Foundations of Democracy Exam
Answer Key
Course Introduction
Foundations of Democracy explores the core principles, historical development, and philosophical underpinnings of democratic systems. The course examines key concepts such as liberty, equality, justice, and the rule of law, drawing on classical and contemporary thinkers. Students analyze the evolution of democratic institutions, the role of civic participation, and the challenges facing democracies in a global context. Through case studies and critical discussions, the course fosters a deeper understanding of how democratic ideals shape governance, civil society, and individual rights.
Recommended Textbook
The Enduring Democracy 3rd Edition by David A. Yalof
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The More Things Changethe More They Stay the Same
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Sample Questions
Q1) Political philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that the essence of government is A) to make all people happy to the extent that this is possible.
B) to manage naturally occurring conflicts.
C) to repress any opposition to the legitimate government. D) that it has no moral authority.
E) to produce wealth for every human being.
Answer: B
Q2) John Locke purposed that ______ law supersedes any law made by government. A) natural B) civil C) human D) criminal
E) environmental
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: The Founding and the Constitution
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Q1) The Constitution's specific provision about slavery
A) provided for gradual emancipation.
B) provided for counting slaves equally for apportioning taxes among the states.
C) provided that Congress could not ban slave importation before 1807.
D) Options A, B, and C are true.
E) None of the above is true.
Answer: C
Q2) Following France's defeat in the French and Indian War, the Treaty of Paris in 1763 settled the dispute by
A) ceding all lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to Spain.
B) forcing France to accept and pay all debts to the new territories that were gained by England.
C) declaring a total truce and leaving all territories in the hands of those who held them prior to the war.
D) awarding to England all of the territories between the Arctic Circle and the Gulf of Mexico.
E) equally distributing territories between the nations of France and England.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Federalism
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Sample Questions
Q1) England has a strong elected Parliament that serves as the central government. All local governments are subordinate to Parliament and the monarch is, in actuality, a figurehead. This governmental arrangement is an example of a(n)
A) confederation.
B) anti-monarchial system.
C) federation.
D) unitary system.
E) constitutional system.
Answer: D
Q2) The existence of two distinct levels of government, combined with the separation of executive, legislative, and judicial powers within each of those governments, is a(n)
A) disadvantage of federalism.
B) example of accommodation of diversity.
C) example of strengthening of liberty through division of powers.
D) example of the operation of Brandeis' "laboratories of democracy."
E) All of the above are true.
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Civil Liberties
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Q1) "Natural rights"
A) cannot be denied by a government.
B) exist even in the absence of government.
C) are "inalienable."
D) Options A, B, and C are true.
E) None of the above is true.
Q2) How does the term "civil liberties" differ from the term "civil rights"?
A) Lawsuits may be filed when violations of civil liberties occur, but they may not be filed for violations of civil rights.
B) Civil liberties are voluntary whereas civil rights are mandatory.
C) In most cases, the terms mean the same thing.
D) Civil liberties are guaranteed by the Constitution and cannot be taken away, whereas civil rights refer to the rights to equal treatment for specific groups based on race, gender, sex, etc.
E) The term "civil liberties" was used prior to the twentieth century, whereas the term "civil rights" was used afterward.
Q3) Explain the concept of Holmes's "marketplace of ideas." Compare and contrast this view with the civil action of libel.
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Chapter 5: Civil Rights, Equality and Social Movements
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Q1) The Fourteenth Amendment provided A) forgiveness for all Confederates.
B) an opportunity for freed slaves to sue the states in which they were enslaved.
C) full U.S. and state citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States as well as guaranteed equal protection of the laws.
D) for segregation of the races but equal treatment of both.
E) restitution to the freed slaves.
Q2) Powell v. McCormack
A) permitted the first woman to sit in the House of Representatives.
B) permitted the first African American to sit in the House of Representatives.
C) prohibited the exclusion of a representative from his seat in the House of Representatives.
D) permitted the first Muslim to sit in the House of Representatives.
E) prohibited removal of a committee chairmanship because of its supporting of the presidential bid of the candidate of the opposing party.
