Foundations of Criminology Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Criminology introduces students to the core concepts, theories, and empirical research that form the basis of the field of criminology. This course explores the origins and development of criminological thought, examining historical and contemporary perspectives on the causes of crime, the nature of criminal behavior, and the societal responses to lawbreaking. Key topics include the measurement of crime, the role of law and society, individual and social factors contributing to criminality, and the impact of crime on communities. Through foundational readings and case studies, students will gain a solid understanding of criminological frameworks and their application to real-world issues.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology Today An Integrative Introduction 8th Edition by Frank J. Schmalleger
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Chapter 1: What is Criminology?
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Sample Questions
Q1) Human conduct that is in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws" is a definition of
A) criminology
B) crime
C) criminal
D) deviance
Answer: B
Q2) _________ is the field of study that is concerned primarily with the causes and consequences of crime
A) Criminal justice
B) Criminology
C) Criminality
D) Criminalistics
Answer: B
Q3) Criminology is an interdisciplinary field.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From
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Q1) During participant observation, the researcher's primary role becomes that of a member of the group he or she is observing.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) A one-group pretest-posttest research design eliminates all other possible explanations of behavioral change.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) During the Golden Age of Theory, there was a systematic attempt to link criminological research to theory.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Because research subjects generally do not know that they are being studied, secondary analysis is said to be __________.
Answer: nonreactive
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought
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Q1) The Classical School of criminology attributes crime to A) spiritual shortcomings.
B) the exercise of free will.
C) hard determinism.
D) positivist outlooks.
Answer: B
Q2) Rational choice theory recognizes that not everyone is capable of making rational decisions.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The death penalty appears to be an effective general deterrent.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) __________ deterrence involves punishing an offender in the hopes that others will refrain from crime out of a desire to avoid a similar experience
Answer: General
Q5) The concept of due process of law developed from a provision of the _______.
Answer: Magna Carta
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Chapter 4: Early Biological Perspectives on Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Which of the following would be most characteristic of a contemporary biological theorist?
A) A study looking at facial features and body type as indicators of criminality
B) An examination of family trees to identify inherited criminal traits
C) A focus on diet and environmental contaminants as a way of explaining behavior
D) A theory that downplays the role of the social environment in producing behavior
Q2) Which of the following crime control policies would be most likely to be proposed by an early positivist criminologist?
A) An increase in the use of three-strikes laws
B) Determinate sentencing
C) Environmental design
D) Forced sterilization of convicted offenders
Q3) Early Positivism
A)Genetic determism,
B)Atavism, born criminals, criminaloids
C)Altruism, tribalism, survival of the gene pool
D)Phrenology
E)Somatotyping, mesomorph, endomorph, ectomorph
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Chapter 5: Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following was not listed by Wilson and Herrnstein as contributing to crime?
A) Age
B) Brain structure
C) Intelligence
D) Personality
Q2) __________ is the study of the chemical reactions occurring within a genome.
Q3) refers to the belief that the brain can alter its structure and function in response to experience.
Q4) When would you expect the relationship between temperature and assaults to be the strongest?
A) 10 A.M.
B) Noon
C) 4 P.M.
D) 11 P.M.
Q5) Oxytocin has been linked to increased risk likelihood of involvement in violence.
A)True
B)False
Q6) ----------- are bundles of genes.
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Chapter 6: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Stress may lead to aggression toward oneself as well as toward others.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Females with antisocial personality disorder exhibit different characteristics than their male counterparts.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Freud saw aggressive behavior as a natural response to _______.
Q4) Discuss the importance of assessing dangerousness, the development of empirically-based risk assessment and classification tools, and the difficulties associated with defining dangerousness.
Q5) Why is criminal history not considered a criminogenic need?
A) It is a static element not amenable to change
B) It is not associated with rates of recidivism
C) It is not a risk factor for continuing criminality
D) None of the above - criminal history is a criminogenic need
Q6) The ___________ is a standard for judging legal insanity that requires that offenders did not know what they were doing, or if they did, that they did not know it was wrong.
Q7) Choosing crime as a form of empowerment is an example of _______ adaptation. Page 8
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Page 9
Chapter 7: Social Structure Theories
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Q1) Individuals who openly reject what they want but cannot obtain are engaging in __________.
Q2) Discuss some of the policy implications of social structure theories.
Q3) What are the three sociological explanations for crime? How might we see this present in society today? Please provide examples.
Q4) According to Merton, an innovator
A) accepts both the legitimate goals and the socially approved means of acquiring those goals.
B) accepts the legitimate goals but rejects the socially approved means of acquiring those goals.
C) rejects legitimate goals and but accepts socially approved means.
D) rejects both the legitimate goals and the socially approved means of acquiring those goals.
Q5) According to differential opportunity theory, drug use predominates in the __________ delinquent subculture
A) criminal
B) conflict
C) retreatist
D) deviant
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Chapter 8: Theories of Social Process and Social Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Positive turning points can reform chronic offenders.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Listing the names of drunk drivers on a billboard facing a freeway is an example of ________ shaming.
A) reintegrative
B) diversionary
C) restorative
D) stigmatic
Q3) Adolescence-limited offenders tend to fail in school and become involved in delinquency at an early age.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Marvin Wolfgang's analysis of a birth cohort found that _______ percent of cohort members accounted for over 50 percent of all arrests.
A) 6
B) 10
C) 18
D) 32
Page 11
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Chapter 9: Social Conflict Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) A demand for the elimination of the traditional divisions of power and labor between the sexes would probably come from a(n) __________ feminist.
A) socialist
B) radical
C) liberal
D) Marxist
Q2) Dispute resolution centers are based on
A) deconstructionism.
