Foundations of Modern Psychology Solved Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Modern Psychology provides an in-depth exploration of the key principles, theories, and historical developments that have shaped the discipline of psychology. This course examines major psychological schools of thought, including behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanism, cognitive psychology, and biological approaches. Students will analyze the evolution of psychological concepts, research methods, and ethical considerations in the field while gaining a broad understanding of the core topics such as perception, learning, memory, and motivation. Through case studies and classic experiments, the course highlights how contemporary psychological practice draws on foundational theories to address current issues in mental health, behavior, and social interactions.
Recommended Textbook
Pioneers of Psychology A History 4th Edition by Raymond E. Fancher
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15 Chapters
450 Verified Questions
450 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Foundational Ideas from Antiquity
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Q1) Since Descartes' time,research has shown that:
A) his theory of the body's mechanism was prophetically right in most respects.
B) his mechanistic theories were almost completely nonsense.
C) his theory of bodily mechanism was wrong in details, but highly productive in its general implications.
D) the body and mind do interact in the middle of the brain.
Answer: C
Q2) Galileo defined secondary qualities as:
A) qualities that do not reside inherently in matter, but arise only after the primary qualities impinge on the human senses.
B) qualities that reside inherently in matter, such as shape, quantity, and motion.
C) qualities that were the two properties of physical phenomena that could not be further analyzed or doubted.
D) qualities that are inherently innate.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Pioneering Philosophers of Mind:
Descartes,Locke,and Leibniz
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Q1) Leibniz proposed all of the following features of "minute perceptions" except:
A) they are characteristic of bare monads.
B) they can be responsible for unconscious motivational effects.
C) they are experienced only by animals and humans.
D) when aggregated in large numbers they can become conscious.
Answer: C
Q2) Leibniz defined apperception as:
A) the process by which ideas are accompanied by self-awareness and interpreted in terms of underlying laws and principles.
B) the process by which sensations in consciousness are responded to in light of prior learning and experience.
C) the experiencing of two or more ideas, either simultaneously or in rapid succession.
D) the interconnection of associations of various neurologically mediated stimulus-response connections, reflexes, or conditioning.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Physiologists of Mind: Brain Scientists from Gall to Penfield
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Q1) Penfield referred to responses such as a sense of déjà vu,unfamiliarity,guilt,or euphoria as _______________responses,and found that they could be produced by stimulation in the _______________.
A) experimental; secondary visual area
B) interpretive; temporal lobe
C) emotional; experiential cortex
D) conditioned; cerebellum
Answer: B
Q2) Milner's discoveries about differing memory systems represented part of the development of which emerging field of psychology?
A) Clinical psychology
B) Cognitive psychology
C) Developmental psychology
D) Evolutionary psychology
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: The Sensing and Perceiving Mind: From Kant
through the Gestalt Psychologists
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Q1) Kohler's principle that "psychological facts and the underlying events in the brain resemble each other in all their structural characteristics" is known as the:
A) Hypothesis of Psychophysical Isomorphism.
B) Law of Gestalt Identity.
C) Law of Specific Nerve Energies.
D) Hypothesis of Underlying Similarities.
Q2) As you read this page,the words you are aware of constitute the ___________________,and the page on which they are printed is the ______________________.
A) figure; ground
B) ground; figure
C) concept; percept
D) percept; concept
Q3) According to Kant,the ______________world consists of "things-in themselves" which exist independently of human experience and reason.
A) material
B) phenomenal
C) noumenal
D) objective
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Chapter 5: Wundt and the Establishment of Experimental Psychology
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Q1) One of the Wundtian mental chronometry experiments had one condition in which the subject was required to make a different response to each of two different stimuli,and another in which two stimuli were randomly presented but only one had to be responded to. The mental process presumably required for the first task,but not for the second,was:
A) perception.
B) apperception.
C) cognition.
D) association.
Q2) Structuralism was an approach to experimental psychology that:
A) focused on the function of the mind rather than the biology of the brain.
B) focused on what the mind is rather than what the mind is for.
C) was completely in keeping with the Wundtian framework.
D) focused solely on physiology, omitting subjective introspection.
Q3) Wundt classified feelings according to what the three basic dimensions?
A) pleasantness?unpleasantness, tension?relaxation, and activity?passivity.
