Foundations of Educational Inquiry
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Course Introduction
Foundations of Educational Inquiry introduces students to the essential concepts, methods, and philosophical underpinnings of systematic research in educational settings. Through critical examination of various research paradigms and traditions including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods approaches students will develop the skills to formulate research questions, evaluate scholarly literature, and understand ethical considerations in educational research. This course lays the groundwork for effective inquiry practice, empowering learners to engage thoughtfully with the process of investigating complex educational phenomena.
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Introduction to Educational Research Second Edition by Craig A. Mertler
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Educational Research
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Q1) Qualitative research methods require the collection and analysis of ______ data.
A) numerical
B) narrative
C) secondary
D) reasonable
Answer: B
Q2) ______ research describes social interactions between people in group settings.
A) Phenomenological
B) Personal
C) Grounded theory
D) Ethnographic
Answer: D
Q3) The independent variable's value depends on the value, or group membership, of the independent variable.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Overview of the Educational Research Process
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Q1) In qualitative research studies, data analysis typically occurs following the completion of all data collection.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) There can be overlap between categories of data collection.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Compiling and synthesizing literature related to a given topic is a straightforward process.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Which of the following is true about data collected in the research study?
A) Data are costly for the researcher to purchase.
B) They must match the research questions.
C) They typically require transformation.
D) Data must be made available to the public.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Identifying a Research Problem
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Q1) Which of the following are not recognized as scales of measurement by which variables are measured?
A) nominal scale
B) ordinal scale
C) continuous scale
D) confounding scale
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is true about the nature of research questions?
A) They should be stated in a manner that assumes an answer even before data have been collected.
B) They should be based in the body of literature related to the topic.
C) They should require a simple yes/no answer.
D) They cannot be answerable through the collection of available data.
Answer: B
Q3) Research questions in qualitative studies should be ______.
A) focused
B) open-ended
C) reiterative
D) discrete Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Ethics in Educational Research
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Q1) A study that does not involve the collection of data from human participants at all, would be ______.
A) partial review
B) exempt from review
C) expedited review
D) full-board review
Q2) In the 1970s, the federal government set forth legislation intended to monitor research activities because ______.
A) humans in the past had been treated unethically
B) research is often conducted privately
C) the number of research studies multiplied
D) participants always receive compensation
Q3) When research participants over the age of ______ agree to participate in a study, they are providing their ______.
A) 18; assent
B) 18; consent
C) 21; assent
D) 21; consent
Q4) Identify and describe the five basic steps of obtaining approval from an IRB.
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Chapter 5: Reviewing Related Research Literature
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Q1) Which of the following are typically included on the citation page?
A) authors of the study
B) all faculty members and students involved
C) other participating individuals
D) IRB approval numbers
Q2) What is the proper format of a literature review?
A) It should be written as an annotated bibliography.
B) It should be written as a cohesive essay.
C) It should be as lengthy as possible.
D) It should be written as an overview.
Q3) Describe the process of having an article approved for publication in a refereed journal.
Q4) The two types of sources for review are ______.
A) reports and white papers
B) journal articles and books
C) primary and secondary
D) professional and nonprofessional
Q5) Google Scholar is minimal-charge database.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Qualitative Research Methods
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Q1) Most educational researchers would agree that educational problems are best investigated using qualitative methods.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Qualitative research methods intentionally emphasize ______.
A) codes and regulations of research
B) the variables and methodology
C) information about studies
D) variation and customization
Q3) Discuss why grounded theory is "grounded" in (i.e., why it is called grounded theory) and when a researcher would use grounded theory.
Q4) Group members who can provide better quality information and insights for the researcher are called ______.
A) participant observers
B) privileged observers
C) key informants
D) group leaders
Q5) Explain the type of reasoning qualitative researchers use and why it is appropriate.
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Chapter 7: Quantitative Research Methods
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Q1) Identify and discuss the primary difference in the ideologies behind qualitative and quantitative research.
Q2) Explain the differences among the commonly used quantitative research designs.
Q3) Which of the following symbolizes a correlation coefficient?
A) r
B) r (in italics)
C) r²
D) r² (in italics)
Q4) In a(n) ______ quasi-experimental design, each group is exposed to each treatment, but in a different order than are the other groups.
A) one-group pretest-posttest
B) static-group comparison
C) counterbalanced design
D) time-series design
Q5) What is descriptive research?
