Foundations of Psychology Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Psychology offers an introduction to the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. This course surveys major concepts, theories, and research findings in areas such as biological bases of behavior, perception, learning, memory, development, motivation, emotion, personality, social psychology, and psychological disorders. Students will explore how psychological principles apply to everyday life and gain critical thinking skills for evaluating information about human behavior.
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Experience Psychology 2nd Edition by Laura King
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Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Summarize the three approaches (structuralism,functionalism,evolutionary approach)that shaped the history of psychology.
Answer: Wilhelm Wundt founded the structuralism approach.Structuralism involves identifying the structures of the human mind through the method of introspection.William James founded the functionalist approach.From James's perspective,the key question for psychology is not so much what the mind is (that is,its structures)as what it is for (its purpose or function).James's view was eventually named functionalism.Structuralism is focused on understanding the "what" of the mind,whereas functionalism is focused on understanding the "why." Functionalism fits well with Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory.According to evolutionary theory,species change through random genetic mutation.That means that essentially by accident,some members of a species are born with genetic characteristics that make them different from other members.
Q2) Behavior is _____; mental processes are _____.
A) private/personal
B) personal/observable
C) personal/private
D) observable/private
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Brain and Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following indicates elevated levels of endorphins?
A) Amy, a 30 year old teacher, who in shock after a car wreck.
B) Jamie, a 40 year old diplomat, who is on a cruise.
C) Martha, a 32 year old home maker, who is showing symptoms of schizophrenia.
D) Joshua, a 17 year old student, who is depressed after seeing his low scores on SAT.
Answer: A
Q2) Joshua is reading a novel.The input from his eyes is transmitted to his brain and then passed through many _____ that translate the character on the page to integrate sensory input and motor output.
A) vesicles
B) myelin sheaths
C) synapses
D) neural networks
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) Linda is studying while listening to her iPod.She notices that when she raises the volume 5 decibels when the volume is initially low,the change is very noticeable.However,when the volume is initially high,increasing the volume by 5 decibels doesn't result in as noticeable of a change in sound.This phenomenon is best explained by _____.
A) the volley principle
B) Weber's law
C) perceptual constancy
D) selective attention
Answer: B
Q2) _____ is the process by which the brain actively organizes and interprets sensory information.
A) Consciousness
B) Perception
C) Sensation
D) Reception
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: States of Consciousness
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Q1) _____ is characterized by myoclonic jerks and theta waves,whereas _____ are characterized by delta waves.
A) Stage 5 sleep/ stage 3 and stage 4 sleep
B) Stage 5 sleep/stage 1 and stage 2 sleep
C) Stage 1 sleep/stage 3 and stage 4 sleep
D) Stage 3 sleep/stage 1 and stage 2 sleep
Q2) Which of the following statements about the effectiveness of hypnosis is false?
A) Hypnosis is most effective when combined with psychotherapy.
B) Research does not support the claim that hypnosis can reduce the experience of pain.
C) Hypnosis is a commonly used technique for treating problems such as overeating, diabetes, and smoking.
D) Psychology and medicine recognize hypnosis as a legitimate process.
Q3) According to research on alcoholism,which of the following individuals is most likely to become dependent on alcohol?
A) Edward, who began drinking at age 40
B) Sophia, who began drinking at age 65
C) Aaron, who began drinking at age 12 with the neighborhood kids
D) Michael, who began drinking in graduate school at age 25
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Chapter 5: Learning
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Q1) Jacky did not score well in her "pre-med" course at the university level.She started studying hard to improve her grades and got into medical school.Even after getting the degree of Doctor of Medicine (M.D.),she still works hard for everything and is successful in all her endeavors.Which special kind of response to negative reinforcement is evident in Jacky's case?
A) Instinctive drift
B) Observational learning
C) Learned helplessness
D) Avoidance learning
Q2) Which of the following is the best example of an unconditioned response?
A) Throwing a temper tantrum
B) Sneezing in response to sniffing pepper
C) Raising your hand before asking a question in a classroom setting
D) Learning to ride a bike by watching your older brother do so
Q3) Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events is called _____.
A) episodic learning
B) observational learning
C) associative learning
D) rote learning
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Chapter 6: Memory
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Q1) Shannon is an excellent student.She rewrites her class notes after each class.Rewriting her notes is a form of _____.
A) rehearsal
B) priming
C) chunking
D) imagery
Q2) _____ involves retaining information over time.
A) Learning
B) Memory
C) Priming
D) Amnesia
Q3) Working memory _____.
A) has an unlimited capacity
B) is the same as short-term memory
C) is a passive memory system
D) is an active memory system
Q4) Compare and contrast the short-term memory system with the working memory system.
Q5) Describe Baddeley's view of the three components of working memory.
Q6) Describe the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Thinking, intelligence, and Language
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Q1) It has commonly been reported that the heritability of intelligence is approximately _____ percent.
A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 75
Q2) Creative people engage in _____.
A) divergent thinking but not in convergent thinking
B) deductive thinking
C) both convergent thinking and divergent thinking
D) functional fixedness
Q3) A(n)_____ is a strategy that guarantees a solution to a problem.
