Foundations of Psychological Science Test
Preparation
Course Introduction
Foundations of Psychological Science provides an introduction to the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. This course covers core concepts, theories, and research methods that frame the discipline of psychology, including biological foundations, perception, learning, cognition, development, emotion, motivation, personality, and social influences. Students will explore the historical development of psychology, examine diverse approaches to understanding the mind and behavior, and critically analyze empirical findings. Through lectures, discussions, and applied activities, the course aims to foster an understanding of how psychological principles inform everyday life and influence both individual and group behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Pioneers of Psychology A History 4th Edition by Raymond E. Fancher
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15 Chapters
450 Verified Questions
450 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Foundational Ideas from Antiquity
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30 Verified Questions
30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ideas that young Descartes had at Ulm,which transformed his life and really started him on his vocation as a philosopher and scientist,were primarily about:
A) the reflex.
B) the mind-body dichotomy.
C) a method for obtaining knowledge.
D) the passions.
Answer: C
Q2) According to Descartes' theory of visual perception,
A) the mind's conscious percept bears no necessary relationship to the real observed object.
B) the mind's conscious percept is a nearly perfect replica of the real observed object.
C) the relationship between percept and object is inconsequential, so long as mechanical action is initiated.
D) the conscious percept is an inverted, double copy of the observed object.
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 2: Pioneering Philosophers of Mind:
Descartes,Locke,and Leibniz
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30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Leibniz proposed all of the following features of "minute perceptions" except:
A) they are characteristic of bare monads.
B) they can be responsible for unconscious motivational effects.
C) they are experienced only by animals and humans.
D) when aggregated in large numbers they can become conscious.
Answer: C
Q2) Locke's version of the Social Contract Theory differed from that of his predecessor Hobbes in which way?
A) Hobbes saw the contract as a formal written document, whereas for Locke it was a more informal agreement between the government and the governed.
B) Locke saw the contract as a formal written document, whereas for Hobbes it was a more informal agreement between the government and the governed.
C) Locke's version assumed the contract was a more rational choice by the governed, who could break the contract under conditions of severe governmental abuse.
D) Locke's version assumed that the authority granted to the government by the governed was absolute, and had to be obeyed under all circumstances.
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Physiologists of Mind: Brain Scientists from Gall to Penfield
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30 Verified Questions
30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Karl Lashley tried to test the localization of memory hypothesis by observing the effects of ablations on:
A) the natural behavior of birds.
B) human beings suffering from incurable diseases.
C) rats who had previously learned to run mazes.
D) all of the above
Answer: C
Q2) The notion that a single memory may be "stored" in several different specific locations scattered throughout the brain is known as:
A) Pribram's hologram theory.
B) the redundancy hypothesis.
C) the cerebellar theory.
D) the multiple-memory theory.
Answer: B
Q3) Franz Gall made which of the following contributions?
A) He made a good case that the brain is the organ of the mind.
B) He made several fundamental anatomical discoveries about the brain.
C) He founded the science which came to be known as phrenology.
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Page 5
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Chapter 4: The Sensing and Perceiving Mind: From Kant
through the Gestalt Psychologists
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30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The idea that all living things are imbued with an ultimately unanalyzable "life force" is the major tenet of what doctrine?
A) Mechanism
B) Vitalism
C) Conservation of Energy
D) Transcendental Idealism
Q2) Relative to Kant in his theory of visual perception,Helmholtz was more:
A) Nativist.
B) Rationalist.
C) Idealist.
D) Empiricist.
Q3) For stimuli such as electric shocks,where the jnd's become smaller with higher intensities,the psychophysical relationship is best expressed by:
A) Weber's law.
B) Fechner's law.
C) Steven's (power) law.
D) either b or c, which are mathematically equivalent.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Wundt and the Establishment of Experimental Psychology
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30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ebbinghaus' finding that memory for a learned task drops off most steeply immediately after the learning and then declines more slowly exemplifies the:
A) forgetting curve.
B) method of savings.
C) Psychophysical law.
D) stimulus error.
Q2) In Wundt's theory,a creative synthesis accompanies acts of:
A) perception.
B) apperception.
C) unconscious inference.
D) both a and b above
Q3) Ebbinghaus' innovative method for studying memory experimentally made use of: A) directed association.
