Foundations of Psychology Exam
Answer Key
Course Introduction
Foundations of Psychology provides an in-depth introduction to the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. This course explores core concepts such as perception, learning, memory, development, motivation, and emotion, alongside personality, psychological disorders, and social interactions. Students will examine major theoretical perspectives, including biological, cognitive, behavioral, and sociocultural approaches, and learn basic research methods used in psychological investigation. Emphasis is placed on understanding how psychological principles apply to everyday life and appreciating the diversity of human experience.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Psychology 11th Edition by James W. Kalat
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Chapter 1: What Is Psychology
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Q1) What do forensic psychologists do?
A)They help companies hire and train the right person for a job.
B)They consult with lawyers and testify in court.
C)They help engineers redesign equipment to make it easier to understand and use.
D)They help people make decisions and adjust to changes in their career or marriage.
Answer: B
Q2) What was the main interest of Edward Titchener's research?
A)The genetics of behavior
B)The causes and treatment of mental illness
C)The most effective way to educate children
D)The structures that compose the mind
Answer: D
Q3) What is meant by "applied research" as opposed to basic research?
A)Applied research relies on simpler methods or observations.
B)Applied research studies people instead of laboratory animals.
C)Applied research attempts to answer theoretical questions.
D)Applied research attempts to solve practical problems.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Scientific Methods in Psychology
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Q1) Which of the following is an operational definition of "hunger"?
A)How much someone would be willing to pay for a meal
B)A desire for food
C)The opposite of "feeling full"
D)The biological need for nutrition
Answer: A
Q2) For which of the following is a cross-cultural sample most important?
A)Studies about the basic mechanisms of vision, hearing, and other senses
B)Studies about the humanlike behaviors of chimpanzees
C)Studies about chemicals in the brain and how they influence behavior
D)Studies about which male-female differences are natural, and which ones are learned
Answer: D
Q3) Random assignment occurs in which type of research study?
A)Correlation
B)Experiment
C)Survey
D)Naturalistic observation
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: A: Scientific Methods in Psychology
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Q1) "It is unlikely that chance alone would produce results like this," means that "It is unlikely that chance alone did produce these results."
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) A scientific theory is just a guess.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) If you arrange scores from the highest to the lowest,the middle one is called the ______.
Answer: median
Q4) Before conducting any experiment on humans,a psychological investigator must obtain ___________ consent from the participants.
Answer: informed
Q5) A good scientific theory should be falsifiable.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Biological Psychology
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Q1) What route does a neurotransmitter follow?
A)A dendrite sends it to an axon.
B)The chromosomes send it to the mitochondria.
C)The sympathetic nervous system sends it to the parasympathetic nervous system.
D)The presynaptic cell sends it to the postsynaptic cell.
Q2) Which of the following is true for neurotransmitters' receptors?
A)All the excitatory neurotransmitters attach to one type of receptor, and inhibitory neurotransmitters to another type.
B)A neurotransmitter can attach to several types of receptors with different properties.
C)The brain has only one type of receptor, but it responds differently depending on which neurotransmitter attaches to it.
D)Men's neurotransmitter receptors are chemically different from those of women.
Q3) What does the left hemisphere of the brain see?
A)The left side of the world
B)The right side of the world
C)Everything the left eye sees
D)Everything the right eye sees
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Chapter 3: A: Biological Psychology
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Q1) People become temporarily motion blind while they are making voluntary eye movements.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Parkinson's disease results from a deficiency of transmission at dopamine synapses.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Marijuana affects the same receptors as opiate drugs,but less strongly.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The nervous system has two kinds of cells,called _____ and glia.
Q5) Psychologists are in strong agreement about their explanations for male-female differences.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The impulse that the axon conveys is called the _____ potential.
Q7) The part of the nervous system most important for aim and timing is the_______.
Q8) The central nervous system consists of the brain and the _______.
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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does itch differ from pain?
A)Itch tends to last longer.
B)Pain is harder to localize.
C)Itch relies on different receptors.
D)Itch is more sure to hold your attention.
Q2) Hubel and Wiesel's research on the visual cortex found feature detectors that respond to what?
A)Familiarity
B)Shapes
C)Brightness
D)Faces
Q3) What is meant by subliminal perception?
