Foundations of Personality Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Personality explores the major theories and research findings that explain the development, structure, and dynamics of human personality. The course examines influential perspectives including psychodynamic, trait, humanistic, social-cognitive, and biological approaches to understand how personality is shaped and expressed across the lifespan. Emphasis is placed on the methods used to assess personality, the role of genetics and environment in personality development, and contemporary applications in clinical, social, and organizational settings. Through critical analysis of theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence, students gain a comprehensive understanding of the complexity and diversity of human personality.
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The Personality Puzzle 6th Edition by David C. Funder
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Chapter 1: The Study of the Person
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Q1) Personality psychology has a variety of theoretical perspectives that are sometimes seen as competing with each other. Regarding this diversity, a major theme of this textbook is:
A) The personality puzzle will never be solved.
B) The One Big Theory (OBT) can account for everything in personality.
C) Great strengths are usually great weaknesses.
D) A single basic approach must be chosen on the basis of rigorous data analysis.
Answer: C
Q2) The trait approach, the behaviorist approach, and the psychoanalytic approach
A) are irreconcilable and contradictory views of human psychology
B) are all part of the One Big Theory (OBT)
C) all address the biological basis of human psychology
D) address different sets of questions about human psychology
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Clues to Personality: the Basic Sources of Data
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Q1) One concern with items on measures like the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is that they often lack face validity. What kind of problem does this create?
A) Participants can easily fake responses on the items.
B) Such items raise concerns with social desirability.
C) Responses are difficult to interpret in psychological terms.
D) Such items tend to make participants very anxious.
Answer: C
Q2) Dr. Garcia wants to measure the earliest autobiographical memories of the participants in her project. She would most likely obtain ________ data.
A) L
B) I
C) S
D) B
Answer: C
Q3) An academic transcript is an example of L data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Personality Psychology As Science: Research
Methods
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Q1) Linda is taking an intelligence test. During the test, the teachers walk through the halls and chat loudly with each other. Due to these distractions, Linda scores lower on the test than she would have if she had been able to concentrate fully. The influence of the teachers' chatting is an example of ________.
A) reliability
B) a validity bias
C) a cohort effect
D) measurement error
Answer: D
Q2) Applied psychologists involved in personnel selection are less concerned with error variance than are research psychologists.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Both correlational studies and experimental studies attempt to measure the associations between variables.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Personality Traits, Situations, and Behavior
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Q1) When a researcher examines the association between behaviors at a party on Friday night and how many times someone volunteers to answer questions in class on Monday, she is looking at the association between ________ and ________.
A) I data; B data
B) S data; I data
C) B data; B data
D) B data; I data
Q2) Which of the following would be an example of trying to improve the predictability of behavior from personality traits by taking into account the possibility that some people are more consistent than others?
A) measuring how frequently you are late to work using a daily diary report of your everyday behavior
B) collecting information about your responses to stressful work situations
C) trying to predict how warm and friendly you will act when you meet your in-laws next Monday
D) determining if the behavior of high self-monitors is less predictable than that of low self-monitors
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Chapter 5: Personality Assessment I: Personality Testing
and Its Consequences
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Q1) What is the first step in the empirical method of scale construction?
A) Gather lots of items.
B) Identify the groups.
C) Administer items to a large sample.
D) Conduct a factor analysis on existing scales.
Q2) Personality assessment would be relevant to which of the following constructs?
A) attitudes toward political leaders
B) extraversion
C) aggression
D) all of the above
Q3) The entity or construct that causes items to group together in a factor analysis is called a factor.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Faking responses in order to influence test results is most difficult on ________ constructed tests.
A) factor analytically
B) empirically
C) rationally
D) nomothetically
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Chapter 6: Personality Assessment Ii: Personality Judgment in
Daily Life
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Q1) Self-monitoring seems to be an important quality of a good personality judge for both men and women.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is NOT considered one of the likely reasons that high-expectancy students perform better?
A) Teachers are warmer to these students.
B) Teachers provide more detailed and constructive feedback to these students.
C) Teachers show an increased willingness to ignore disciplinary problems in these students.
D) Teachers provide extra opportunities to these students.
