Foundations of Psychology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Foundations of Psychology introduces students to the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, exploring the major theories, concepts, and research methods in the field. This course covers core areas such as biological bases of behavior, perception, learning, memory, development, emotion, motivation, personality, psychological disorders, and social interactions. Emphasis is placed on understanding how psychological principles apply to everyday life and provide a framework for analyzing human thought and behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Psychology Concepts and Applications 3rd Edition by Jeffrey S. Nevid Ph.D
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14 Chapters
2206 Verified Questions
2206 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology
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146 Verified Questions
146 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following mental health professionals is most likely a behavior therapist?
A) Dr.Angelo helps clients learn techniques for changing maladaptive thoughts.
B) Dr.Barney uses techniques based on learning principles to help clients alter maladaptive patterns of action.
C) Dr.Childers helps her clients uncover unconscious motives and desires.
D) Dr.Diaz prescribes drugs for his patients that suffer from anxiety disorders.
E) Dr.Evans helps her patients understand how their culture influences their maladaptive behaviors.
Answer: B
Q2) In the psychodynamic view,the _____ is an area of the mind that lies beyond the reach of ordinary consciousness.
A) preconscious
B) subconscious
C) conscience
D) personal conscious
E) unconscious
Answer: E
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Biological Foundations of Behavior
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173 Verified Questions
173 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fourteen-year-old Anton takes Prozac for his depression.Chemically speaking,Prozac works for Anton primarily by increasing the availability of ______ in his brain.
A) dopamine
B) gamma-amniobutyric acid (GABA)
C) norepinephrine
D) glutamate
E) serotonin
Answer: E
Q2) What is the best estimate of the number of neurons in your brain?
A) about 10 to 20 million
B) several hundred million
C) about 1 billion
D) 10 to 99 billion
E) at least 100 billion
Answer: E
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4
Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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170 Verified Questions
170 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Repeated exposure to the same stimulus ______ leads to _____ sensitivity in our sensory systems.
A) always; reduced
B) always; no change in C) sometimes; reduced
D) sometimes; no change in E) sometimes; reduced or no change in
Answer: E
Q2) Regarding attention,which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Motivational states influence attention.
B) Repeated exposure to a changing stimulus leads to habituation.
C) Habituation to certain stimuli is quite common and makes evolutionary sense.
D) Newborn infants pay more attention to their mother's voices than to the voices of other women.
E) Humans pay more attention to stimuli that are meaningful or emotionally significant than those that are not.
Answer: B
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5
Chapter 4: Consciousness
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162 Verified Questions
162 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following stimulants is likely to produce hallucinogenic effects?
A) cocaine
B) amphetamine
C) nicotine
D) MDMA
E) LSD
Q2) LSD has all of the following effects EXCEPT
A) pupillary constriction.
B) increased heart rate.
C) increased blood pressure.
D) sleeplessness.
E) increased body temperature.
Q3) Sociocultural factors that might increase the probability that an individual will begin to abuse drugs or alcohol include all of the following EXCEPT _____.
A) cultural beliefs and customs that encourage alcohol or drug use
B) unemployment
C) identification with subculture groups that sanction drug use
D) peer pressure and the desire to 'fit in'
E) unusually low levels of dopamine
Q4) Summarize the various theories of hypnosis.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Learning
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best describes charted data for a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?
A) slight dip in responses after reinforcement
B) slow,steady rate of response
C) responses decrease after an initial steep increase
D) fast,steady rates of response
E) responses pause after each reinforcement
Q2) A "scalloped" response pattern is typical of which type of reinforcement schedule?
A) fixed-ratio
B) fixed-interval
C) variable-ratio
D) variable-interval
E) continuous
Q3) Distinguish between the different schedules of reinforcement.
Q4) Summarize how classical conditioning is achieved.
Q5) List 7 steps for using praise effectively with children.
Q6) Summarize the three types of cognitive learning.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Memory
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138 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Long-term potentiation involves _____.
A) the creation of new neural circuits in the thalamus
B) the encoding of a fear response in the amygdala
C) a long-lasting increase in the strength of synaptic connections
D) the creation of neuronal networks in the cerebellum
E) a relatively temporary memory created in the hippocampus
Q2) The _____ plays an important role in encoding emotional experiences,such as fear responses.
A) hippocampus
B) cingulate gyrus
C) thalamus
D) amygdala
E) hypothalamus
Q3) Ella has suffered a head injury.She is no longer able to form new long-term memories.She is suffering from
A) retrograde amnesia.
B) anterograde amnesia.
C) proactive interference.
D) retroactive interference.
E) dissociative amnesia.
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Chapter 7: Thinking, language, and Intelligence
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154 Verified Questions
154 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Wechsler defined intelligence as _____.
A) a general ability that underlies performance on mental tasks
B) the global capacity to act purposefully,to think rationally,and to deal effectively with the environment
C) a unique combination of several different primary mental abilities that are used in conjunction with each other
D) a set of eight relatively independent capacities and capabilities that differ from person to person
E) the ability to integrate and organize analytic thinking with creativity and practical understanding
Q2) Mental set is a
A) type of means-end heuristic.
B) tendency to rely on problem solving strategies that worked in the past.
C) type of subgoal setting.
D) form of the backwards-thinking heuristic.
E) rule of thumb in problem solving.
Q3) Describe the basic components of language.
Q4) Discuss algorithms and heuristics as problem solving strategies.
Q5) Compare and contrast Gardner's and Sternberg's theories of intelligence.
