Foundations of Educational Research Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Educational Research introduces students to the fundamental principles and methods of conducting research in educational settings. The course explores various research paradigms, including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods approaches, and emphasizes the formulation of research questions, hypothesis development, literature review, data collection techniques, and ethical considerations. Students will develop the skills necessary to critically evaluate existing research, design basic research projects, and apply appropriate analytical strategies to interpret educational data. The course lays the groundwork for further study in educational research and provides students with practical tools to investigate and address issues in educational practice and policy.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Educational Research Second Edition by Craig A. Mertler
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Educational Research
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Q1) The scientific method is utilized by educational researchers to ______.
A) obtain perfect data
B) illustrate obedience to the field of education
C) obtain answers to questions
D) answer questions and resolve problems
Answer: D
Q2) Research decisions made "on the fly" should include how and when to collect data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) ______ research engages the researcher in a process of individual interviews in an attempt to fully understand a particular phenomenon.
A) Phenomenological
B) Personal
C) Grounded theory
D) Ethnographic
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Overview of the Educational Research Process
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Q1) How many steps are there in the educational research process?
A) six
B) seven
C) eight
D) nine
Answer: C
Q2) Why is it important for a research study to have existing need?
Answer: Answer would ideally include: If a need has been determined, then there will be an audience interested in the results of a given research study. A need for research on a particular topic may stem from prior research conducted on that topic. It may also arise from various experiences of practitioners in the field related to the topic. Therefore, current and future research, as driven by this identified need, should likely make a contribution to the body of research in a particular field of study.
Q3) What is Step 4 in the educational research process?
A) writing a literature review
B) formally stating and refining research question(s)
C) developing a research plan
D) stating the findings as determined through data analyses
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Identifying a Research Problem
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Q1) A(n) ______ ranks individuals in order of the degree to which they possess a certain characteristic.
A) nominal scale
B) ordinal scale
C) continuous scale
D) confounding scale
Answer: B
Q2) There is a clear limit when it comes to identifying possible topics for educational research.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The researcher may define cutoff points for data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Variables can be continuous, discrete, or dichotomous.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Ethics in Educational Research
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Q1) If a researcher knows the participants' identities, the participants should be assured of ______.
A) anonymity but not confidentiality
B) confidentiality but not anonymity
C) both confidentiality and anonymity
D) neither confidentiality nor anonymity
Q2) When a study involves human participants, it is generally assumed that the risk associated with participating in the study should not be greater than the normal risks of day-to-day life.
A)True
B)False
Q3) It is required for ______ to pass one of the two research training courses that are administered either through The National Institutes of Health or the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative.
A) graduate students
B) faculty members
C) full-time researchers
D) all researchers
Q4) What is informed consent?
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Chapter 5: Reviewing Related Research Literature
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Q1) The purpose of conducting research studies ______.
A) pertains to the researcher
B) is a critical component of research design
C) is to learn new things about a given topic
D) does not apply to educational research
Q2) Different individuals organize information differently and emphasize different aspects in the literature review.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is recommended for summarizing studies for the literature review?
A) familiarize yourself with the process
B) determine what information about each study is needed
C) stress the aspects related to your study
D) state hypotheses in directional and nondirectional form
Q4) Because all research studies are important, the dates of the sources used are irrelevant.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss the pertinence of academic databases to the literature review.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Qualitative Research Methods
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Q1) Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?
A) Qualitative research is descriptive.
B) Qualitative researchers analyze their data deductively.
C) Qualitative researchers are concerned primarily with product.
D) Qualitative research is artificial.
Q2) Discuss the weaknesses of narrative research.
Q3) The process of collecting data and then synthesizing it to produce generalizations is called ______.
A) deductive reasoning
B) inductive reasoning
C) preductive reasoning
D) predictive reasoning
Q4) ______ involves an in-depth description and interpretation of the shared or common practices and beliefs of a culture, social group, or other community.
A) Narrative research
B) Ethnographic research
C) Historical research
D) Grounded theory research
Q5) Explain how qualitative researchers follow steps for conducting studies.
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Chapter 7: Quantitative Research Methods
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Q1) What is descriptive research?
Q2) Which of the following is an approach to quantitative research?
A) semiotics
B) historical
C) causal-comparative
D) community-oriented
Q3) Identify and discuss the primary difference in the ideologies behind qualitative and quantitative research.
Q4) ______ is the degree to which measured differences on the dependent variable are a direct result of the manipulation of the independent variable, and not some other variable or extraneous condition or influence.
A) External validity
B) Internal validity
C) Internal reliability
D) External reliability
Q5) Electronic surveys are becoming more common. Describe some technological limitations of web-based and other electronic surveys.
Q6) Discuss the weaknesses of experimental research.