B) tension?relaxation, pleasantness?unpleasantness, and reaction-non-reaction
C) pleasantness?unpleasantness, tension?relaxation, and activity?passivity
D) action-non-action, tension-relaxation, and pleasant-unpleasantness
Page 7
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Chapter 6: The Evolving Mind: Darwin and His Psychological
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Q1) What was a factor that helped convert Darwin to the uniformitarian viewpoint during his Beagle voyage?
A) Captain FitzRoy's endorsement of the idea
B) the presence of fossilized seashells high in the mountains
C) his observations of exotic wildlife
D) all of the above
Q2) Alfred Russel Wallace is known for which of the following?
A) independently developing the theory of evolution by natural selection and having a paper on it read jointly with one by Darwin in 1858
B) anticipating Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection by several years but neglecting to publish it
C) collaborating with Darwin on a paper describing the theory of evolution by natural selection, which was read at a meeting of the Linnean Society in 1858
D) plagiarizing much of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and presenting it as his own at a meeting of the Linnean Society in 1858
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Chapter 7: Measuring the Mind: Galton and Individual Differences
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Q1) As a young man,Francis Galton was profoundly influenced by:
A) an uncle who taught him elementary statistics.
B) a phrenologist who told him his brain and intelligence were naturally better suited to practical than to academic pursuits.
C) a minister who convinced him to pursue altruistic goals.
D) his grandfather Erasmus Darwin, who taught him evolution.
Q2) In the 1960s British psychologist Sir Cyril Burt published a study on separated twins indicating that nature was much more important than nurture in determining intelligence.All of the following statements about Burt's study are true except:
A) it temporarily tipped the balance of informed opinion toward the hereditarian view.
B) it was influenced by the ideas of Galton.
C) it was later found to be deeply flawed and perhaps fraudulent.
D) it introduced new research techniques that have continued to be employed in later twin studies.
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Chapter 8: American Pioneers: James, Hall, Calkins, and Thorndike
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Q1) William James clearly established himself as an outstanding teacher of psychology with the publication of his 1890 book entitled:
A) Handbook of Physiological Psychology.
B) The Principles of Psychology.
C) Varieties of Religious Experience.
D) Pragmatism.
Q2) G.Stanley Hall advocated which of the following approaches in his theory of child development?
A) a "structuralist" view, that the child passes through several distinct cognitive stages
B) a "recapitulationist" view, that individual development parallels the evolution of the species
C) a "functional" view, that the child progresses via trial-and-error learning experiences
D) a "Freudian" view, that the child passes through several sexually oriented stages
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Chapter 9: Psychology as the Science of Behavior:
Pavlov,Watson,and Skinner
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Q1) According to Skinner,one of the necessary consequences of regarding behavior as "freely" produced by "autonomous man" is a:
A) large total amount of "happiness" in society.
B) reduction in the control of behavior exerted by reinforcement contingencies.
C) great and exclusive emphasis on rewards.
D) great and undesirable emphasis on punishments.
Q2) A cumulative record showing regular,scalloped-shaped variation is characteristically produced by:
A) fixed interval reinforcement.
B) fixed ratio reinforcement.
C) sudden withdrawal of reinforcement.
D) secondary reinforcement.
Q3) Watson's major purpose in conducting the "Little Albert" experiment was to:
A) demonstrate the instinctive fears of a human infant.
B) show that human beings are not as conditionable as animals.
C) show that behavioristic methods could be used on humans as well as animals.
D) prove that he could produce a conditioned emotional fear response.
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Chapter 10: Social Influence and Social Psychology: From
Mesmer to Milgram and Beyond
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Q1) In his landmark obedience research,Stanley Milgram found:
A) that certain personality types were more obedient than others.
B) that in his laboratory situation subjects were far more obedient than anyone had predicted.
C) that men were more obedient than women in administering shocks.
D) both b and c
Q2) Binet and Henri's experiments showed that children's reported recall of recently observed stimuli:
A) was remarkably accurate even in young children.
B) was influenced by "leading questions" but not by neutral ones.
C) was strongly unreliable under all conditions.
D) was most accurate when they were simply given paper and a pencil and asked to write down what they remembered
Q3) _________________ believed that only hysterics were hypnotizable,while ____________ argued that normal people could be hypnotized as well.
