Foundations of Criminal Justice Practice Questions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Criminal Justice provides an introduction to the American criminal justice system, exploring its historical development, core components, and underlying philosophies. This course examines the roles and interactions of law enforcement, the courts, and correctional institutions, as well as the processes by which laws are created and enforced. Students analyze key issues such as due process, criminal responsibility, and contemporary challenges facing the justice system. Emphasis is placed on understanding the systems impact on society and the principles guiding criminal justice policy and practice.
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Introduction to Criminology Why Do They Do It 2nd Edition by Pamela J. Schram
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Law enforcement includes various organizational levels at the federal,state,and local levels.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) How is the concept of parens patriae related to the juvenile justice system? Why do we,as a nation,treat juveniles differently then adults?
Answer: We treat juveniles differently because they are different not only physically but psychologically as well.The term parens patriae means the parent of the country,recognizing the state has both the right and obligation to intervene on behalf of and to protect its citizens who are impaired or have an impediment.Because juveniles lack psychological maturity,they fall within these boundaries.
Q3) Give an example of a deviant act that is not illegal.
Answer: Belching in public,coughing without covering your mouth,putting your elbows on the table at a meal,etc.Various examples.
Q4) What is a judicial waiver?
Answer: The authority to waive juvenile court jurisdiction and transfer the case to criminal court.
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Measuring Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Supplementary Homicide Reports allow for ______ reporting.
A)mandatory
B)minimal
C)voluntary
D)none of these
Answer: C
Q2) This type of death occurs when the officer is on or off duty and acting in an official capacity while reacting to a situation that would ordinarily fall within the scope of his or her official duties as a law enforcement officer:
A)felonious death
B)line-of-duty
C)thin blue line
D)accidental death
Answer: B
Q3) The dark figure of crime is a count of the worst crimes in the United States in a given year.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Classical School of Criminology Thought
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Sample Questions
Q1) Thomas Hobbes wrote:
A)On Crimes and Punishments
B)The Hedonistic Calculus
C)Leviathan
D)The Principles of the Constitution
Answer: C
Q2) "The impression of pain may become so great that,filling the entire sensory capacity of the tortured person,it leaves him free only to choose what for the moment is the shortest way of escape from pain." Explain what Beccaria was saying in this quote.
Answer: Beccaria doubted the relevance of any information obtained via torture and believed it to be truly barbaric.
Q3) The death penalty serves as a very effective deterrent against murder crimes.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) The legal term for intent is known as actus reus.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Contemporary Classical and Deterrence Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is one of the major issues concerning deterrence theory?
Q2) Provide examples of informal and formal social control.
Q3) Deterrence research has shifted away from aggregate level units of analysis and toward ______ level.
A)family
B)national
C)group
D)individual
Q4) The physiological pleasures of committing crime were emphasized for the first time in Jack Katz's 1988 publication Seductions of Crime.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Peers have a profound impact on individual perceptions of the pros and cons of offending.When one sees one's friends getting away with crimes,the risk of punishment ______.
A)is increased
B)is decreased
C)remains stagnant
Q6) Give two (2)examples of a hot spot.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Early Positivism
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Q1) When Goddard determined that his IQ measurement was flawed,he lowered the criteria for mental age from 12 to ______.
A)4
B)5
C)8
D)10
Q2) Which researcher developed the measurement we know today as IQ?
A)Goddard
B)Darwin
C)Lombroso
D)Binet
Q3) How did Goddard use the concept of IQ testing? How was his concept of the IQ different than the original premise of the measure? How could these ideas and assumptions affect policies and practices of the criminal justice system?
Q4) Darwin's theory is very relevant to today's society.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Can you think of any modern-day examples that are similar to Sheldon's research on body types,often referred to as somatotyping?
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Chapter 6: Modern Biosocial Perspectives of Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Explain the nature versus nurture debate.Design a hypothetical study to test these competing ideas.
Q2) ______ studied a family,the Kallikaks,to determine if there is a link between heredity and criminality.
A)H.H.Goddard
B)Richard L.Dugdale
C)Sarnoff Mednick
D)Patricia A.Jacobs
Q3) The family studies showed that criminality in the mother (or head female caretaker)had a much stronger influence on future criminality of the children than did the father's criminality.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Of the parents,who is more likely to be a stronger influence concerning the criminality of the children? Explain the two (2)reasons presented in the text.Make a case for or against this finding.
Q5) What do hormones do in the body?
Q6) What is the primary job of dopamine on the brain?
Page 8
Q7) Explain the first major study that examined the influence of XYY factor.
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Chapter 7: Psychologicaltrait Theories of Crime
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Q1) For neurotics,the biological link is in the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system,which involves ______.
A)pain and punishment
B)excitement
C)fight and flight reactions
D)antisocial behavior
Q2) Neuroticism is linked to many traits.List three (3)different traits an individual may exhibit when considered neurotic.
Q3) Attachment theory was influenced heavily by the work of Freud and other psychoanalytic theorists.
A)True
B)False
Q4) ______ attachments are enduring and persistent.These attachments can sometimes last throughout a person's life.
A)Specificity
B)Engagement of emotion
C)Organization
D)Duration
Q5) What are policy implications that could be developed based upon this research?
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Chapter 8: Social Structure Theories of Crime I
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Q1) SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.Farnworth and Leiber proposed testing the gap between ______ and ______ as opposed to traditional studies concerning strain theory.
