Foundations of Psychology Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Foundations of Psychology provides an introduction to the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. This course explores key psychological concepts, major theoretical perspectives, and seminal research in areas such as biological bases of behavior, perception, learning, memory, personality, development, psychological disorders, and social interactions. Students gain an understanding of research methods in psychology and are encouraged to critically examine how psychological principles apply to everyday life and contribute to personal and societal well-being.
Recommended Textbook
Discovering Psychology The Science of Mind 3rd Edition by John T. Cacioppo
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16 Chapters
1942 Verified Questions
1942 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Science of Mind the Discipline of Psychology
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117 Verified Questions
117 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Titchener's approach to psychology paralleled which of the following trends of his day?
A)The development of graduate programs in mathematics
B)The movement for women's suffrage in American politics
C)Efforts in chemistry to break molecules into elements
D)The use of light in Impressionist art
Answer: C
Q2) Freud's psychodynamic theory and its applications to the treatment of psychological disorders dominated much of psychological thinking for the ____.
A)first half of the 19th century
B)second half of the 19th century
C)first half of the 20th century
D)second half of the 20th century
Answer: C
Q3) Functionalism emerged partly in response to the publication of ____.
A)Great Expectations,by Charles Dickens
B)The Prince and the Pauper,by Mark Twain
C)The Origin of the Species,by Charles Darwin
D)Far from the Madding Crowd,by Thomas Hardy
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: The Measure of Mind Methods of Psychology
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121 Verified Questions
121 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A statistical analysis of many previous experiments on a single topic is called a
A)meta-analysis
B)modal analysis
C)deviation analysis
D)regression analysis
Answer: A
Q2) The cross-sectional method is subject to the generational effects of having been born at a particular point in history,which is called the ____.
A)generational correlation
B)cohort effect
C)historical bias
D)age-related differences
Answer: B
Q3) The most frequently occurring score in a set of data is the ____.
A)mean
B)norm
C)median
D)mode
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: The Evolving Mind Nature and Nurture
Intertwined
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109 Verified Questions
109 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Two groups of students (Group A and Group B)participate in standardized agility tests.The results show that Group A is considerably more agile than Group B and that agility is heritable.What can we conclude?
A)The genetic variability between the two groups is high.
B)Genetic factors play a role in agility.
C)The genetic variability within each group is low.
D)Environment has no effect on agility.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is most characteristic of studies looking into heritability?
A)Finding out how much sons favor their mother's genetics over their fathers.
B)Finding out how much daughters favor their mother's genetics over their fathers.
C)Finding the number of characteristics children inherit from their fathers.
D)Finding the statistical likelihood that variations observed across individuals in a population are due to genetics.
Answer: D
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5
Chapter 4: The Biological Mind the Physical Basis of Behavior
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139 Verified Questions
139 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) During the 20th century,which method led to a burst of knowledge about the nervous system?
A)Radiography
B)Phrenography
C)Functional magnetic resonance imaging
D)Cranial formation diagnostic imaging
Q2) A(n)____ is a neuron that carries commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
A)interneuron
B)cerebellar neuron
C)sensory neuron
D)motor neuron
Q3) What would be a consequence of destroying the corpus callosum?
A)The left and right cerebral hemispheres would not be able to effectively communicate.
B)A person would have difficulty breathing.
C)A severe movement disorder would eventually emerge.
D)A person would lose the ability to experience fear.
Q4) Compare and contrast the function and source of neurotransmitters and hormones.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: The Perceiving Mind Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Adele picked out a specific sample of green to paint her room.She studies several bright and several pastel versions of her green sample.What attribute of the light wave allows Adele to differentiate between these light intensities?
A)The types of waves
B)The number of waves
C)The amplitude of waves
D)The wavelength of the waves
Q2) One theory of color vision is based on the existence of different types of cones for the detection of short,medium,and long wavelengths.What is this theory?
A)The tricolor detection scheme
B)The primary paradigm
C)The trichromatic theory
D)The tiered wavelength model
Q3) What type of stimuli are responsible for olfaction and gustation?
A)Mechanical
B)Chemical
C)Electrical
D)Waveform
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Chapter 6: The Aware Mind Elements of Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jonah and Eli are having a conversation about how the brain works.Jonah maintains that the brain must be much more active when a person is focused and attending to a problem,while Eli points out that the brain operates with the same activity no matter how focused a person is.Who is right?