Q3) Discuss the direct impact of the 1964 Civil Rights Act on the rights of African Americans.
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Chapter 6: Congress
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Q1) What is the minimum age for becoming a U.S. Senator?
A) No age limit
B) 18 years old
C) 25 years old
D) 30 years old
E) 40 years old
Q2) The U. S. Senate
A) initially met in closed session.
B) is designed to be a slower body than the House.
C) is designed as a protection against tyranny by the majority.
D) Options A, B, and C are true.
E) None of the above is true.
Q3) The ultimate authority for enacting new laws lies with A) Congress.
B) the president.
C) the Supreme Court.
D) state governments.
E) state courts.
Q4) Discuss the key differences between the powers granted to the House of Representatives and the Senate.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: The Presidency
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Q1) Due to the role of the president to receive and meet directly with dignitaries and rulers of other countries on behalf of the United States, the president is designated as
A) head of state.
B) head of government.
C) commander in chief.
D) governmental designee.
E) chief negotiator.
Q2) Which president is NOT named on the C-SPAN or the Wall Street Journal poll as one of the "10 Greatest Presidents?"
A) Wilson
B) Polk
C) Pierce
D) Jefferson
E) Jackson
Q3) Discuss the evolution of executive powers since World War II.
Q4) Describe how the following positions and groups have historically served the president and helped him to perform his duties: First Lady, White House Chief of Staff, White House Press Secretary, Director of Communications, and Cabinet.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: The Federal Bureaucracy
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the reasons for Congress passing vague laws, thus calling for administrative discretion, is
A) a set of rules that guide employees of an agency in carrying out a program or service.
B) a widely accessible federal government publication.
C) freedom in deciding how to implement a law.
D) Congress choosing not to deal with politically difficult issues.
E) the process of carrying out a law.
Q2) A government corporation
A) must register and file regular reports with the SEC.
B) is regulated by the Treasury Department.
C) forecasts weather and environmental conditions.
D) Options A, B, and C are true.
E) None of the above is true.
Q3) What impact did President Roosevelt's New Deal policies have on the federal bureaucracy during the Great Depression and into the 1940s? How did the policies of the Roosevelt administration compare to those of the Reagan administration in the 1980s and the emergence of devolution?
Q4) How do Congress, the president, and the judicial branch make bureaucracies accountable?
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Chapter 9: The Judiciary
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Sample Questions
Q1) The target of the complaint, who normally responds to the complaint with a formal written defense prior to appearing formally in court, is called the A) recipient.
B) plaintiff.
C) defendant.
D) counsel.
E) adjudicated party.
Q2) The type of law concerned with the definition, regulation, and enforcement rights in a divorce is
A) public law.
B) administrative law.
C) positive law.
D) dispositive law.
E) private law.
Q3) The U.S. Supreme Court is the "highest court in the land," yet it does not have original jurisdiction in most cases. How does a case from a state court enter the federal system? Describe the different ways in which cases move on to the Supreme Court.
Q4) Compare and contrast appellate and original jurisdiction.
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Chapter 10: Public Opinion
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Sample Questions
Q1) In interpreting public opinion data, which of the following is a key characteristic?
A) Direction
B) Intensity
C) Continuity
D) Options A, B, and C are true.
E) None of the above is true.
Q2) As a direct result of strong and organized public support, the Seventeenth Amendment was ratified in 1913. What did the new amendment create?
A) The abolition of slavery
B) A national bank to protect against economic depression
C) A requirement that a president seek out public opinion before making major decisions.
D) America's entry into World War I
E) A direct election of U.S. senators by the voters of the state instead of by the state legislatures
Q3) Discuss three ways in which an individual is influenced in the development of his or her political orientation. What groups, factors, or institutions are important in this development?
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12
Chapter 11: Interest Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) Robert Dahl's "access points"
A) are a means for interest groups to provide input to influence government.
B) are a means for interest groups to compete for influence.
C) include Congress, executive branch offices, courts, elections, and the news media.
D) can be found in A Preface to Democratic Theory.
E) All of the above are true.