Q6) Cross-sectional surveys are the most commonly used.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Describe the basic design of a correlational study.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Mixed-Methods Research
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Q1) A need for mixed-methods research exists because one data source may be ______.
A) irrelevant
B) excessive
C) insufficient
D) pointless
Q2) Discuss one weakness of mixed-methods research.
Q3) You must draw conclusions, inferences, and recommendations directly from the interpretation of results from the data analysis.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to the text, mixed-methods research designs are differentiated by three factors. What are these distinguishing factors?
Q5) Which of the following is an aspect to consider when managing research strands?
A) semiotics
B) historical
C) comparative
D) timing
Q6) Discuss one strength of mixed-methods research.
Q7) What does it mean that "a need exists to best employ a theoretical stance?"
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Chapter 9: Action Research
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Q1) ______ are usually the target audience for individual action plans.
A) An individual's colleagues
B) Individual educators
C) An individual's students
D) Administrators
Q2) Identify and describe the three forms of formal reconnaissance.
Q3) Which of the following is not a form of formal reconnaissance?
A) debriefing
B) explanation
C) description
D) self-reflection
Q4) Which of the following statements about action plans is true?
A) There are specific requirements as to what or should be included in an action plan.
B) There are no real requirements as to what or should be included in an action plan.
C) Action plans may not consist of brief statements or simple descriptions.
D) Action plans should consist of very detailed and thorough descriptions.
Q5) What are the four stages of the model of action research?
Q6) Describe how action research can empower teachers and other educators.
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Chapter 10: Writing a Research Proposal
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Q1) A well-developed research proposal can help guide any necessary revisions to the study.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The purpose of the research proposal should be a brief synopsis of the findings and how to implement them.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In quantitative research proposals, the statement of the problem ______.
A) may range in length from one to five pages
B) should provide ample background information
C) should include only minimal information regarding the context in which the problem is occurring
D) is only important in some cases
Q4) Which of the following is not, typically, included in the introductory section of a research proposal?
A) an explanation of the funding requirements
B) background information related to the topic or problem
C) a rationale or justification for the study
D) specification of the research questions and/or hypotheses
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis
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Q1) ______ involves the intentional selection of individuals and sites to learn about or understand the topic at hand.
A) Random sampling
B) Stratified sampling
C) Purposeful sampling
D) Proactive sampling
Q2) Explain the rationale for the sample size in qualitative research.
Q3) As you make observations, over time patterns should begin to emerge.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe one type of sampling in qualitative research.
Q5) Describe extreme case sampling.
Q6) As you make observations, patterns begin to emerge from the data immediately.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Qualitative research may result in ______.
A) one, final interpretation
B) multiple interpretations
C) an external audit
D) lower quality data
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Chapter 12: Quantitative Data Collection
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Q1) Which of the following options best matches this statement: "The chance that each member of the population will be selected for inclusion in the sample can be specified?"
A) random sampling
B) narrative sampling
C) scholarly sampling
D) rationale sampling
Q2) Which of the following options best matches this statement: "All members of the population have an equal chance of being selected for inclusion in the sample?"
A) random sampling
B) rationale sampling
C) scholarly sampling
D) none of these
Q3) All variables in quantitative studies must be represented by numerical values.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Ordinal scales have a true zero point.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Quantitative Data Analysis
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Q1) The word data is ______.
A) always singular
B) always plural
C) often singular
D) often plural
Q2) Inferential statistics are used specifically to test hypotheses about the following categories of analyses except ______.
A) tests of differences between groups
B) tests of relationships
C) tests for prediction
D) tests for central tendency
Q3) There are ______ types of correlation coefficients.
A) two
B) four
C) six
D) numerous
Q4) When data appear in categories, bar graphs and pie charts may be used.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why are inferential statistics subject to stricter requirements?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Writing a Final Research Report
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Q1) Academic writing is similar to creative writing.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Research reports are prepared according to conventions that promote ______.
A) populations
B) samples
C) parameters
D) credibility
Q3) Explain why researchers should use simplicity of language when writing a research report.
Q4) Potential audiences for reports include ______.
A) the community at large
B) the entire population
C) journal editors
D) children at schools
Q5) The conventions of academic-style writing include ______.
A) practical
B) consistency
C) frequency
D) quality
Page 16
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