B) mental chronometry.
C) nonsense syllables.
D) structural introspection.
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Chapter 6: The Evolving Mind: Darwin and His Psychological Legacy
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30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the purposes of Darwin's book,The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals was to show:
A) that many human reactions with no obvious survival or utilitarian value today did have an adaptive purpose in the evolutionary past.
B) that animals and humans have very different emotional responses.
C) that human emotional expressions vary widely across different cultures.
D) that many human reactions with a clear adaptive purpose today had no adaptive purpose in the past.
Q2) While on his Beagle voyage,Darwin made important observations of ____________,which eventually helped lead to his evolutionary theory.
A) fossilized remains of extinct animals who resembled current species but were much larger
B) finches with differently shaped beaks on different islands
C) a species of short-necked giraffes in Brazil
D) both a and b above
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Chapter 7: Measuring the Mind: Galton and Individual Differences
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30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When there is a complete absence of a relationship between two variables,the regression line representing that relationship will be:
A) horizontal.
B) 45 degrees from the horizontal.
C) either a or b above
D) irregular and curved.
Q2) In the 1920s behavioral geneticists realized that research on "separated" twins could be used to determine the "heritability" of any measurable trait,but only if certain conditions were met. Which of the following was not one of those conditions
A) The twins must be monozygotic.
B) The twins must by dizigotic.
C) The twins must have been randomly placed in a representative sample of adoptive foster homes.
D) The twins must have been separated completely and very early.
Q3) When Galton studied his own associations,he discovered that:
A) they flowed and could be recorded surprisingly easily.
B) most were determined by his immediate settings.
C) there were surprising numbers dating from childhood.
D) very few were ever repeated.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: American Pioneers: James, Hall, Calkins, and Thorndike
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30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) James argued that emotional states could most effectively be changed by:
A) behaving as if they were different.
B) changing one's surroundings and getting away from it all.
C) clearly bringing out the suppressed ideas that cause them.
D) both a and b above
Q2) The James-Lange theory of emotion holds that:
A) emotion is a consequence rather than a cause of the bodily changes associated with it.
B) emotions cause bodily changes such as sweating and a rapid heartbeat.
C) emotions and bodily changes occur at the same time.
D) both a and b above
Q3) Which the following was not one of James's eminent students?
A) G. S. Hall
B) Mary Whiton Calkins
C) Edward Thorndike
D) James Roland Angell
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10
Chapter 9: Psychology as the Science of Behavior:
Pavlov,Watson,and Skinner
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Sample Questions
Q1) Edward Chase Tolman was known for his promotion of:
A) mechanistic behaviorism .
B) purposive behaviorism.
C) latent learning.
D) both b and c above
Q2) Watson found Pavlov's conditioned reflex concept useful in his own work because: A) it was a properly objective technique that he could apply to many other learning situations besides the salivary reflex.
B) it explained a great deal about the nature of the brain.
C) it showed the value of precise measurements in psychological experiments.
D) both a and b above
Q3) A conditioned reflex is established in a dog,where the conditioned stimulus is a tone of 400 cycles per second,and the unconditioned stimulus is a splash of dilute acid in its mouth. When,on a test trial,the dog is presented with a tone of 500 cycles per second,what is the most likely result?
A) a conditioned salivary response, somewhat reduced in magnitude
B) a conditioned salivary response somewhat enhanced in magnitude
C) little or no conditioned salivary response
D) frantic attempts by the dog to escape from the situation
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Social Influence and Social Psychology: From
Mesmer to Milgram and Beyond
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Sample Questions
Q1) Floyd Allport made all of the following contributions to the establishment of social psychology except:
A) he completed the first PhD dissertation on an experimental social psychology topic.
B) he co-edited The Journal of Abnormal Psychology and added Social Psychology to its title and subject matter.
C) he wrote the first textbook devoted to experimental social psychology.
D) he created the first social psychology laboratory at Harvard University.
Q2) An incorrect implication of Mesmer's theory of animal magnetism was that:
A) the secret of hypnosis lies in the power of the hypnotist or magnetist.
B) illness is caused by disaligned magnetic fields in the body.
C) some people are natural healers because of their magnetic personalities.
