Foundations of Logical Reasoning Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Logical Reasoning introduces students to the fundamental principles of logic and critical thinking, equipping them with tools to analyze and construct sound arguments. The course covers basic concepts such as propositions, validity, soundness, logical connectors, formal and informal fallacies, and methods of proof. Emphasizing both symbolic and natural language reasoning, students learn to identify underlying assumptions, assess argumentative strength, and apply logical frameworks to a variety of academic and real-world contexts. This foundational knowledge is essential for further studies in philosophy, mathematics, computer science, and related disciplines.
Recommended Textbook
THiNK 3rd Edition by Judith A. Boss
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13 Chapters
515 Verified Questions
515 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Critical Thinking: Why Its Important?
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Sample Questions
Q1) Name a necessary element of effective decision making.
A) setting short-term and long-term goals
B) developing a realistic plan for achieving a goal
C) building flexibility into a plan
D) All of these answers are correct.
Answer: D
Q2) Who said "Someone is happy,when his plans are going well and his more important aspirations are being fulfilled"?
A) John Steward Mill
B) John Rawls
C) Socrates
D) None of these answers is correct.
Answer: B
Q3) When is an opinion reasonable?
A) when it is correct
B) when it has logical support
C) when it is believed by the majority of people
D) when it is scientific
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true of dreams?
A) Dreams are capable of helping us solve our problems.
B) Dreams are completely understood by science.
C) Dreams have never been a source of important ideas.
D) Dreams are merely the release of irrational impulses and emotions.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is true about our ability to reason?
A) Individuals tend to reason well regardless of context.
B) Individuals tend to reason poorly regardless of context.
C) Formal training in reasoning makes no difference in one's ability to reason in unfamiliar contexts.
D) Individuals tend to reason better in familiar contexts.
Answer: D
Q3) Which of the following is a strategy that falls under the heading of reason?
A) deduction
B) spatial-temporal reasoning
C) generalization
D) imagination
E) All of these are strategies that fall under the heading of reason.
Answer: E
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Chapter 3: Language and Communication
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to linguist Noam Chomsky,all languages differ in their basic syntax and grammatical structure.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) An important component of critical thought is clearly defining key terms.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The flexibility of language only serves to enhance communication.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Which of the following can be a barrier to effective communication?
A) nonverbal cues such as body language
B) careless use of ambiguous words
C) cultural differences
D) All of these answers are correct.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence, and Errors in Thinking
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Sample Questions
Q1) Humans are better able to remember outstanding events than to remember mundane events.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Internet is never a reliable source of evidence.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Complete certainty can be had about most things.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is true of expert testimony?
A) An expert with a good reputation is generally more reliable.
B) Expert testimony is generally unreliable.
C) Expert testimony is always reliable.
D) Experts never disagree.
Q5) A rationalist believes that all knowledge comes from reason alone.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following involves the fallacy of hasty generalization?
A) drawing a general conclusion from a sample that is too small
B) concluding something about an entire group based on a study of every member of the group
C) drawing a general conclusion from a randomly selected sample
D) All of these are ways of committing the fallacy of hasty generalization.
Q2) The following argument commits the ad hominem fallacy: "John believes the Earth is flat,but you should not believe him.He smells funny."
A)True
B)False
Q3) If most people believe something,then you should believe it too.
A)True
B)False
Q4) An argument contains a fallacy when it appears to be a good argument but is not.
A)True
B)False
Q5) If something is natural,then it is good.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a definitional premise?
A) "Dogs are like a good friend in that both are loyal."
B) "Stay off the grass!"
C) "Dogs have four legs."
D) None of these answers is correct.
Q2) Which of the following is true of inductive arguments?
A) An inductive argument guarantees the truth of its conclusion.
B) An inductive argument attempts to provide support for the truth of its conclusion.
C) The conclusion of an inductive argument must be true if all of the argument's premises are true.
D) An inductive argument attempts to provide a necessary proof of its conclusion.
Q3) Which of the following is a conclusion indicator?
A) because
B) since
C) if
D) therefore
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8
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
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Sample Questions
Q1) Polls are never reliable.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is true of metaphors?
