how people think and behave rather than the cause of thought and behavior.
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Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) People suffering obsessive-compulsive disorder are:
A) more likely to engage in violent behavior against others.
B) more likely to be male than female.
C) typically aware that their obsessions and compulsions are irrational.
D) typically diagnosed with the disorder in early childhood.
Q2) As a research psychologist,Dr.Brown wants to be sure that she gathers information from all her patients in the same way,and that she asks questions about all of the same areas.Dr.Brown probably uses a(n):
A) unstructured interview.
B) structured interview.
C) unstructured observation.
D) structured observation.
Q3) According to your textbook,a mental disorder that involves a person's losing awareness of time and events is called:
A) dissociative amnesia.
B) dissociative fugue.
C) schizophrenia.
D) bipolar disorder.
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16
Chapter 15: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jenny is in psychotherapy for an eating disorder.Her therapist is warm and supportive and can easily take her perspective.He encourages her to express her thoughts and feelings about her eating issues and does not judge or criticize anything she says.This therapeutic relationship is the basis for change,creating an environment where the client can be herself.This therapist is using a ________ therapeutic approach.
A) cognitive-behavioral
B) client-centered
C) mindfulness-based
D) psychoanalytic
Q2) Transcranial magnetic stimulation is similar to electroconvulsive therapy in two ways.It ________ ,and it is helpful for people who ________.
A) involves brain stimulation; have a second serious disorder,such as schizophrenia
B) involves brain stimulation; have not responded to traditional drug therapies
C) can be used outside of a hospital setting; have a second serious disorder,such as schizophrenia
D) can be used outside of a hospital setting; have not responded to traditional drug therapies
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