B) just deserts.
C) semiotics.
D) participatory justice
Q3) Miami's drug court is an example of a(n) __________ program.
Q4) According to the conflict perspective, the fundamental nature of group conflict centers on
A) the accumulation of wealth.
B) the exercise of political power.
C) socially significant differences.
D) individual personal characteristics.
Q5) Explain how radical and critical criminology differ and how they are similar.
Q6) __________criminology is a body of writings by convicted felons.
Page 12
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Chapter 10: Criminal Victimization
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Q1) The dramatic increase in crime that began in the 1960s is linked to the postwar baby boom.
A)True
B)False
Q2) For men, victimization can be a significant contributor to future criminal involvement.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ___________ involves social injuries that occur as a result of how social institutions and individuals react to a victim of crime.
Q4) NIBRS provides more information about victims of crime than the UCR.
A)True
B)False
Q5) _________ describe the statistical qualities of a given population.
Q6) Stranger violence causes more distress for victims than intimate personal violence. A)True
B)False
Q7) ____________ refers to the origin or cause of victimization.
Q8) The child of a victim of homicide is a(n) _________ victim.
Page 13
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Chapter 11: Crimes Against Persons
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Q1) Among homicides occurring during the commission of another felony, __________ is the most likely felony to result in a homicide.
Q2) __________ involves the use of electronic communication to harass individuals.
Q3) According to the research of Robert Nash Parker, what is the relationship between alcohol consumption and homicide?
Q4) The majority of workplace homicides are committed by current or former employees of the workplace.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Congress required that statistics on prison rape be collected as part of the _________.
Q6) Which of the following is a personal robbery?
A) A bank robbery
B) A robbery of a gas station
C) A robbery of a convenience store
D) A robbery on the street
Q7) Serial murder involves killing several victims in at least __________ separate events.
Q8) The most common motivation for hate crimes is _________ bias.
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Chapter 12: Crimes Against Property
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Q1) Which of the following is not one of the main ways residential burglars generally select their targets?
A) They have some knowledge of the occupants
B) They make a spur of the moment selection
C) They receive information from a tipster
D) They observe a potential target
Q2) Young children under the age of seven generally start fires
A) due to underlying psychosocial conflicts.
B) for revenge.
C) for personal motives.
D) accidentally.
Q3) Larceny is often a crime of opportunity.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Flash mob larcenies are multiple-offender crimes.
A)True
B)False
Q5) List and define the four major property crimes, according to the FBI.
Q6) What is identity theft? What are the two main categories of identity theft?
Q7) Explain how residential burglars select their targets.
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Chapter 13: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Q1) According to RICO, it is illegal to derive any income or proceeds from racketeering.
A)True
B)False
Q2) State laws defining criminal enterprise are generally much more inclusive than federal statutes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ________has been called the biggest white-collar crime in history.
A) The collapse of the Enron Corporation
B) The bankruptcy of WorldCom, Inc.
C) Teapot Dome
D) The 1980s savings and loan disaster
Q4) According to Gary Green's typology of occupational crime, __________ occupational crime benefits the employing organization, not the individual employees.
Q5) __________ refers to unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups operating across national boundaries.
Q6) The __________ Act of 1933 is often referred to as the "truth in securities" law.
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Page 16
Chapter 14: Drug and Sex Crimes
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Q1) Some feminists see prostitution as liberating and are redefining it as legitimate
Q2) What has the U.S. Department of Justice told federal prosecutors to do regarding enforcing the Controlled Substances Act in Colorado and other jurisdictions that have legalized recreational marijuana?
A) Strongly enforce the Act in all cases, on the grounds that federal Acts supersede state statutes
B) Enforce the Act in cases where it is openly violated but ignore the use of marijuana in private
C) Develop new anti-drug programs focusing on marijuana users
D) Take a hands-off approach to enforcing the Act in those jurisdictions
Q3) How do feminist perspectives address prostitution?
Q4) __________would significantly reduce the criminal penalties associated with prostitution.
Q5) According to survey data, drug use is a substantially greater problem today than twenty years ago.
Q6) Male clients of female prostitutes are known as _______.
Q7) __________is a chronic brain disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences.
Page 17
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Chapter 15: Technology and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ systems are systems of computer hardware and software that attempt to duplicate the decision-making processes used by skilled investigators in evidence analysis and pattern recognition.
Q2) Which type of hacker is most likely to use illicit drugs?
A) Scamps
B) Vandals
C) Explorers
D) Addicts
Q3) Illegal hacking is an example of a computer manipulation crime.
A)True
B)False
Q4) An assessment of the potential disasters facing an organization is known as A) data encryption.
B) threat analysis.
C) an expert system.
D) an audit trail.
Q5) Typical phishing schemes generally reach only about 10,000 e-mail in-boxes
A)True
B)False
Q6) ____________used special dial-up access codes to avoid long-distance charges.
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Chapter 16: Globalization and Terrorism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ethnocentrism involves
A) comparing crime rates in different countries and cultures.
B) culture-centeredness.
C) human smuggling.
D) trafficking in persons.
Q2) Which organization has pledged to work with the President and law enforcement to ensure that civil liberties in the U.S. are not eroded as a result of the USA PATRIOT Act?
A) The U.S. Supreme Court
B) The ACLU
C) The Department of Homeland Security
D) The 9/11 Commission
Q3) An act of terrorism is distinguished from a violent criminal act by
A) the location of the act.
B) the type of behavior involved.
C) the motivation of the offender.
D) All of the above
Q4) ____________can be compared to a modern-day form of slavery.
Q5) What are the three trends that the Congressional Research Service identified in modern terrorism?
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