A)Intuitively understanding someone's emotional condition based on nonverbal signals
B)A behavioral influence based on something that did not reach any of your sense organs
C)A behavioral influence based on something you didn't perceive consciously
D)Incorrectly reporting the presence of a stimulus that was actually absent
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Chapter 4: A: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) Define and differentiate trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory.Which theory most easily explains negative color afterimages?
Q2) We localize sounds by comparing the responses of the two ears.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In the human auditory system,the ability to hear high-frequency sounds (above 4000 Hz)depends on the ________ principle.
Q4) We hear the pitch of low-frequency sounds by a different mechanism from the one we use for high-frequency sounds.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The sense of smell depends on only seven types of olfactory receptors.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Light enters the eye through the pupil and strikes the receptors on the _________.
Q7) The condition in which a stimulus of one type,such as sound,also elicits another experience,such as color is called ____________________.
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Chapter 5: Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) How do infants acquire a fear of crawling over unsafe edges?
A)They develop the fear at a certain age, regardless of any experience.
B)They develop the fear only after falling and getting hurt.
C)They develop the fear only after their parents teach them to be afraid.
D)They develop the fear after a couple weeks of crawling.
Q2) A researcher studies one group as they grow older in which type of study?
A)Retrospective
B)Longitudinal
C)Cross-cultural
D)Cross-sectional
Q3) Erik Erikson's stages of human development dealt with which of the following?
A)Social and emotional conflicts
B)Moral behavior
C)Language understanding
D)Sexual behavior
Q4) What do people do during a midlife transition?
A)They increase their social activities.
B)They grieve about their physical deterioration.
C)They take a job with lower pay.
D)They reassess their goals.
Page 10
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Chapter 5: A: Development
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Q1) If a mother drinks much alcohol during pregnancy,her child may have a set of physical and behavioral abnormalities known as __________________ syndrome.
Q2) Even month-old infants notice the difference between the sounds "ba" and "pa."
A)True
B)False
Q3) The idea that some people know something that other people do not is called "theory of ______."
Q4) According to Erik Erikson,an identity crisis is particularly likely for people during the age of __________________.
Q5) Exercise programs designed to increase older people's physical activity levels also lead to improvements in their memory and cognition.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Can infants within the first days after birth recognize their own mother's voice? What evidence supports this conclusion?
Q7) Children who understand object permanence,but who do not yet have the concept of conservation,are in Piaget's ______________ stage.
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Q1) One persuasion technique began by giving soldiers extra privileges for writing an essay slightly favorable to the captors.Later they shaped the soldiers into greater and greater cooperation.This is a practical application of what?
A)Classical conditioning
B)Operant conditioning
C)The representativeness heuristic
D)The availability heuristic
Q2) What will a psychologist do in the "shaping" procedure to train a response?
A)Electrically stimulate the brain areas responsible for the response.
B)Start by reinforcing a simple first step in the response.
C)Hold the rat's paws in the position necessary to make the response.
D)Deprive the animal of food and water until it makes the response.
Q3) What do we call the psychologists who study only observable actions?
A)Psychoanalysts
B)Humanistic psychologists
C)Behaviorists
D)Structuralists
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Chapter 6: A: Learning
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Q1) To produce extinction in classical conditioning,repeatedly present the __________ by itself.
Q2) In Pavlov's experiments,a sound preceded food,which evoked salivation.We refer to the sound as the ______ stimulus.
Q3) Classical conditioning can help to explain drug tolerance.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Money is considered a primary reinforcer.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The idea that evolution prepared us to learn some associations more easily than others is known as _________________.
Q6) Pavlov paired the sound from a metronome with the presentation of food and measured the dog's salivation response.The sound from the metronome is known as the unconditioned stimulus.
A)True
B)False
Q7) In Pavlov's experiment the conditioned response was similar to the
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Chapter 7: Memory
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Q1) A condition occurring mostly in old age that is characterized by increasingly severe memory loss,as well as confusion,depression,and disordered thinking is known as which of the following?
A)Source amnesia
B)Retrograde amnesia
C)Cotard's syndrome
D)Alzheimer's disease
Q2) According to the encoding specificity principle,which retrieval cues are best for recalling a memory?