D) all of the above
Q3) Bernheim,on finding that lower class patients were especially responsive to his hypnotic suggestions,argued that hypnotizability must be closely related to:
A) low intelligence.
B) a general trait of suggestibility.
C) susceptibility to hysteria.
D) the fees patients had to pay.
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Chapter 11: Mind in Conflict: Freudian Psychoanalysis and Its
Successors
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30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Freud's self-analysis was especially influential in helping him to first appreciate the importance of:
A) transference.
B) the Oedipus complex.
C) abreaction.
D) both a and b above
Q2) The dream content which Freud came to see as closely analogous to overt hysterical symptoms is called the:
A) unconscious wish.
B) manifest content.
C) latent content.
D) repressed content.
Q3) At the beginning of his medical career,Freud specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of:
A) schizophrenia.
B) neurotic conditions.
C) poliomyelitis.
D) organic brain conditions.
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Chapter 12: Psychology Gets "Personality":
Allport,Maslow,and the Broadening Field
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Sample Questions
Q1) Gordon Allport effectively promoted all of the following concepts except:
A) the contact hypothesis.
B) the hierarchy of needs.
C) mature vs. immature religion.
D) functional autonomy.
Q2) What was a major idea that Maslow got from his interaction with Max Wertheimer?
A) the importance of peak experiences
B) the importance of "insight learning"
C) the need for a more positive psychology
D) all of the above
Q3) Carl Rogers effectively promoted:
A) a client-centered therapy stressing unconditional positive regard.
B) an individual psychotherapy stressing the overcoming of inferiority
C) an existential therapy stressing the search for meaning.
D) a Gestalt therapy stressing the search for insight.
Q4) Maslow classified which of the following as "being needs"?
A) self-actualization needs
B) love/belonging needs
C) esteem needs
D) all of the above
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Chapter 13: The Developing Mind: Binet,Piaget,and the Study of Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) "Mental orthopedics" was a program developed by Binet,intended to improve children's:
A) concentration, emotional intelligence and IQ.
B) concentration, attention and intellectual levels.
C) abstract reasoning, memory, and vocabulary.
D) reading, writing, and arithmetic.
Q2) Binet's work on "Individual Psychology" with Victor Henri finally led him to conclude that:
A) "projective tests" showed great promise for personality research.
B) the main components of someone's personality could be captured with five or six basic measures.
C) there is no substitute for extended and detailed case studies in understanding individuality.
D) both a and b above
Q3) A crucial,innovative idea of Jean Piaget's was that:
A) intelligence varies quantitatively with age.
B) intelligence varies qualitatively with age.
C) learning can be greatly accelerated through the use of creating teaching technologies.
D) all of the above
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Minds,Machines,and Cognitive Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) John Searle was a philosopher who:
A) proposed the Chinese Room thought experiment.
B) argued that strong AI was a very real possibility.
C) proposed the name for the Turing Test.
D) both a and b above
Q2) Neisser's approach to memory research adopted which of the following characteristics in response to James and Eleanor Gibson's "ecological" psychology?
A) a nativist approach
B) an empiricist approach
C) a concern for the environment
D) a focus on real events and natural settings
Q3) An algorithm is appropriate to use when:
A) there is a need to limit "search space."
B) the number of possible solutions are relatively few in number.
C) one is trying to develop a chess-playing program.
D) one is trying to simulate human speech.
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16
Chapter 15: Applying Psychology: From the Witness Stand to the
Workplace
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30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In considering applied psychology and training requirements for psychology degrees today,the Psy.D or Doctor of Psychology degree differs from the PhD degree in what following way?
A) The Psy.D degree programs are more research focused.
B) The PhD degree programs more closely follow the scientist-practitioner model.
C) The PhD degree programs have more practical and professional training than research training.
D) The Psy.D degree programs more closely follow the scientist-practitioner model.
Q2) _______'s life story was the basis for the popular book and movie Cheaper by the Dozen.
A) Lillian Gilbreth
B) Naomi Norsworthy
C) Leta Stetter Hollingworth
D) Augusta Fox Bronner
Q3) Hugo Münsterberg did all of the following except:
A) create an early form of the polygraph test.
B) create a system called scientific management.
C) apply psychology to industry.
D) participate in designing and promoting psychology at the 1893 World's Fair.
Page 17
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