Foundations of Criminal Justice Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Foundations of Criminal Justice offers a comprehensive introduction to the key concepts, structures, and processes that underpin the criminal justice system. The course explores the historical development of criminal law, the roles and responsibilities of law enforcement, courts, and corrections, and the interplay between crime, society, and justice. Students will analyze the philosophical and ethical foundations of justice, examine contemporary challenges and reforms, and develop a critical understanding of how the system seeks to balance public safety, accountability, and individual rights.
Recommended Textbook
The American System of Criminal Justice 14th Edition by George F. Cole
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17 Chapters
1747 Verified Questions
1747 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Crime and Justice in America
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103 Verified Questions
103 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to your text,an example of a "visible crime" is
A) murder.
B) espionage.
C) white-collar crime.
D) price fixing.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following reflects how the FBI reports crime?
A) UCR
B) NCVS
C) Both UCR and NCVS
D) Neither the UCR or NCVS
Answer: D
Q3) Conservatives believe in strict enforcement of the law by expanding police forces.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) ____________________ is often referred to as "street crime."
Answer: Visible crime
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Victimization and Criminal Behavior
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101 Verified Questions
101 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fear of crime is greatest in _______ areas. Answer: urban
Q2) Research shows that the number of women being arrested has decreased significantly.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Discuss two factors from your book addressing why women may constitute such a small percentage of criminal activity in relation to men. Answer: Answers will vary,but students should be able to identify theories addressing gender differences in female versus males acting out and responses by the law enforcement/corrections community.
Q4) ______________ explanations view the cause of criminal behavior from a mental condition,a personality disturbance,or limited intellect
A) Biological
B) Psychological
C) Criminogenic
D) Sociological Answer: B
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Chapter 3: The Criminal Justice System
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101 Verified Questions
101 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The three major goals of the three components (police,courts,and corrections)of the American criminal justice system are _________________________.
Answer: doing justice,controlling crime,and preventing crime doing justice,preventing crime,and controlling crime controlling crime,doing justice,and preventing crime controlling crime,preventing crime,and doing justice preventing crime,controlling crime,and doing justice preventing crime,doing justice,and controlling crime
Q2) The person who is the "key link between the police and the courts" because he or she considers the facts of the case and decides whether there is probable cause to believe an offense was committed is the A) judge.
B) defense attorney.
C) parole officer.
D) prosecutor.
Answer: D
Q3) The criminal justice process may be viewed as a(n)____________________ process through which cases are screened.
Answer: filtering
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A person could be punished for killing a pigeon if a state legislature passed a law against killing pigeons on the day after the pigeon was killed.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The elements of a crime consist of
A) actus reus, inchoate defense, and concurrence.
B) mens rea, inchoate defense, and punishment.
C) attendant circumstances, mens rea, and actus reus.
D) actus reus, causation, and inchoate defense.
Q3) The test used by most states to determine insanity today is called the _____ test.
A) nolo contendere
B) IQ
C) DNA
D) right-from-wrong
Q4) In Robinson v.California (1962),the Supreme Court struck down a law that made it a crime to be addicted to drugs.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Police
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101 Verified Questions
101 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ policing may lead to a greater willingness of residents of minority neighborhoods to report crimes and assist investigations.
A) Same-race
B) Different-race
C) Same-sex
D) None of the above
Q2) When police arrest subway fare beaters,loiterers,and panhandlers,they are focusing on
A) quality-of-life crimes.
B) quantity-of-arrest crimes.
C) common law crimes.
D) mens rea crimes.
Q3) The ____________________ system required that groups of 10 families agree to uphold the law.
Q4) The next era of policing will likely be focused on ____________________.
Q5) Native American tribes are separate,sovereign nations with a significant degree of legal autonomy within the United States.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Police Officers and Law Enforcement Operations
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101 Verified Questions
101 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) David has noticed that he has lost ties to all of his friends who are not in law enforcement.He primarily associates with those who carry a gun and a badge because fellow officers are the only ones who understand what a police officer has to endure.This results in
A) morality.
B) isolation.
C) authority.
D) danger.
Q2) During day-to day-encounters with police officers,citizens respond most positively to which officer characteristic?