A)The associations you formed at the time of learning
B)Highly abstract concepts
C)Terms that would be easy to represent in a drawing or photograph
D)Terms that are common in the mythology of ancient civilizations
Q3) What did Freud mean by the term repression?
A)Causing a painful memory to become unconscious
B)Preventing someone from doing something
C)Separating pleasant memories from unpleasant memories
D)Consolidating a short-term memory into a long-term memory
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Chapter 7: A: Memory
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Q1) Short-term memory for a list of words or numbers fades quickly unless you rehearse it.
A)True B)False
Q2) Children who experience traumatic events (for example,witnessing the murder of their parents)repress the memories and cannot recall them later.
A)True B)False
Q3) Finding your own car in a large parking lot is like testing memory with the __________ method.
Q4) Preschool children fail to form semantic memories.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describing everything that happened to you today is performing a _____ test of memory.
Q6) Psychologists recommend that police lineups can improve recognition by telling the witness which person the police suspect.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Cognition and Language
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Q1) What does the "word-superiority effect" mean?
A)People read faster if they focus on one word at a time.
B)Putting something into words makes it easier to remember.
C)It is easier to identify a letter within a word than by itself.
D)The whole-word method is the best way to teach children to read.
Q2) What is the best evidence for the necessity of learning language early in life?
A)Many children who live in bilingual neighborhoods learn both languages well.
B)Many children who are slow to learn language are slow to learn other things too.
C)People with Alzheimer's disease often remember the songs they knew in childhood.
D)Deaf children who learn no language by age 12 are poor at learning language later.
Q3) When do children start using grammatical rules,such as how to make plurals and past tense?
A)From an early age, often by age 3 years
B)Only after their parents correct their mistakes
C)Only after the children enter elementary school
D)Only after other children have corrected their mistakes
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Chapter 8: A: Cognition and Language
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Q1) Transformational grammar is a system for converting a deep structure into a surface structure.
A)True B)False
Q2) Bonobos have shown more capacity for language than other nonhuman mammals have.
A)True B)False
Q3) The tendency to look for evidence to support what you already believe is the ______ bias.
Q4) People with Wernicke's aphasia speak fluently and grammatically,but they have trouble remembering the names of objects,and their language comprehension is poor. A)True B)False
Q5) People usually identify a letter more accurately when it is part of a word than when it is presented by itself.This is known as the _____ _____ effect.
Q6) Define the concept of heuristics.In addition,define availability heuristic and representative heuristic and give an example of each type of heuristic.
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Chapter 9: Intelligenceintelligence
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Q1) What has always been the intended purpose of IQ tests?
A)To predict children's performance in school
B)To help researchers test the role of heredity and environment in intelligence
C)To help researchers test the contributions of various brain areas to intelligence
D)To help teachers determine which children are visual or verbal learners
Q2) The IQ scores of monozygotic twins resemble each other most closely in what kind of family?
A)Prosperous families
B)Impoverished families
C)Families with left-handed parents
D)Families with more than two children
Q3) How do scores on IQ tests differ (if at all)between boys and girls?
A)On average, girls' scores are a few points higher.
B)On average, boys' scores are a few points higher.
C)On average, boys do better at early ages and girls do better later.
D)On average, boys' scores and girls' scores are equal.
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Chapter 9: A: Intelligence Intelligence
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Q1) Today's young people do better than their parents or grandparents did on IQ tests.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Doing well on a standardized test requires specialized abilities different from those of other tests.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Anything that damages one mental ability also damages all other mental abilities.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Flynn effect is mostly due to improved education.
A)True
B)False
Q5) If an aptitude test measures fluid intelligence,an achievement test measures ______ intelligence.
Q6) The fact that people who do well on one kind of cognitive test generally do well on other kinds also prompted Charles Spearman to propose the ____ factor in intelligence.
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Chapter 10: Consciousnessconsciousness
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Q1) In Freud's theory,the content that appears on the surface of a dream is known as what?
A)The latent content
B)The psychoanalytic content
C)The psychometric content
D)The manifest content
Q2) Which of these is a useful operational definition of consciousness?
A)Someone who has a subjective experience of something is conscious of it.
B)Someone who is aware of his or her surroundings is conscious of it.
C)Someone who feels happy or sad about something was conscious of it.