A)educational goals
B)occupational goals
C)economic aspirations
D)educational expectations
E)economic expectations
Q2) Cohen stated that he believed the tendency to reject middle-class values is the primary cause of gangs.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Examples of criminal gangs are seen in movies depicting highly organized neighborhoods (often consisting of primarily one ethnicity)-movies such as The Godfather,A Bronx Tale,State of Grace,Sleepers,New Jack City,Clockers,Goodfellas,Better Luck Tomorrow,and many others that were partially based on real events.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain the concept of relative deprivation.
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Chapter 9: Social Structure Theories of Crime II
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Q1) SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.What three zones did Burgess state were of less importance in terms of distinction?
A)Zone I
B)Zone II
C)Zone III
D)Zone IV
E)Zone V
Q2) According to the text,most adults in the lower class attempt to socialize their children to believe in conventional values,such as all of the following EXCEPT:
A)delayed gratification
B)respect authority
C)hard work
D)autonomy
Q3) The center circle according to Burgesses zone model is called ______.
A)Zone I
B)Zone II
C)Zone III
D)Zone IV
E)Zone V
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Chapter 10: Social Process and Control Theories of Crime
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Q1) How do learning theories differ from other theories?
Q2) Explain low self-control theory by Gottfredson.
Q3) Tarde introduced imitation theory,which incorporated three laws of imitation.Which law below is not part of the laws of imitation?
A)the inferior is imitated by the superior B)people imitate one another in proportion as they are in close contact C)when two mutually exclusive methods come together,one method can be substituted for another
Q4) What are the two (2)propositions related to control-balance theory?
Q5) Neither Burgess and Aker's model nor Sutherland's theory addresses the idea that delinquent associations could occur after criminal activity takes place.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Nonsocial reinforcement is considered self-reinforcement. A)True
B)False
Q7) Learning criminality is likened to learning everyday activities.Give an example of an everyday activity learned from others as criminality is learned.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Labeling Theory and Conflict-Marxistradical
Theories of Crime
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Q1) Peacemaking criminology incorporates all of the following intellectual traditions EXCEPT:
A)feminist
B)religious
C)critical
D)consensus
Q2) Retributive justice refers to the repair of justice through a one-sided approach of imposing punishment.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Labeling theory is not overly concerned with questions of why an individual engages in deviant behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The text states that appellate court judges make rulings that have a lasting effect on future cases.What does this mean?
Q5) According to Becker,what are the four (4)types of behaviors related to perceptions of deviance and behavior? Give an example of each.
Q6) Describe the basic assumptions of labeling theory.
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Chapter 12: Feminist Theories of Crime
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Q1) Give three (3)examples of what values women should not emphasize according to radical-cultural feminist perspective.
Q2) Gender-specific programs target juvenile girls and give females an increased sense of community that has been associated with developing and integrating a healthy identity.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The negative characterization of the black female as domineering,strong,assertive,independent,and masculine is called ______.
A)the mammy
B)the seductress
C)the Amazon
D)the sinister Sapphire
Q4) When a researcher uses the sex role approach,it may lead to a form of biological determinism.
A)True
B)False
Q5) List the three (3)reasons or characteristics as to why a woman would have been deemed as "bad."
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Chapter 13: Developmentallife-Course Perspectives
Criminality
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Q1) What is the "chicken-or-egg" debate presented by Thornberry?
Q2) Early onset offending is one of the most important predictors of any of the measures for determining who is most at risk for developing serious,violent offending behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Discuss three policies your text discusses that can help reduce criminality according to the theories in this chapter.
Q4) Before 1970,criminological theories did not attempt to explain the ______ of individual criminal careers.
A)factors
B)variables
C)stages
D)development
Q5) Virtually all studies on the life-course/developmental perspective show that most individuals who get arrested are never arrested again.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Define developmental theory.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: White-Collar Crime, Organized Crime, and Cybercrime
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Q1) The EPA estimates that there are about ______ deaths each year in the United States as a direct result of toxic particles emitted from manufacturing plants.
A)30,000
B)45,000
C)60,000
D)80,000
Q2) The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice found that ______ was the largest source of revenue for organized crime.
A)gambling
B)loan sharking
C)narcotics trafficking
D)money laundering
Q3) The Electronic Communications Privacy Act regulates the interception of electronic communications by individuals as well as the government.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Who coined the term white-collar crime?
Q5) Discuss some of the legislation that has been enacted to address cybercrime.
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Chapter 15: Hate Crimes, Terrorism, and Home Land Security
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Q1) According to Byers and Crider,why were the Amish perceived as suitable targets (three reasons)?
Q2) Define target congruence.
Q3) As part of the Uniform Crime Reports program,the attorney general was required to develop guidelines and collect data about crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race,religion,sexual orientation,or ethnicity.
A)Campus Hate Crime Right to Know Act of 1997
B)Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990
C)Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994
D)Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr.Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009
Q4) In 1998,James Byrd Jr. ,an African American man,was tied to a truck by white supremacists and then dragged and decapitated.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The punishment for arson of a church can vary from one (1)year imprisonment and a fine to death.
A)True
B)False
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Q6) What two (2)factors must terrorist organizations have to interact with change?
Chapter 16: Drugs and Crime
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Q1) What Amendment put in effect national Prohibition? Explain what Prohibition is and the two (2)sections it put into effect.What were the national effects related to Prohibition?
Q2) Marijuana is one of the most effective drugs for relief of severe physical pain;has high potential for abuse.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How is alcohol advertised in the United States? Give two (2)examples.
Q4) Soldiers were given ______ not only to ease the pain of their injuries but also to relieve the symptoms of dysentery.
A)morphine
B)heroin
C)methamphetamine
D)steroids
Q5) The alcohol screening test that has been found especially useful with women is the CAGE test.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Name two (2)products that can be made out of cannabis.
Page 18
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