A) Badge
B) Gun
C) Demeanor
D) Nightstick
Q3) ____________________ stress is produced by the paramilitary character of police forces.
Q4) Today,police officers have more formal education than their predecessors.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The different types of patrol are foot,bicycle,and ____________________ patrol.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Policing: Contemporary Issues and Challenges
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103 Verified Questions
103 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) An officer who lies,under oath,in order to provide an alibi for a fellow officer engaged in illegal activity is guilty of ____________________.
Q2) Which of the following governmental agencies does Sean most likely work for?
A) Department of Homeland Security
B) Department of Health and Human Services
C) Department of Terroristic Affairs
D) Department of Commerce
Q3) Police can never use deadly force.
A)True
B)False
Q4) There have been many critics of the USA Patriot Act,who claim that the act infringes on individual rights and possibly violates the U.S.Constitution.Do you agree with these critics,or does the Patriot Act help to keep our country safer? Support your answer with material from the text.
Q5) What new technologies aid police in the role of monitoring and controlling movements of suspects and/or inmates?
Q6) The _________ unit is a branch of a police department that receives and investigates complaints alleging violations of rules and policies on the part of officers.
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Chapter 8: Police and Constitutional Law
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112 Verified Questions
112 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the purpose of allowing searches incident to lawful arrests?
A) To ensure the safety of officers
B) To make sure the arrestee does not flee
C) To ensure the arrestee shows the proper respect to the police
D) To make sure the arrest proceeds smoothly
Q2) When Officer Castro pulled the car over after suspicious behavior,he encountered a strong smell of a well-known drug that he has had significant experience with prior to this case.The strong presence of the smell of this drug gives Officer Castro enough ________ to search the vehicle.
A) reasonable suspicion
B) hunch
C) probable cause
D) proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Q3) Individuals' ____________ is a standard developed for determining whether a government intrusion of a person or property constitutes a search because it interferes with individual interests that are normally protected from government intrusion.
Q4) Explain the process that a law enforcement officer would have to go through in order to secure a warrant to search a residence.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Courts and Pretrial Processes
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a goal of a unified court system?
A) Eliminating overlapping boundaries
B) Creating a hierarchical court structure
C) Having courts funded by local government
D) Creating a centralized court structure
Q2) A(n)__________ election is an election in which candidates' party affiliations are not listed on the ballot.
Q3) The Eighth Amendment to the U.S.Constitution forbids the use of excessive bail.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which statement best reflects valid criticism of the use of preventive detention?
A) It always violates the offender's First Amendment rights.
B) It is always used unfairly, particularly for female offenders.
C) It is unfair to incarcerate someone when we assume all offenders are innocent until proven guilty.
D) The costs should not be considered.
Q5) When judges take on the role of ____________________,they are concerned with how their courtroom is running.
Q6) Why is it important that states develop standardized court structures?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Prosecution and Defense
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101 Verified Questions
101 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) John has to meet the expectations of police,judges,and the community.This is commonly known as building ________ relationships.
A) exchange
B) interaction
C) community
D) cohesive
Q2) Most states use the "contract counsel" method of providing attorneys for those who cannot afford their own attorneys.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Prosecutors are not influenced by the political system.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The process of a prosecutor sharing information with the defense is called
A) nolle prosequi.
B) legal sufficiency.
C) probable cause.
D) discovery.
Q5) ____________________ defendants cannot afford to hire a private attorney.
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Chapter 11: Determination of Guilt: Plea Bargaining and Trials
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103 Verified Questions
103 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A witness observes a man stab an innocent bystander.What type of evidence would the witness offer?
A) Circumstantial
B) Direct
C) Real
D) Demonstrative
Q2) Eric,Ryan,and the judge respect one another,which lends itself to a sense of professionalism within the confines of the courtroom.All parties know how to act and respond as their positions dictate.This attitude would be considered
A) the going rate.
B) the local legal culture.
C) continuance.
D) culture.
Q3) The gun and shells that were recovered at the crime scene in Slate's case would be considered what type of evidence?
A) Real evidence
B) Demonstrative evidence
C) Direct evidence
D) Circumstantial evidence
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Chapter 12: Punishment and Sentencing
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103 Verified Questions
103 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Misdemeanor or lower courts hear about _______% of criminal cases.