D)Someone who reports the presence of a stimulus was conscious of it.
Q3) One man in a vegetative state answered yes/no questions by doing what?
A)Wiggling a finger of his left hand or his right hand
B)Increasing or decreasing his rate of eye blinks
C)Smiling or frowning
D)Increasing brain activity in one or another brain area
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Chapter 10: A: Consciousnessconsciousness
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Q1) The symptoms of narcolepsy suggest an intrusion of ____ stage of sleep into wakefulness.
Q2) A hypnotic suggestion can decrease the sensation of _______.
Q3) What evidence suggests that some people in a vegetative state may be conscious?
Q4) Hypnosis can reduce people's emotional response to pain.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Researchers agree that people can accurately report the time of making a conscious decision.
A)True
B)False
Q6) A period of discomfort and inefficiency while your internal clock is out of phase with your new surroundings is called ______ _______.
Q7) Cells in your brain generate a 24-hour rhythm that affects sleepiness and other activities.
A)True
B)False
Q8) Someone who does not get enough sleep at night to feel well rested the next day is suffering from _____.
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Chapter 11: Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors
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Q1) If you practice resisting temptation,do you get better at resisting future temptations?
A)No
B)Yes
C)Only if the second temptation is different from the first
D)Only if the second temptation is similar to the first
Q2) When a meal brings more nutrients into the body than the cells can use at the time,what happens to the rest of them?
A)The body excretes them as waste.
B)The body stores them in fat cells or in the liver.
C)The nutrients remain in the blood stream until the cells need them.
D)The body converts the extra nutrients into muscle tissue.
Q3) In addition to good pay,what else is important if a worker is to have job satisfaction?
A)Receiving more pay than anyone else
B)Receiving at least as much pay as anyone else
C)A belief that the pay scale is fair
D)An expectation of an increase in pay every year
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Chapter 11: A: Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors
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Q1) The highest point on Maslow's hierarchy of needs is the need for _______
Q2) The hormone that increases the flow of glucose and other nutrients into body cells is
Q3) Alfred Kinsey obtained a representative sample of the population for his survey on sexual behavior.
A)True B)False
Q4) Just estimating your probability of doing something makes you more likely to do it. A)True B)False
Q5) Later surveys confirmed the Kinsey study's statistics on prevalence of various sexual activities and orientations.
A)True B)False
Q6) A condition in which people intensely fear weight gain and therefore refuse to eat is known as _________ ____________.
Q7) What causes some children to be born with an intersex anatomy?
Page 23
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Chapter 12: Part 1 Emotions,stress,and
Healthemotions,stress,and Health
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Q1) What is another name for the sympathetic nervous system?
A)The central nervous system
B)The use it or lose it system
C)The love and honor system
D)The fight or flight system
Q2) What are the effects of brief,moderate stress?
A)Withdrawal from activities and damage to the hippocampus
B)Impaired muscle coordination and inability to sleep
C)Memory loss and decreased activity of the immune system
D)Improved attention and increased activity of the immune system
Q3) What is a problem with current tests of "emotional intelligence"?
A)For many items, no one is sure what the correct answer is.
B)Many people get far higher scores on the test than other people do.
C)Many items are so complicated that highly educated people have an unfair advantage.
D)The tests require expensive equipment that is unavailable in most places.
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Chapter 12: A: Emotional,stress,and
Healthemotional,stress,and Health
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Q1) Why is it difficult to measure stress by means of a questionnaire?
Q2) The idea that emotional feeling results from sensing your body's reaction is known as the ________- ________ theory.
Q3) Someone who doesn't look at you in the eyes and whose hands are fidgeting is probably lying.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A brief,involuntary facial expression of emotion is called a(n)________________.
Q5) By examining women's smiles in their college yearbook photos,you can predict with moderate accuracy how happy they will be later,and whether their marriages will last.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Danger at a distance activates the parasympathetic nervous system.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Feeling personal rejection causes more health risk than other types of stress.
A)True
B)False
Q8) How does prolonged stress by itself sometimes produce symptoms of illness? Page 25
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Chapter 13: Social Psychologysocial Psychology
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Q1) How would you be affected by watching a videotape of your own behavior?
