Foundations of Criminal Justice Exam Review
Course Introduction
Foundations of Criminal Justice provides an introduction to the core concepts, structures, and processes that define the criminal justice system. This course examines the origins and development of the American legal system, including the roles and responsibilities of law enforcement, the courts, and corrections. Students explore key principles of law, constitutional rights, and the ethical considerations that guide criminal justice professionals. Through case studies and current events, the course emphasizes the importance of fairness, due process, and the ongoing challenges involved in balancing public safety and individual liberties.
Recommended Textbook Criminology Today An Integrative Introduction 6th Edition by Frank J. Schmalleger
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14 Chapters
797 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which field has contributed most to criminology?
A)psychology
B)sociology
C)economics
D)mathematics
Answer: B
Q2) Deviant behavior is always a form of criminal activity.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Speeding on interstate highways is an example of an illegal behavior that is not deviant.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Perpetrators of a crime should be dealt with individually.This is a belief of the ______ responsibility perspective.
Answer: social
Q5) A ________ studies crime,criminals,and criminal behavior.
Answer: criminologist
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Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From
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Sample Questions
Q1) Name the three eras of criminology and discuss how they have influenced the current field of criminology today.
Answer: Answers should define the three eras of criminology based on the textbook: the golden age of research (1900-1930),the golden age of theory (1930-1960),and the age of theory testing and empirical methods (1960-2000).Criminology has moved into the scientific or evidence-based criminology that we see today,building off of the previous ears.
Q2) Creating a _________ helps scientists develop and test a theory.
Answer: hypothesis
Q3) Which of the following is not a general stage of scientific research?
A)choice of data collection techniques
B)problem identification
C)development of research design
D)hypothesis testing
Answer: D
Q4) When pretest subjects are sensitized,this is called differential selection.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought
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Q1) Rational choice theory can be criticized for
A)overemphasis on psychological context.
B)overemphasis on judicial roles.
C)overemphasis on social context.
D)overemphasis on individual choice.
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is not a term developed by William Graham Sumner to describe the three basic forms of behavioral strictures imposed by social groups?
A)mores
B)folkways
C)jurisdiction
D)law
Answer: C
Q3) Situational crime prevention is a social policy approach from the A)Natural Law.
B)Enlightenment Era.
C)Classic School.
D)Neoclassic School.
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Biological Roots in Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Gall was the one of the first Western writers to locate the roots of the personality in the brain.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Research has found significant statistical support for genetic _________ of criminal tendencies.
Q3) What is sociobiology? What criticisms are against it? What contributions has it made to the field? Provide examples.
Q4) Sociobiologists often focus on explaining why violence and aggression are associated with A)territoriality.
B)self control.
C)sex drive
D)economic conditions.
Q5) Eugenics criminology studies the link between ________ and inherited behavior. A)genetics.
B)Darwinism.
C)sociology.
D)biology.
Q6) _________ established the sociobiological theory in criminology.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Psychology and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior
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Q1) _________ individuals face minor problems with living.
A)Neurotic
B)Psychotic
C)Delusional
D)Superego
Q2) Some attachment theorists believe that developing the feeling of ________ is the most important factor leading to conformity.
Q3) Which of the following is not a way to psychologically measure criminal behavior?
A)emotional arousal
B)poor impulse control
C)reward
D)immature personality
Q4) __________ is the attempt to categorize,understand,and predict the behavior of certain types of offenders based on behavioral clues.
A)psychological profiling
B)psychological theory
C)sociopath
D)Attachment Theory
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Chapter 6: Social Structure Theories
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Q1) Which of the following is not a social structure theory?
A)strain theory
B)social disorganization
C)human ecology
D)culture conflict
Q2) What are some of the ways social structure theories help explain crime? What informal and formal arrangements do these theories look at?
Q3) ________ is the process by which a person openly rejects that which he or she aspires to but cannot obtain.
A)social theory
B)reaction formation
C)strain theory
D)social process
Q4) Based on sociological theories,which of the following does not contribute to the causal nexus out of which crime develops?