Q2) Beyond an iron triangle, a broader set of actors who all have a vested interest in an area of public policy and try to collectively influence their policy area is generally referred to as
A) an issue network.
B) Congressional committees.
C) an emergent network.
D) executive agencies.
E) private interest groups.
Q3) Discuss the free rider problem. Explain how it operates and explain the pros and cons of operating as a free rider.
Q4) Discuss the definition and purpose of a political action committee (PAC). By what limitations, if any, is a PAC legally bound?
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Page 13
Chapter 12: The Media and American Politics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Every president since Eisenhower has used what medium to address the nation at least weekly?
A) Newsletters
B) Mass mailings
C) Live television
D) Radio
E) E-mail
Q2) Which of the following achieved legislative success on comprehensive health care reform?
A) Franklin Roosevelt
B) Dwight Eisenhower
C) Harry Truman
D) Bill Clinton
E) Barack Obama
Q3) Which of the following represented the first televised presidential debate?
A) 1932-Hoover/Roosevelt
B) 1948-Truman/Dewey
C) 1960-Kennedy/Nixon
D) 1968-Humphrey/Nixon
E) 1980-Reagan/Mondale
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Chapter 13: Political Parties and Voting
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Q1) What constitutional amendment guarantees women equal voting rights.
A) Fifteenth Amendment
B) Nineteenth Amendment
C) Twenty-third Amendment
D) Twenty-fourth Amendment
E) Twenty Sixth Amendment
Q2) Which of the following was a candidate of the Progressive Party for President?
A) Ralph Nader
B) Henry Wallace
C) Millard Fillmore
D) Eugene V. Debs
E) Theodore Roosevelt
Q3) What is meant by divided government? Describe how divided government, though it sounds negative, may actually have a very beneficial effect on a democracy.
Q4) Which of the following countries has the largest voter turnout?
A) The United States
B) France
C) Italy
D) Canada
E) Switzerland
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Campaigns and Elections
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT considered "determinants of vote choice"?
A) Familiarity of the candidate
B) Party identification
C) The candidate's religion
D) The candidate's stance on particular issues
E) The image and personal traits of the candidate
Q2) Several amendments to the Constitution (the Twelfth, Twenty-second and Twenty-third) have altered the Presidential selection process. Compare and contrast the operation and impact of each amendment.
Q3) Which of the following would NOT be a consideration for a presidential candidate in choosing his or her vice presidential running mate?
A) Geographical and regional balance
B) Ideological balance
C) Balance of party affiliation between the two candidates
D) Character and personal demeanor
E) Balance of experience
Q4) How have campaign finance laws evolved? Citing specific examples, describe the ways in which current laws influence campaign finance.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: American Domestic Policy
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Q1) Which of the following is generally agreed to be an appropriate cause for a federal budget deficit?
A) Temporary unexpected surge in spending due to a national emergency
B) Increase is social entitlement programs for the poor
C) Long-term subsidies for farmers
D) Permanent increase in student tuition assistance
E) Creating permanent tax cuts for all income brackets
Q2) Consistent increases in the prices of goods and services is referred to as
A) fiscal policy.
B) price fixing.
C) inflation.
D) cost modification.
E) scaling.
Q3) The period in which the budget process must be completed from start to finish is
A) January 1 through December 31.
B) the first Monday in November through October 1.
C) July 1 through June 30.
D) the first Monday in February through October 1.
E) October 1 through September 30.
Q4) Describe the impact of entitlements on the budgetary process.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: American Foreign Policy
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Q1) What was an American foreign policy following World War II that restricted Soviet power and resisted efforts to expand Communism?
A) Containment
B) Isolationism
C) Manifest destiny
D) De-expansionism
E) Strategic isolation
Q2) Politicians and presidential advisors who call for aggressive military action wherever hostile forces may be found are often referred to as
A) doves.
B) hawks.
C) realists.
D) precursors.
E) pacifists.
Q3) Describe the constitutional provisions given to each branch of government in regard to foreign policy.
Q4) Describe the differences between the ideologies of isolationism, expansionism, pacifism, and internationalism. To which of these does the United States currently tend to gravitate?
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