Q7) Describe a pilot test and explain it's basic purpose.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Mixed-Methods Research
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Q1) Conclusions in mixed-methods research may be drawn ______.
A) sequentially
B) divergently
C) analytically
D) prematurely
Q2) ______ data provide understanding through greater depth, whereas ______ data provide broader, more general understanding.
A) Qualitative; quantitative
B) Quantitative; qualitative
C) Mixed-methods; only qualitative
D) Mixed-methods; both qualitative and quantitative
Q3) Which of the following is a strength of mixed-methods research?
A) It is still growing and developing.
B) The strength of one can offset the weakness of another.
C) It is seen as less practical, but more through.
D) Researchers focus on one type of data.
Q4) Discuss the possible prioritization options for any mixed-methods design.
Q5) Knowledge of the notational system is paramount to mixed-methods research.
A)True
B)False
10
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Chapter 9: Action Research
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Q1) Which of the following statements about action plans is true?
A) There are specific requirements as to what or should be included in an action plan.
B) There are no real requirements as to what or should be included in an action plan.
C) Action plans may not consist of brief statements or simple descriptions.
D) Action plans should consist of very detailed and thorough descriptions.
Q2) Action research allows educators to study ______.
A) their own instructional methods
B) the world at large
C) the instructional methods of educators in a different state
D) the past
Q3) An important aspect of action research includes ______.
A) two models of mixed-methods
B) no limited number of mixed-methods
C) four models of mixed-methods
D) the development of action plans
Q4) List the five important reasons for using action research in educational settings noted in the text.
Q5) Describe how action research can improve educational practices.
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Chapter 10: Writing a Research Proposal
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Q1) Although the titles of the sections may vary, all research proposals ______.
A) plan for systematic development
B) share some elements
C) plan systematic approaches
D) plan to glean exploratory findings
Q2) What do the research questions and hypotheses do?
A) provide logic to the process
B) provide consistency to the process
C) act cyclical in nature
D) guide the conduct of the study
Q3) A key aspect of writing the research proposal is the writing style.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A(n) ______ is a restriction placed on the study by the researcher to limit its scope.
A) extraneous factor
B) outlier
C) delimitation
D) limitation
Q5) Describe the instrumentation section in a quantitative research proposal.
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Chapter 11: Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis
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Q1) Qualitative data will always consist of narrative accounts.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Theoretical validity refers to ______.
A) the accuracy of the interpretations of participants' behaviors and words
B) the factual accuracy of the account provided in the research
C) the extent to which the researcher behaved objectively enough to report the data and findings in an unbiased manner, without making judgments of the collected data
D) the extent to which the study, and its final report, relates the phenomenon being studied to a broader theory
Q3) ______ observations are more typical of qualitative data collection, since they are "free flowing," allowing the researcher to shift focus from one event to another as new events occur.
A) Structured
B) Loose
C) Semistructured
D) Unstructured
Q4) Explain the rationale for the sample size in qualitative research.
Q5) Explain the concept of triangulation.
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Chapter 12: Quantitative Data Collection
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Q1) Which of the following is true of stratified sampling?
A) can only capture limited perspective
B) delineates all populations
C) is not part of quantitative research
D) selects from strata
Q2) What is the difference between purposive sampling and convenience sampling?
Q3) A sample for the actual study is symbolized by a ______ in research settings.
A) lowercase n
B) capitalized N
C) lowercase p
D) capitalized P
Q4) The most rigorous form of probability sampling is ______.
A) stratified random sampling
B) simple random sampling
C) cluster random sampling
D) systematic random sampling
Q5) The larger the population size means the sample should be larger as well.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe probability sampling techniques.
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Chapter 13: Quantitative Data Analysis
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Q1) Explain why researchers should understand statistics before conducting a quantitative research study.
Q2) In quantitative data analysis, numerical values must be assigned to all values of all variables.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Parameters are numerical indices that describe a population.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The term statistics has multiple meanings.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which of the following does not describe the chi-square test of independence?
A) appropriately used with only interval and ratio data
B) appropriately used with nominal and categorical data
C) tests the significance of a relationship between two categorical variables
D) appropriately used in qualitative research
Q6) Define and explain why samples are used in research.
Q7) Describe what it means that statistical procedures can "make other inferences about the population."
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Chapter 14: Writing a Final Research Report
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Q1) Readers of research rely on ______ to indicate whether reports deal with topics they specifically want to read about.
A) titles
B) results sections
C) abstracts alone
D) introductions
Q2) Each audience has its own unique criteria, expectations, and standards for written research reports.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Most colleges and universities have prepared their own guides, while few have adopted existing styling guides.
A)True
B)False
Q4) List the suggestions given in the text to become a successful academic writer.
Q5) Anonymity is less important than confidentiality in written research reports.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Explain how following a style guide contributes to a final research report.
Page 16
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