A) Metaphors are typically factually true.
B) Metaphors are a type of analogy.
C) It is always clear when a claim is using a metaphor.
D) None of these answers is correct.
Q3) Which of the following is true of generalizations?
A) Arguments based on generalization are either true or false.
B) A good generalization's sample could have been taken at any time.
C) A good generalization does not need to be representative.
D) A good generalization has all true premises.
Q4) Which of the following is a factor in determining the success of an argument by analogy?
A) the extent of the similarities between the objects compared
B) the extent of the dissimilarities between the objects compared
C) the relevance of the similarities in the premises to those alleged to hold in the conclusion
D) All of these answers are correct.
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Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true of deductive arguments?
A) A deductive argument always establishes the truth of its conclusion.
B) Deductive arguments typically contain words and phrases such as "probably" and "it is likely the case."
C) The conclusion of a valid deductive argument necessarily follows from its premises.
D) The premises of a deductive argument are always true.
Q2) Which of the following is true of sound arguments?
A) A sound argument may have a false premise.
B) A sound argument is valid.
C) A sound argument sounds good, but may be invalid.
D) A sound argument always has a true conclusion even if one of the premises is false.
Q3) Which of the following is the primary concern of logic?
A) truth
B) winning arguments
C) validity
D) All of these are equally of concern to logic.
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10
Chapter 9: Ethics and Moral Decision Making
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Sample Questions
Q1) Guilt is a moral sentiment.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Gratitude is one of W.D.Ross's seven prima facie duties.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The ethical subjectivist claims that we all have a duty to be tolerant of others.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Aristotle believed that morality is the most fundamental expression of human nature.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which of the following is a right to be allowed to pursue our legitimate interests?
A) welfare rights
B) liberty rights
C) legitimate rights
D) legal rights
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Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true of advertising?
A) Teenagers are more critical of advertisements than are older adults.
B) The average child sees approximately 40,000 television commercials a year.
C) Children under the age of eight can usually recognize the purpose of an advertisement.
D) Children easily resist advertisements that play on their need for peer acceptance.
Q2) Businesses,unlike individuals,are immune to confirmation bias.
A)True
B)False
Q3) SWOT is an acronym for "strengths,weaknesses,opportunities,and theories."
A)True
B)False
Q4) Most purchases are planned ahead of time.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Creating brand recognition is an important marketing strategy.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Mass Media
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which age-range of adults are most likely to regularly follow the news?
A) 18-29
B) 30-49
C) 50-64
D) 65+
Q2) Which of the following is true of the Internet?
A) It is controlled completely by a small group of large corporations.
B) It is only accessible to people with phones.
C) It is often a source of biased information.
D) None of these answers is correct.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a component of the three-tiered model of thinking?
A) experience
B) interpretation
C) analysis
D) literacy
Q4) Which of the following is a goal of the news media?
A) to inform the public about issues of importance
B) to appeal to a large audience
C) to present the news in an entertaining manner
D) All of these answers are correct.
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Chapter 12: Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following in an experiment is a variable that is manipulated by the experimenter?
A) independent variable
B) dependent variable
C) coextensive variable
D) objective variable
Q2) Science attempts to explain which of the following?
A) measurable facts
B) untestable explanations
C) spiritual forces
D) hypotheses
Q3) Which of the following best describes experimental material?
A) a variable that is not accounted for by the experimental design
B) the set of objects studied in an experiment
C) a randomly assigned condition that serves as the independent variable of an experiment
D) clothing worn by an experimenter that has not yet been approved by the FDA
Q4) A placebo is a substance that has no significant therapeutic effect.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Law and Politics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tacit consent is consent given by living in and abiding by the laws of a country.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The legislative branch has the power to interpret laws.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to John Locke,what is the chief function of government?
A) to prevent a war of all against all
B) to force people to help each other
C) to protect the natural rights of its citizens
D) to ensure that all citizens are safe by forcing them to act morally
Q4) The vast majority of Americans vote.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which of the following best describes a liberal democracy?
A) a monarchy
B) a democracy in which only Democrats are elected to office
C) a democracy in which the Democratic party holds the majority in Congress
D) a democracy that protects the liberties of the individual
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