A) Charcot; Le Bon
B) The Nancy School; Le Bon
C) The Nancy School; Charcot
D) Charcot; The Nancy School
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Mind in Conflict: Freudian Psychoanalysis and Its
Successors
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Q1) An academic psychologist who conducted important early laboratory research on a psychoanalytic concept was:
A) Saul Rosenzweig, with his study of motivated forgetting or repression.
B) Karen Horney, with her study of differences between men's and women's dreams.
C) Erik Erikson, with his study of the adolescent defense mechanisms.
D) Melanie Klein, with her study of sexual behavior in infants.
Q2) A draft manuscript,unpublished during Freud's lifetime,which he wrote in 1895 and which gives his model of the mind in neurological terms,is called:
A) Project for a Scientific Psychology.
B) The Unconscious.
C) The Interpretation of Dreams.
D) The Ego and the Id.
Q3) According to Freudian theory,the mechanism by which energy from an instinct is channeled into the production of a useful intellectual product or work of art is called:
A) rationalization.
B) creative regression.
C) sublimation.
D) intellectualization.
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Chapter 12: Psychology Gets "Personality":
Allport,Maslow,and the Broadening Field
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Q1) What type of research methodology did Cattell use in order to create the 16PF questionnaire?
A) controlled experiment
B) survey research
C) naturalistic observation
D) factor analysis
Q2) William Stern promoted a(n)___________ psychology where a central focus was on ____________.
A) social; the behavior of individuals in groups
B) nomothetic; the construction of personality tests
C) personalistic; the individual person
D) analytical; uncovering the collective unconscious
Q3) Which of the following is a psychological approach that emphasizes the human need to overcome inferiority and achieve dominance,while still maintaining a sense of positive social interest
A) Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology
B) Abraham Maslow's Humanistic Psychology
C) Kurt Goldstein's Gestalt Neuropsychology
D) Harry Harlow's Prosocial Psychology
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Chapter 13: The Developing Mind: Binet,Piaget,and the Study of Intelligence
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Q1) According to Piaget's theory,___________________is an important procedure a child must learn to perform in the course of attaining both object constancy and the conservation of quantity.
A) logical deduction
B) symbolic thinking
C) reversal of operations
D) abstraction
Q2) The first test of intelligence with substantial validity was developed in 1905 by:
A) Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon.
B) Alfred Binet and Victor Henri.
C) Frances Galton and J. M. Cattell.
D) William Stern and Lewis Terman.
Q3) Binet would probably have been skeptical about all of the following developments in intelligence testing except:
A) Piaget's discovery of the cognitive stages.
B) the invention of "IQ" to summarize the results of a test.
C) the concept of general intelligence.
D) the use of his test for measuring superior levels of intelligence.
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Chapter 14: Minds,Machines,and Cognitive Psychology
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Q1) "Pandemonium" was:
A) an early example of a computer program that could perform parallel processing and "learn."
B) the annoying computer "noise" that occurred when too much information was being processed at one time.
C) a computer program that analyzed information about pandemics.
D) a computer program that worked similarly to a Turing machine.
Q2) Claude Shannon's famous Master's Thesis made the case that:
A) genuine computer "creativity" is impossible.
B) patterns of relay circuits in "off" or "on" positions could be used to represent information in binary code.
C) computers could potentially be made much smaller by using transistors.
D) both b and c
Q3) Newell and Simon's General Problem Solver made use of all of the following except:
A) prior observation of human problem solvers.
B) heuristic strategies.
C) means-ends analysis.
D) parallel processing.
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Chapter 15: Applying Psychology: From the Witness Stand to the
Workplace
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Q1) _______'s life story was the basis for the popular book and movie Cheaper by the Dozen.
A) Lillian Gilbreth
B) Naomi Norsworthy
C) Leta Stetter Hollingworth
D) Augusta Fox Bronner
Q2) The birth of the "scientist-practitioner model" of training in clinical psychology emerged from:
A) Witmer's work on the clinical method.
B) the Boulder conference.
C) the Vail conference.
D) Gilbreth, Incorporated.
Q3) "Therbligs" refers to:
A) a unique form of psychotechnics.
B) a unit referring to the 18 independent motions of the hand.
C) a polygraph machine mechanism.
D) a key concept underlying the belief in functional periodicity.
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