A)Neither is right,because the brain exhibits about 5% more activity when a person is focused compared to when they are unfocused.
B)Jonah is right,as the brain shows between an 80% and 85% increase in activity when a person is focused compared to when they are unfocused.
C)Eli is right,because the brain activity level does not change at all when a person's focus level changes.
D)Neither is right,because the brain actually exhibits 10 to 15% less activity when a person is focused compared to when they are unfocused.
Q2) Gamma waves accompany the processing of sensory input,particularly
A)vestibular stimuli.
B)olfactory stimuli.
C)auditory stimuli.
D)visual stimuli.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: The Feeling Mind Emotion and Motivation
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113 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compared with other species,why are social connections especially important for the survival of human beings?
A)Human beings typically lose the drive to survive during times of prolonged isolation.
B)Human beings require the greatest amount of parenting to survive to adulthood and reproduce.
C)Human beings have a set point for social activity and need external connections to monitor the balance.
D)Human beings suffer both psychological and physical damage from isolation,whereas most other species are unaffected by it.
Q2) Which model or theory proposes that emotions act as a reservoir that fills up and spills over,and that expressing these emotions will reduce arousal?
A)James-Lange theory
B)Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
C)Catharsis theory
D)Cannon-Bard theory
Q3) Explain how the feeling of loneliness acts as an aversive signal that evolved to warn humans they are facing a threat.
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9
Chapter 8: The Adaptive Mind Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following would decrease the likelihood of acquisition?
A)The unconditioned stimulus is presented long after the conditioned stimulus.
B)The unconditioned stimulus is presented shortly after the conditioned stimulus.
C)The conditioned stimulus evokes an emotional response in the participant.
D)The unconditioned stimulus evokes a negative response in the participant.
Q2) Counterconditioning in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear is referred to as ____.
A)higher order conditioning
B)habituation
C)latent inhibition
D)systematic desensitization
Q3) What mechanism is responsible for the process of extinction?
A)New learning overrides old learning.
B)The previously formed association is forgotten.
C)An aversion is formed in response to the association.
D)Spontaneous recovery replaces the association.
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Chapter 9: The Knowing Mind Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tom was knocked unconscious briefly during a game while playing on his high school's football team.He does not remember much about the immediate circumstances leading to the injury.Why?
A)There was insufficient time for memory storage in the cerebral cortex.
B)He was motivated to forget the event because of its unpleasant nature.
C)Synaptic consolidation of memories was interrupted by the head injury.
D)There was insufficient time for memory storage in the hippocampus.
Q2) Which of the following describes how learning changes neural structure?
A)Neurons have larger numbers of axon terminals following sensitization.
B)Neurons have smaller numbers of axon terminals following sensitization.
C)Neurons have larger numbers of axon terminals following habituation.
D)Neurons have larger numbers of axon terminals following habituation and sensitization.
Q3) According to the levels of processing theory,who will be able to remember the most definitions of the vocabulary words in a given chapter?
A)Tommy,who reads through each term and its definition
B)Lillian,who takes turns with her roommate defining and explaining each term
C)Chuckie,who memorizes the definitions by chunking
D)Angelica,who repeats each term and its definition multiple times out loud
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Page 11
Chapter 10: The Thinking Mind Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the most important element when generating possible solutions to a problem?
A)Convergent thinking
B)Single-mindedness
C)Time
D)Narrowing down the choices to the correct one
Q2) According to Benjamin Lee Whorf's hypothesis of linguistic relativity,what affects a person's ability to think about a topic?
A)Having a rich vocabulary on the topic
B)Two-way interactions as an infant in the form of conversation
C)The number of phonemes in the language
D)A critical gene mutation in the FOXP-2 gene
Q3) The loss of the ability to speak or understand language is called ____.
A)amnesia
B)dyslexia
C)aphasia
D)muteness
Q4) Describe an example of facing a problem and bringing the problem to resolution.Apply the four steps of good problem-solving skills in your response.
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Chapter 11: The Developing Mind Life Span Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ectoderm develops into ____.
A)muscle and skeleton
B)nerve tissue and skin
C)endocrine and respiratory organs
D)reproductive and excretory organs
Q2) The parenting style that combines high behavioral regulation with low support is ____.
A)authoritative
B)indulgent
C)authoritarian
D)uninvolved
Q3) Contemporary views on human development focus on age-related changes that occur ____.