A)More likely than usual to consider yourself smarter than other people
B)Less likely than usual to consider yourself smarter than other people
C)More likely than usual to give an internal attribution for your behavior
D)More likely than usual to give an external attribution for your behavior
Q2) A local charity asks you to help them for one hour,one time.Later they ask you to volunteer for an afternoon every week.What persuasion technique is this?
A)Reciprocation
B)Social norms
C)Foot in the door
D)Bait and switch
Q3) In which of these circumstances are you least likely to conform to majority opinion?
A)You see that the majority is wrong.
B)You have one ally who agrees with you.
C)You want to make a good impression on the others.
D)The majority consists of only four other people.
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Chapter 13: A: Social Psychologysocial Psychology
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Q1) After a couple has been married for 30 years or so,passionate love is almost always replaced by companionate love.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Psychologists use the prisoner's dilemma to explore factors that lead to cooperative or competitive behaviors.
A)True B)False
Q3) In the prisoner's dilemma,the action that seems best to each individual is disadvantageous to the group.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Attributions that we adopt to maximize credit for our successes and minimize blame for our failures are called ________-_________ biases.
Q5) You are more likely to refer to personality when explaining other people's behavior than when explaining your own.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 14: Personalitypersonality
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Q1) How does the MMPI measure personality?
A)From observations of actual behavior in certain situations
B)From answers to true-false questions
C)From measurements of brain activity
D)From facial expressions while people listen to stories
Q2) In Freud's theory,what does repression do?
A)It decreases activity level.
B)It keeps unacceptable thoughts out of consciousness.
C)It maintains a balance among competing forces within the personality.
D)If forces people to do something they don't want to do.
Q3) Which method is best for measuring the validity of criminal profilers?
A)Compare profilers' accuracy to that of other people who had the same information.
B)Ask police investigators how often they found profilers' advice to be helpful.
C)See how many cases were solved after receiving advice from profilers.
D)Determine the percentage of statements by profilers that turn out to be correct.
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Chapter 14: A: Personalitypersonality
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Q1) According to Freud,the ego defends itself against conflicts and anxieties by relegating unpleasant thoughts and impulses to the unconscious.Briefly describe repression,projection,and reaction formation and give an example of each.
Q2) In Carl Jung's theory,unconscious influences that represent the cumulative experience of previous generations are the _________ unconscious.
Q3) In Carl Jung's theory,vague images that represent something that was always part of human experience are called ____________.
Q4) The Rorschach inkblot test often provides information about a person that could not be easily obtained through other methods.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A psychologist administering the Rorschach inkblot test gives precise instructions and examples about how to respond.
A)True
B)False
Q6) How does the MMPI identify people who might be lying to try to look good?
Q7) How did psychologists determine which items to include on the MMPI?
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Chapter 15: Part 1 Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and
Treatmentabnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment
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Q1) The idea that schizophrenia has a genetic basis depends mainly on what type of evidence?
A)Examination of the chromosomes of people with and without schizophrenia
B)Longitudinal studies of behavior change in people with schizophrenia
C)Studies of twins and adopted children
D)Studies of the prevalence of schizophrenia in different cultures
Q2) What is a "copy number variant" in genetics?
A)A gene that controls the number of neurons in the brain
B)A deletion or duplication of part of a chromosome
C)A cell that has more than one nucleus
D)A gene that controls the number of RNA molecules to be produced
Q3) After someone has quit an addiction,when is a relapse most likely?
A)During times of stress or displeasure
B)On the anniversary of the first time of using the substance
C)On the anniversary of the time of quitting the substance
D)During times of relaxation and pleasure
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Chapter 15: A: Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and
Treatmentabnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26441
Sample Questions
Q1) People who "hold their liquor well," showing little body sway after drinking a moderate amount,are more likely than other people to become alcoholics.
A)True B)False
Q2) Learned avoidance behaviors are hard to extinguish.
A)True B)False
Q3) Nearly everyone in psychotherapy improves more than people not receiving psychotherapy.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Someone who suffers from depression almost every winter may receive a diagnosis of _______ ________ disorder.
Q5) Humanistic therapists listen sympathetically and encourage people to make their own decisions.
A)True B)False
Q6) What are some of the criticisms or weaknesses of the DSM approach?
32
Q7) A repetitive,almost irresistible action is known as a(n)____________________.
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