A) subgoal
B) algorithm
C) heuristic
D) fixation
Q4) Compare and contrast Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence and Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.What are the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches to intelligence?
Q5) Discuss the similarities and differences between the human brain and a computer.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Human Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true about the concrete operational stage of reasoning?
A) Adolescents can conceive of hypothetical possibilities in this stage.
B) This stage denotes ability of an adolescent to systematically deduce, or come to a conclusion about, the best path for solving the problem.
C) A kind of abstract, logical reasoning occurs in this cognitive stage.
D) One important skill at this stage of reasoning is the ability to classify or divide things into different sets or subsets and to consider their interrelations.
Q2) At the preconventional level of moral development,individuals decide right and wrong based on _____.
A) society's laws
B) a sense of duty
C) individual ethical principles
D) punishments or rewards
Q3) Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
Q4) Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.To what extent is Piaget's theory supported by psychological research?
Q5) What role do parents and peers play in adolescent development?
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Motivation
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the _____,emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.
A) Cannon-Bard theory
B) two-factor theory of emotion
C) James-Lange theory
D) self-determination theory
Q2) According to drive reduction theory,the goal of drive reduction is _____.
A) self-actualization
B) homeostasis
C) self-determination
D) to elevate the level of arousal
Q3) Kiefer is taking acting classes.His instructor is using Stanislavski's "method acting" technique,which encourages actors to imitate the behavior of someone feeling that emotion.When Kiefer is playing a scene where his character is sad,his instructor may suggest that he cry in order to feel sadness."Method acting" is most consistent with which of the following?
A) Cannon-Bard theory
B) James-Lange theory
C) Yerkes-Dodson law
D) Self-determination theory
Q4) Explain the optimum arousal theory.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Freud,the _____ is your conscience,or internal judge of your behavior.
A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) collective unconscious
Q2) According to Eysenck's theory,introversion and extraversion are characteristic patterns of behavior that _____.
A) are shaped through behaviorism
B) aim to regulate arousal around baseline
C) should be measured using projective tests
D) determine a person's sense of unconditional positive regard
Q3) Which of the following individuals illustrates the trait of extraversion?
A) Julius, who always dresses neatly but not very stylishly
B) Patrick, who displays superior cognitive functioning and IQ
C) Archie, who maintains a very good romantic relationship with his girlfriend
D) Ethan, who communicates with all the members of his choir group lightheartedly
Q4) What are the big five factors of personality? Are the big five factors related to one another?
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Chapter 11: Social Psychology
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Q1) The effects of others on our behavior can take the form of _____,imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior,emotions,and ideas.
A) egoism
B) altruism
C) social contagion
D) social loafing
Q2) _____ are favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality.
A) Fundamental attribution errors
B) Self-serving biases
C) Self-deceptions
D) Positive illusions
Q3) Which theory of attraction suggests that long-term relationships are likely to continue when both partners are committed and invested in the relationship and when there are few attractive tempting alternatives around?
A) The investment model
B) Evolutionary theory
C) The mere exposure effect
D) Social exchange theory
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13
Chapter 12: Psychological Disorders
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Q1) Cindy is having difficulty paying her monthly bills.She often just sits and stares at her checkbook,which causes her to feel anxious about the possibility of going bankrupt.Cindy is demonstrating _____.
A) rumination
B) narcissistic personality disorder
C) empathetic distress
D) somatization
Q2) Although Carol has been experiencing persistent anxiety for the past 6 months,she has been unable to specify the cause or source of her nervous feelings.Carol likely suffers from _____.
A) Schizophrenia
B) post-traumatic stress disorder
C) a panic disorder
D) generalized anxiety disorder
Q3) _____ is an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life.
A) Anxiety
B) Fear
C) Anger
D) Depression
Q4) Write a note on antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Therapies
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Q1) Lithium is commonly used to treat _____.
A) panic attack disorder
B) bipolar disorder
C) schizophrenia
D) major depression
Q2) Beck's cognitive therapy focuses on _____.
A) illogical thoughts
B) resistance
C) positive reinforcement
D) the relationship between therapist and client
Q3) Which of the following is an important aspect of cognitive-behavior therapy?
A) Self-efficacy
B) Insight
C) Self-awareness
D) Cultural sensitivity
Q4) Tranquilizers are _____ drugs.
A) antianxiety
B) antidepressant
C) antipsychotic
D) MAO inhibitor
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Health Psychology
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Q1) Dan has a problem with smoking.If Dan were in the _____ stage of change,the best stage-matched intervention would be to inform him about the dangers of continuing this unhealthy behavior.However,if he were in the _____ stage,you would do well to provide him with training in specific skills that can help him to actually stop smoking.
A) contemplation/precontemplation
B) precontemplation/contemplation
C) preparation/contemplation
D) precontemplation/preparation
Q2) Clare climbs steps everyday to stimulate her heart and lung functioning.She does this to remain fit and healthy.Claire's exercise is a type of _____.
A) anaerobic exercise
B) muscle strengthening exercise
C) aerobic exercise
D) flexibility exercise
Q3) Describe the three primary benefits or functions of social support.
Q4) Discuss Lazarus's cognitive model of stress.Explain the distinction between primary and secondary appraisal.
Q5) What are the ways to prevent STIs?
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