Foundations of Psychology Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Foundations of Psychology offers an introduction to the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. This course explores core concepts such as perception, learning, memory, cognition, motivation, emotion, development, personality, and psychological disorders. Students will examine the historical evolution of psychology as a discipline, major theoretical perspectives, and research methods used in psychological inquiry. Emphasis is placed on applying psychological principles to everyday life and understanding how psychology informs our understanding of individuals and societies.
Recommended Textbook
The Science of Psychology An Appreciative View 2nd Edition by Laura A. King
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17 Chapters
2124 Verified Questions
2124 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Science of Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Professor McDonald believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference enhanced the survival of our ancestor's genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective.
A) socio-cultural
B) cognitive
C) evolutionary
D) psychodynamic
Answer: C
Q2) Dr. Wade uses PET scans to explain that the difference between a male and a female is apparent in the structure and function of the brain. Dr. Wade's specialty is
A) clinical psychology.
B) personality psychology.
C) evolutionary psychology.
D) neuropsychology.
Answer: D
Q3) John B. Watson is associated with the school of structuralism.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Psychologys Scientific Method
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Sample Questions
Q1) You design a research study to investigate if there is a relationship between two variables. You measure each of them without manipulating either one. If you find that Variable A is increasing at about the same rate as Variable B is increasing, what can you conclude?
A) Variable A is causing Variable B.
B) Variable A is negatively correlated with Variable B.
C) Variable B is causing Variable A.
D) Variable A is positively correlated with Variable B.
Answer: D
Q2) Confidentiality requires that
A) data from a study is stored without names attached.
B) participants are given a full description of the study.
C) participants have a right to view the results of a study.
D) participation in a study is voluntary.
Answer: A
Q3) Researchers are free to publish the identity of research participants who were studied using naturalistic observation.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Biological Foundations of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Transcranial magnetic stimulation allows researchers to draw cause and effect conclusions.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) In a study of the function of the fusiform face area, the recognition of "greebles," or face like objects, demonstrated that the fusiform face area
A) can only recognize human faces.
B) can recognize all mammal-like faces.
C) is associated with the recognition of objects that aren't necessarily related to human faces.
D) is really just a part of Broca's area.
Answer: C
Q3) Which subpart of the brain is located at the rear base of the skull?
A) forebrain
B) corpus callosum
C) midbrain
D) hindbrain
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the phenomenon of phantom limb pain.
Q2) The ________ theory of color vision most accurately describes the process of color vision at the level of the retina.
A) afterimage
B) opponent-process
C) dark adaptation
D) trichromatic
Q3) Shape constancy is our ability to
A) switch back and forth between the figure and the ground in a figure-ground problem. B) have all of our sensory systems working on overload in a highly stressful situation. C) adapt to the amount of light in the room even if that requires light or dark adaptation. D) see an object as being the same shape even though we move closer to it or farther from it.
Q4) Provide an example of when you would have to rely on bottom-up processing more heavily than top-down processing.
Q5) Describe the main principles of the trichromatic theory of color vision.
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Chapter 5: States of Conciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) They were standing in the middle of the kitchen discussing vacation plans when Nolan suddenly crashed to the floor in a deep REM sleep. Nolan's behavior indicates that he is suffering from
A) sleep apnea.
B) insomnia.
C) narcolepsy.
D) night terrors.
Q2) Amphetamines are classified as a(n)
A) opiate.
B) hallucinogen.
C) depressant.
D) stimulant.
Q3) Dreams occurring during ________ sleep are briefer, less vivid, and less emotionally charged compared to those that occur during ________ sleep.
A) REM; non-REM
B) non-REM; REM
C) Stage 2; Stage 1
D) Stage 1; Stage 2
Q4) Describe circadian rhythms and their main functions.
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some bears kept in captivity allow veterinarians to routinely give them total body checkups. These bears open their mouths for teeth cleaning and present their paws for nail clipping. Your friend wonders how anyone could ever get these dangerous animals to be so cooperative without anesthesia. From your study of psychology, you quickly surmise that the bears have undergone an extensive ________ program.
A) fear extinction
B) discrimination
C) secondary reinforcement
D) shaping
Q2) What does the term "reflex" mean in regards to classical conditioning?
A) a learned association
B) an automatic S-R connection
C) a neutral stimulus
D) an imitated behavior
Q3) Negative punishment and negative reinforcement have the same impact on behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Contrast latent learning and insight learning.
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Chapter 7: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to research on memory, individuals who describe important life experiences from a redemptive perspective are more
A) generative.
B) religious.
C) intelligent.
D) dependable.
Q2) When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganized them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic of A) mental structuring.
B) visual structuring.
C) chunking.
D) cueing.
Q3) The amygdala is the memory center in the brain.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Provide one example of each of the following: semantic, episodic, and flashbulb memories.
Q5) Use the principles of encoding to explain the serial position effect.
Q6) Provide examples of shallow, intermediate, and deep levels of processing.
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Chapter 8: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who is LEAST likely to exhibit mindfulness as part of their regular job responsibilities?
A) an administrative assistant
B) a detective at a crime scene
C) the pilot of a plane
D) the usher at the movie theater
Q2) Evidence of the role of language in cognitive activities includes the fact that
A) memory is stored in the form of images.
B) memory is stored in the form of sounds.
C) without language, people have no memories.
D) memory is stored in the form of words.
Q3) Discuss the type of thinking involved in creativity and describe some characteristics of creative people.
Q4) According to deductive reasoning, if a theory is true, then the hypothesis will be true as well.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe links between cognition and language.
Q6) Compare and contrast the human brain with a computer.
Q7) Discuss the prototype model and how most individuals use it.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Human Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) List and describe the four identity statuses as described in Marcia's theory.