A)from infancy to puberty
B)during childhood and adolescence
C)until the brain is fully developed
D)across the entire life span
Q4) Define adolescence and puberty.What is the endpoint of adolescence? Discuss why adolescence seems to be starting earlier and ending later than in the past.
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Chapter 12: The Individual Mind Personality and the Self
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research showing that situations can exert a stronger influence on people's behavior than any individual predispositions highlights the ____.
A)accuracy of the general trait approach
B)power of the id
C)limits of the general trait approach
D)human need for self-actualization
Q2) Daryl is a painter and poet.His work often portrays fantasy images that evoke strong emotion.He loves to travel,particularly in Asia,to view the art at sacred sites and learn about local culture.The Big Five trait that best describes this aspect of Daryl's personality is ____.
A)agreeableness
B)openness
C)conscientiousness
D)extroversion
Q3) Which of the following is an advantage of personality inventories?
A)They are strong in reliability though weak in validity.
B)Testing is more expensive but valid and reliable.
C)Large numbers of people can be assessed quickly and inexpensively.
D)They are very nuanced and subjective.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: The Connected Mind Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which of the following situations is Molly more likely to comply with the request of Valeria,whom she is meeting for the first time?
A)Valeria is substantially older than Molly and expresses strong opinions.
B)Valeria has a serious approach to the conversation while Molly is more ebullient.
C)Valeria is an attractive and energetic woman about the same age as Molly.
D)Valeria is fairly withdrawn and tentative in her request.
Q2) Dessa's soccer teammates want to play a prank on the rival stunt and cheer team before their game.Dessa is reluctant to participate,but does not want to be the only one who expresses disapproval of the plan.She goes along with the group.This scenario illustrates that conformity ____.
A)is useful in an ambiguous situation
B)is more time efficient for learning than trial-and-error methods
C)is preferable to thinking independently
D)reduces the risk of rejection by a social group
Q3) Describe the conditions under which groupthink is likely to take place.Have you ever experienced groupthink? Analyze a personal example of groupthink,or one taken from the news,in terms of what conditions may have led to the decision.
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Chapter 14: The Troubled Mind Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the ratio of women to men affected by bipolar disorder?
A)1 to 3
B)1 to 2
C)3 to 2
D)2 to 1
Q2) Compulsions appear to be
A)repetitive,ritualistic behaviors associated with delusions.
B)an avoidance of stimuli associated with a traumatic event.
C)a preoccupation with or aversion to specific topics.
D)efforts to ward off the anxiety produced by obsessions or some other feared event.
Q3) Janice is 9 years old.She dislikes and often avoids doing things that require sustained mental effort,such as her religious studies and homework.According to the DSM,____.
A)she has met one criterion for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
B)she may be showing signs of early-onset schizophrenia
C)she is demonstrating a symptom of generalized anxiety disorder
D)she has met one criterion for autism
Q4) Describe the controversy surrounding dissociative identity disorder as a diagnosis and explain how stress may play a role in a misdiagnosis.
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Chapter 15: Healing the Troubled Mind Therapy
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the cognitive therapeutic perspective,people run into psychological trouble when they adopt ____ ways of thinking.
A)egotistical
B)irrational
C)manic
D)sadistic
Q2) Who is credited with being the first person to use talking therapy?
A)Aaron Beck
B)Leonard Krasner
C)Carl Rogers
D)Sigmund Freud
Q3) Although the exact mode of action of ECT is currently unknown,most patients experience an increase in responsiveness to ____.
A)serotonin and acetylcholine
B)dopamine and acetylcholine
C)serotonin and norepinephrine
D)dopamine and norepinephrine
Q4) Describe the approach to psychological services known as life coaching and evaluate its effectiveness.
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Chapter 16: The Healthy Mind Stress and Coping, Health
Psychology, and Positive Psychology
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124 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is considered to be the leading preventable cause of death in the United States,and directly responsible for one out of five deaths each year?
A)Alcohol consumption
B)Cigarette smoking
C)Inadequate nutrition
D)Insufficient exercise
Q2) In the biopsychosocial model of health,which of the following factors are within the bio portion of the model?
A)Lifestyle,stress,and health beliefs
B)Culture,family,and social support
C)Genetics,infection,and injury
D)Political,legal,and economic systems
Q3) In which country does the highest percentage of the world's smokers live?
A)United States
B)India
C)China
D)France
Q4) Discuss three types of coping.
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