Q3) Experiments concerning social expectancies seldom investigate the origins of real-life expectancies.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Convergent validation is seldom an effective tool for evaluating personality judgments.
A)True
B)False
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior
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Q1) Which of the Big Five traits appears to have the most inconsistency in terms of cross-cultural replication?
A) agreeableness
B) extraversion
C) psychoticism
D) openness
Q2) According to a recent study described in the textbook, which trait has been linked to a decrease in life satisfaction following a bout of unemployment?
A) agreeableness
B) conscientiousness
C) narcissism
D) self-monitoring
Q3) Negative emotionality in Tellegen's three-factor model is closest to which trait in Eysenck's model?
A) extraversion
B) openness to experience
C) psychoticism
D) neuroticism
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Chapter 8: The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality
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Q1) What brain region seems to connect the two halves of the brain?
A) ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
B) frontal lobes
C) corpus callosum
D) hippocampus
Q2) A general tendency toward excessive behavior and numerous sex partners has been linked to ________.
A) a failure in dopamine reuptake
B) synaptic decay
C) high testosterone levels
D) an estrogen imbalance
Q3) What is the technical name for drugs like Prozac?
A) selective serotonin depletion inhibitors
B) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
C) serotonin selection and reuptake facilitators
D) serotonin reuptake facilitators
Q4) Explain why it is so difficult to study links between personality and the brain. What methods have been proposed and what are the difficulties associated with each of these methods?
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Chapter 9: The Inheritance of Personality: Behavioral
Genetics and Evolutionary Theory
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Q1) DRD4 is linked to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
A)True
B)False
Q2) So far, evolutionary psychology has been much more concerned with the origins of ________ than with ________.
A) unconscious processes; conscious processes
B) extraversion and agreeableness; neuroticism, openness, and conscientiousness
C) neuroticism, openness, and conscientiousness; extraversion and agreeableness
D) general human nature; individual differences
Q3) The risk of divorce is not genetically influenced because it involves an interaction between two people.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which factor below would be part of the so-called nonshared environment?
A) family SES
B) genetic attributes
C) different friendships for siblings
D) general parenting styles
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Chapter 10: Basics of Psychoanalysis
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Q1) Which of the following aspects of Freud's theory was least developed?
A) libido
B) the death instinct
C) psychosexual stages
D) regression
Q2) Freud made a distinction between libido and sexual energy.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Jenny spends most of her psychic energy trying to push her memory of a recent mugging out of conscious awareness. According to Freud, if Jenny tries to write a novel, she will find that ________.
A) the repression has created additional psychic energy that will make her more creative
B) she has little psychic energy left to spend on her writing
C) nothing has changed and her writing will proceed as well as it normally does
D) the repression has created additional energy for her to invest in other outlets
Q4) Freud initially used hypnosis in therapy and later used free association.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: The Workings of the Unconscious Mind:
Defenses and Slips
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Q1) Threats to self-esteem result in realistic anxiety.
A)True
B)False
Q2) "Freudian slips" are also known as ________
A) paralaxes
B) parapraxes
C) paraphrases
D) parafraxes
Q3) In a heated argument with his current girlfriend, Tyler accidentally calls her by the name of his ex-girlfriend. This is an example of a ________.
A) parapraxis
B) fixation
C) Freudian reversal
D) sublimation
Q4) Researchers have been unable to investigate psychological processes related to the Freudian idea of projection because it is so complicated.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians,
Object Relations, and Current Research
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Q1) In middle age, we experience the psychosocial crisis of ________, according to Erikson.
A) generativity vs. stagnation
B) intimacy vs. isolation
C) integrity vs. despair
D) industry vs. inferiority
Q2) Dr. Ders is a psychotherapist who emphasizes the importance of relating to others as real people who have mixtures of virtues and vices. Dr. Ders is most likely a therapist in the tradition of ________.
A) Freud
B) Jung
C) Erikson
D) object relations theory
Q3) Jung emphasizes spiritual and mystical issues more than Freud.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Many neo-Freudians preserve Freud's spirit in their writings but reinterpret his original ideas.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Experience, Existence, and the Meaning of Life:
Humanistic and Positive Psychology
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Q1) The personality test that asks you to identify sets of three people, ideas, or objects and describe how any two of them are similar to each other and different from the third is attempting to assess your ________.