Q2) Infant Caleb can be taken just about anywhere and seems to flourish in new surroundings. His temperament is best described as A) easy.
B) slow-to-warm-up.
C) resilient.
D) competent.
Q3) According to Piaget, sucking is an example of an early schema.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Infant Stefano cries virtually all the time and has difficulty with new situations. His temperament is best described as A) unstable.
B) slow-to-warm-up.
C) difficult.
D) detached.
Q5) Brianne and Todd have both entered puberty at a very early age. Given the research on puberty, how is this early development likely to affect both of these individuals?
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Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) The broaden-and-build model of emotion was proposed to describe the A) the differences in emotional expression across cultures.
B) adaptiveness of positive emotion.
C) difference between high and low arousal emotions.
D) discrepancies between Plutchik's and Tompkins' models.
Q2) Explain the relationship between the Yerkes-Dodson Law and test anxiety.
Q3) Though her weight is normal, Ashley is terrified of becoming heavy. She knows she should stick to a healthy diet, but she often consumes huge servings of junk food-up to 5,000 calories in one sitting. Desperate to keep from gaining weight, she then uses laxatives and diuretics to purge the calories. Ashley is suffering from
A) anorexia nervosa.
B) bulimia nervosa.
C) obesity.
D) binge-eating disorder.
Q4) Which of the following are included in the definition of emotion?
A) feeling
B) thinking
C) behaving
D) All of these.
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Chapter 11: Gender, Sex, and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ________ phase of human sexual response involves a continuation and heightening of arousal.
A) orgasm
B) plateau
C) excitement
D) refractory
Q2) Gossiping is a form of relational aggression.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Debbie is a warm nurturing individual who volunteers at the daycare located in her church. Debbie is best described as
A) instrumental.
B) expressive.
C) androgynous.
D) undifferentiated.
Q4) The vast majority of "tomboys" turn out to be
A) bisexual.
B) homosexual.
C) heterosexual.
D) cross-gendered.
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Chapter 12: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ted routinely puts family concerns over those of work. Henry Murray would explain this as the need for
A) achievement.
B) affiliation.
C) power.
D) proximity.
Q2) Adler focused on ________ psychology.
A) social
B) behavioral
C) individual
D) humanistic
Q3) Which is not one of the big five factors of personality discussed in your text?
A) neuroticism
B) extraversion
C) agreeableness
D) empathy
Q4) Alfred Adler emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in personality development.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) In American society, it is socially unacceptable to admit to racial prejudice. Identify and describe a test that might allow social scientists to find out if this trend is due to a real change in social consciousness or is merely a form of expected social correctness?
Q2) Billy's third grade teacher read in his file that he has a history of being a trouble maker. When Billy accidently drops his pencil on the first day of school, his teacher immediately takes five minutes off his recess time, which in turn causes Billy to talk back to her. She smiles at him and says, "I knew you were going to be trouble!" What concept is being depicted in this scenario?
A) stereotype
B) social cognition
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) social bias
Q3) Discuss the relationship between gender and altruism.
Q4) Which of the following is NOT a reason why people develop prejudice?
A) competition between groups
B) cultural learning
C) limits on our information-processing abilities
D) in-born tendencies
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Industrial and Organizational Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mark is a manager who spends a lot of time thinking of ways to improve his organization. His coworkers describe him as charismatic and visionary. What type of leader is Mark?
A) management by exception
B) transformational
C) theory X
D) transactional
Q2) Which of the following statements is correct according to research on today's job applicant pool?
A) Applicants with connections to insiders do not work as hard on the job as those who applied without knowing anybody in the company.
B) It is harder to judge the quality of candidates who apply online than it is to judge those who apply in person.
C) Applicants who apply through online channels are better-quality candidates than those who apply in other ways.
D) Qualified applicants have become harder to find due to more specific job descriptions and technological advances.
Q3) How is job satisfaction related to pay?
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16
Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the absence of ADHD, exposure to Ritalin can predispose individuals to later addiction problems.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Of the following factors, ________ is related to the highest rates of mental disorders.
A) low income
B) ethnicity
C) birth order
D) gender
Q3) One possible reason for the increase in the number of reported cases of dissociative identity disorder is
A) groupthink.
B) social construction.
C) social contagion.
D) group polarization.
Q4) Describe both the positive and negative symptoms associated with someone who is suffering from schizophrenia.
Q5) Describe the three defining elements of abnormal behavior.
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Chapter 16: Therapies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Systematic desensitization is an operant conditioning technique.
A)True
B)False
Q2) "My client must confront the conflicts which are left over from childhood and gain release from this burdening anxiety." This statement would likely be made by a psychologist who practices ________ therapy.
A) psychodynamic
B) cognitive
C) behavioral
D) humanistic
Q3) Imagine that you are a therapist and someone has come to your office because he is terrified of dogs. Briefly describe how you could use systematic desensitization to treat this person's phobia.
Q4) Which of the following questions is a behavioral therapist more likely to ask than a psychoanalyst?
A) How is your relationship with your mother?
B) Why won't you talk about your father?
C) What did you dream about last night?
D) How much did your anxiety subside after you washed your hands?
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Chapter 17: Health Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ryan has started lifting weights so he can try out for the football team next year. He is excited and feels his peers will support him. However, he still does not know if he will make the team. His change in behavior reflects the theory of A) planned behavior.
B) reasoned action.
C) changed behavior.
D) healthy behavior.
Q2) In which of the following situations might emotion-focused coping be most beneficial?
A) after failing a psychology test
B) after your car breaks down
C) after your dog dies
D) after you forget to turn in your homework
Q3) Dr. Saline is testing the water supplies of small villages in a remote region of Africa to ascertain the water's purity. Dr. Saline is interested in A) public health. B) health promotion.
C) charity work.
D) lifestyle changes.
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