Q2) ____________________ occurs when an offender does not commit a crime for fear of receiving the punishment.
Q3) Sentencing decisions are often based on specific formulas,instead of various factors.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Punishment designed to affect the future choices and behaviors of individuals and targeted toward individuals who have already been convicted is called A) incapacitation.
B) special deterrence.
C) rehabilitation.
D) retribution.
Q5) Give two examples of how budget cutbacks influence the use of mandatory sentencing and of good time.
Q6) Many exonerations are not based on DNA evidence but rather on the discovery that police and prosecutors had ignored or hidden __________.
Q7) ____________________ is punishment designed to be an example for the public.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Corrections
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____________________ are secure facilities in which inmates stay for less than one year.
Q2) The primary function of jails is to
A) hold persons for less than one year.
B) hold persons for more than one year.
C) hold persons for more than five years.
D) avoid the stigma of prison.
Q3) The U.S.Supreme Court has determined that cruel and unusual punishment must be based on the ____________________ in the institution.
Q4) With the incarcerated population more than quadrupling during the past 30years,it is surprising that the number of parolees has decreased.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The War on Drugs has drastically reduced drug use. A)True B)False
Q6) Private prisons are less flexible than state prisons. A)True
B)False
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Community Corrections: Probation and Intermediate Sanctions
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103 Verified Questions
103 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) _________ is the conditional release of the offender into the community,under the supervision of correctional officials.
Q2) The recidivism rate for probationers is ________ the rate for those who have been incarcerated.
A) higher than B) lower than
C) the same as D) slightly above
Q3) Forfeiture is determined by police officers rather than by judges.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The goal of community corrections is based on A) punishing the offender as severely as possible.
B) teaching the offender to resist temptation by increasing the offender's contact with the criminal world.
C) punishing the offender with the least restrictive alternative. D) the idea that punishment is wrong.
Q5) Short-term,intense boot camps are also referred to as ____________________.
Page 16
Q6) Probation can end when the probationer status is ________because of misbehavior.
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Page 17
Chapter 15: Incarceration and Prison Society
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104 Verified Questions
104 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In some states,it is not illegal for correctional officers to have sex with inmates.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Most members of the public believe that prisons are run in a(n)____________________ manner.
Q3) Correctional officers have few resources or punishments at their disposal to achieve institutional goals.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Warden Smith was able to receive grant funding for medical care of her female inmates.This is important because women have a greater chance than men of suffering from which of the following disorders?
A) AIDS
B) Asthma
C) Prostate cancer
D) Brain tumors
Q5) The ____________________ model of incarceration emphasizes security,order,and discipline.
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Chapter 16: Reentry Into the Community
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101 Verified Questions
101 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) This Chapter began by discussing the changes in parole since the 1970s.It is very difficult for offenders to be released when they are judged "ready" for release and job training and education programs have been severely curtailed.In your opinion,what might explain this trend? What are the greater social effects of these policies?
Q2) An expiration release means that the inmate A) has died.
B) cannot serve any additional time.
C) has been granted a furlough.
D) is required to attend school or training.
Q3) When offenders are absolved from the consequences of their crimes by executive order,they have received ____________________.
Q4) _______ later became known as the "royal prerogative of mercy" in England. A) Pardon
B) Expungement
C) Clemency
D) Forgiveness
Q5) What are civil disabilities?Give at least three examples of civil disabilities.
Q6) How can a state successfully prepare for inmate integration into the community?
Q7) What are the pros and cons of GPS tracking of parolees?
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Chapter 17: Juvenile Justice
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104 Verified Questions
104 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The juvenile justice system in the United States did not develop until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Roper v.Simmons (2005)ruled that __________ were unconstitutional for crimes committed by those younger than 18 years of age.
A) parole boards
B) executions
C) life sentences
D) boot camps
Q3) In Miller v.Alabama (2012),the U.S.Supreme Court deemed _________ unconstitutional for juvenile homicide offenders.
A) executions
B) probation
C) mandatory LWOP
D) boot camps
Q4) The terms used to refer to juvenile offenders were changed (from arrest to referral,from sentence to disposition,etc.).Why was this done,and did it do anything to help juveniles?
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