A) hierarchy of needs
B) conditions of worth
C) cognitive scripts
D) personal constructs
Q2) Rogerian therapy emphasizes the importance of listening on the part of the therapist.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An individual who seeks to maximize gain by making the most money possible is following a satisficing goal.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Rep test is used to evaluate whether an individual is a fully functioning person.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality
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Q1) In Triandis's model, the distinctive tasks a culture needs to accomplish and the physical layout and resources of its land are called the culture's ________.
A) ecology
B) complexity
C) socialization processes
D) personality
Q2) According to the text, which characteristic of cultures might be the most difficult to judge?
A) toughness
B) tightness
C) heart
D) complexity
Q3) ________ cultures tend to emphasize the needs of the group.
A) Tight
B) Collectivist
C) Complex
D) Tough
Q4) What are the reasons why cultural differences in personality might be exaggerated?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Learning to Be a Person: Behaviorism and Social Learning Theories
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Q1) The Bobo doll studies of aggression demonstrated that ________.
A) changing efficacy expectations can facilitate behavioral change
B) expectancies vary across situations
C) children will imitate positive but not negative behaviors
D) learning can occur vicariously through observation
Q2) The philosophical belief called ________ claims that people learn in order to seek pleasure and to avoid pain.
A) associationism
B) empiricism
C) hedonism
D) utilitarianism
Q3) Which of the following is NOT an optimal way to administer punishment?
A) Provide multiple alternatives to the punishment-inducing behavior.
B) Be clear and specific about what behavior you are punishing.
C) Administer a punishment after the individual has had time to reflect on his or her behavior.
D) Condition a secondary punishing stimulus.
Q4) Humans are the only animals that learn by observing others.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Personality Processes: Perception, Thought,
Motivation, and Emotion
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Q1) What two types of processes are included in most dual-process models?
A) conscious and rational
B) conscious and unconscious
C) short-term and long-term memories
D) impulsive and reactive
Q2) The memories of chronically hostile individuals as opposed to chronically agreeable individuals show no differences.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Mrs. Garcia often invites her family and friends to her house for lunches and parties. She is also involved with the people in her church group and in the Parent-Teacher Association at her child's school. According to McClelland's view of motivations, Mrs. Garcia is high in ________ motivation.
A) achievement
B) affiliation
C) power
D) connectedness
Q4) What is happiness? Why might happiness help facilitate performance in important domains of life?
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Chapter
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Q1) Members of collectivist cultures are more consistent in their behavior than members of individualist cultures.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Do people from individualist and collectivist cultures differ in terms of the need for self-regard and behavioral consistency? What theoretical perspective may help to explain these similarities or differences?
Q3) The ________ effect describes the enhancement of long-term memory that comes from relating information to the self.
A) self-enhancement
B) self-consistency
C) self-justification
D) self-reference
Q4) Which of the following is the best way to get information into long-term memory?
A) rehearsal
B) elongation
C) elaboration
D) reverberation
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Chapter 18: Disorders of Personality
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Q1) Describing casual acquaintances as "very dear friends" is a behavior associated with which personality disorder?
A) histrionic
B) narcissistic
C) dependent
D) schizoid
Q2) Individuals who suffer from avoidant personality disorder actually have deep cravings for social contact and acceptance.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is one of the diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder?
A) perfectionism
B) rapid mood shifts
C) overconcern with rules and details
D) lack of empathy
Q4) Paranoid personality disorder is more common in males than in females.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: Conclusion: Looking Back and Looking Ahead
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Q1) George Kelly believed that it was possible to view the same objective facts from different psychological perspectives.
A)True
B)False
Q2) There is considerable value in maintaining an awareness of different approaches to personality.
A)True
B)False
Q3) It would be extremely difficult to integrate trait and cognitive approaches to personality.
A)True
B)False
Q4) There are actually multiple ways to structure an introduction to personality psychology.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Draw on what you have learned about personality psychology to support the argument that the most important choices you make in life are the environments that you select.
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