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Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion
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167 Verified Questions
167 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) LaDonna experiences a state of biological tension because she is hungry.Her hunger motivates her to stop at the local deli after class.Which theory best explains LaDonna's choice to go to the deli?
A) arousal theory
B) drive theory
C) instinct theory
D) need theory
E) set point theory
Q2) Outline steps you can take to control your anger.
Q3) Incentive value is
A) the lowest need in Maslow's hierarchy.
B) the highest point in Maslow's hierarchy.
C) the strength of a reward's "pull" on one's behavior.
D) the amount of drive reduction a behavior has.
E) the amount of effort expended in attaining a difficult goal.
Q4) Summarize the nature and possible causes of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
Q5) Summarize the various theories of emotion.
Q6) Summarize five major theories of motivation.
Q7) Describe the phases of the sexual response cycle.
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Chapter 9: Human Development
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201 Verified Questions
201 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When Fernando babysits his niece,the infant grabs his long hair and won't let go until Fernando uncurls her fingers.Instead of getting mad at his niece for pulling his hair,Fernando understands that her actions are being driven by which reflex?
A) Moro
B) palmar grasp
C) Babinski
D) rooting
E) eyeblink
Q2) In the film "Fly Away Home," a group of abandoned goslings develop a strong bond with a young girl.Since their mother is not there,the girl teaches the geese to fly using an ultralite airplane.This film is a good example of which concept from development psychology?
A) Attachment
B) Parenting styles
C) Conservation
D) Temperament
E) Imprinting
Q3) As presented in your text,outline six steps people can take to live longer and healthier lives.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Psychology and Health
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132 Verified Questions
132 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following factor(s)lead to two of every three cancer deaths in the United States?
A) heredity
B) exposure to chemicals and viruses
C) radiation
D) smoking and diet
E) exposure to the sun
Q2) After being raped,Clarita develops a psychological disorder.Her symptoms include impaired functioning,heightened arousal,and nightmares of the rape.Based on this description,what is Clarita's disorder most likely to be?
A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder
C) bipolar disorder
D) schizophrenia
E) posttraumatic stress disorder
Q3) Discuss nine ways in which people can remove distress from stress.
Q4) Describe ten strategies to reduce the risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease.
Q5) Discuss five psychological factors that moderate the effects of stress.
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Chapter 11: Personality
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176 Verified Questions
176 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which part of the personality might be described as "the great compromiser"?
A) self-concept
B) self-esteem
C) superego
D) ego
E) id
Q2) Rapists sometimes defend their actions by saying,"she asked for it." This is an example of
A) denial.
B) displacement.
C) sublimation.
D) projection.
E) regression.
Q3) Watson and Skinner believed that
A) unconscious forces had a major influence on personality.
B) personality is shaped by rewards and punishments.
C) the environment played little role in influencing personality.
D) trait theories were the best description of personality.
E) personality consists of the individual's behavior and ways of thinking about themselves and the world.
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Chapter 12: Psychological Disorders
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151 Verified Questions
151 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Therapist Charlotte Maley is a behaviorist.She is MOST likely to suggests that depression is
A) due to unresolved unconscious conflicts.
B) the result of changes in reinforcement levels.
C) a matter of how people interpret events.
D) genetic in origin but influenced by early trauma.
E) the result of learning depressed behaviors.
Q2) All of the following are criticisms of the DSM EXCEPT
A) lack of reliability.
B) lack of validity.
C) lack of specific criteria for formulating diagnoses.
D) over-reliance on the medical model.
E) assumption that abnormal behaviors are symptoms of mental illness.
Q3) Regarding panic disorder,which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Panic attacks can last more than an hour.
B) Panic disorder is characterized by intense physical symptoms.
C) Some people with this disorder mistake their symptoms for a heart attack.
D) Agoraphobia sometimes develops in people with panic disorder.
E) Panic attacks initially begin because of their association with a specific situation.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Methods of Therapy
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132 Verified Questions
132 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Juan is an alcoholic who has not responded to other types of treatment.Juan's therapist suggests aversive conditioning in which Juan will take a nausea-inducing drug at the same time he sniffs beer.In this treatment strategy,the beer is the ______ during conditioning and the _____ after conditioning.
A) unconditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus
B) unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus
C) conditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus
D) neutral stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
E) neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus
Q2) Cognitive therapists such as Aaron Beck refer to errors in thinking as
A) cognitive distortions.
B) faulty attributions.
C) cognitive appraisals.
D) activating events.
E) irrational beliefs.
Q3) Explain the steps people can take to find qualified mental health professionals.
Q4) Describe the three primary categories of psychotropic drugs.
Q5) Summarize the major approaches to psychotherapy.
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Chapter 14: Social Psychology
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155 Verified Questions
155 Flashcards
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Sample
Questions
Q1) Janice leads a team of twenty employees.If Janice wants to reduce the chances of social loafing in her team,she should do all but which of the following?
A) increase the appeal of the team's task
B) give public feedback on each team member's good performance
C) give public feedback on each team member's poor performance
D) evaluate performance for the group only
E) increase the visibility of each individual's contribution in the group
Q2) Regarding attitudes,which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Attitudes are acquired from a variety of sources in the social environment.
B) Genetic factors are less important determinants of attitudes than environmental factors.
C) Attitudes are more strongly linked to behaviors when the attitude can be readily recalled from memory.
D) Attitudes are not especially strong predictors of behavior.
E) Twin studies suggest that people inherit particular genes for particular attitudes.
Q3) Discuss some of the influences on helping behavior.
Q4) Summarize the Milgram study on obedience.
Q5) Summarize the Asch study on conformity.
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