A)individual behavior
B)group dynamics
C)subgroup relationships
D)group organization
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Chapter 7: Theories of Social Process and Social Development
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Q1) Social development theories do not include analyzing biological and familial aspects of human development.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Differential association is how criminals learn behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Strengthening conformity is a policy implication of social process theories.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Developmental theories draw attention to _____ of criminal behavior throughout a lifetime.
Q5) Social learning theory states that people learn to commit crimes from _______.
A)themselves
B)other people
C)social norms
D)animal behavior
Q7) Differential association values _______ association. Page 9
Q6) _________ theory says that criminality is learned through a process of association with other criminals.
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Page 10
Chapter 8: Social Conflict Theories
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Q1) Which strand of feminism sees gender oppression as a result of the interaction between economy and gender roles?
A)Marxist feminism
B)liberal feminism
C)postmodern feminism
D)socialist feminism
Q2) According to Currie,what are the seven mechanisms that operate to produce crime in a market society?
Q3) Which of the following statements represents a basic tenet of the conflict perspective?
A)The legal system is concerned with the best interests of society.
B)Conflict between groups is both socially significant and unavoidable.
C)Laws reflect the collective will of the people.
D)Society consists of many diverse groups.
Q4) Radical criminology holds that the causes of crime are based on individuals' unwillingness to accept personal responsibility for their own pathologies.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss the major criticisms of radical-critical criminology.
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Chapter 9: Crimes Against Persons
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Q1) Which of the following statements reflects the first major shift in crime rates in the U.S.?
A)crime increased sharply between the 1940s and the 1960s
B)crime declined dramatically during the early 1940s
C)crime increased significantly between the 1960s and the 1990s
D)crime declined meaningfully during the 1990s and 2000s
Q2) According to recent studies,intimate-partner homicides committed by women are significantly more likely to be precipitated than intimate-partner homicides committed by men.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following types of murder is a true crime of passion,in which the intent to kill and the killing itself happen almost simultaneously,as in the case of an individual who kills another in a fit of anger?
A)felony murder
B)first-degree murder
C)second-degree murder
D)third-degree murder
Q4) What are the four primary types of workplace violence?
Q5) The illegal killing of four or more victims at one event is ________________.
Page 12
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Chapter 10: Crimes Against Property
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Sample Questions
Q1) Burglary is the most frequent offense on college campuses.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Discuss three reasons why a residence may be targeted by a burglar.
Q3) Which of these is true of how residential burglars select their targets?
A)The burglar is not acquainted with the victim.
B)The burglar is a close friend with the victim.
C)The burglar has received a tip about the victim.
D)The burglar selects an area far from his or her home.
Q4) Analyze why the statistics on recovered stolen vehicles are difficult to interpret.
Q5) Explore the concept of burglary within a sexual context.Compare this type of burglary with traditional burglary.
Q6) What is the term for the phase in a criminal's career when he or she shows less commitment to the criminal lifestyle?
A)break-in
B)stable
C)career-end
D)burn-out
Q7) The most serious form of property crime is_____.
Page 13
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Chapter 11: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Q1) Ponzi,pyramid and prime bank schemes are all instances of securities fraud.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Property flipping is a form of mortgage fraud where the lender is the victim.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which presidential administration was affected by the Teapot Dome Scandal?
A)Benjamin Harrison's
B)Warren Harding's
C)Richard Nixon's
D)Bill Clinton's
Q4) A criminal enterprise is a group of _____ or more people,with one of them occupying a supervisory or management position.
Q5) Which of the following statements is true of most Sicilian immigrants to America?
A)Most Sicilian immigrants moved to America to participate in Mafia activities.
B)Few Sicilian immigrants had experience with the Mafia while living in Italy.
C)Most Sicilian immigrants moved to the U.S.to escape Mafia repression.
D)The Mafia had little to do with Sicilian immigration to the United States.
Q6) What was the Teapot Dome Scandal of 1929? How did it end?
Page 14
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Chapter 12: Public Order and Drug Crimes
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Q1) Drug-_____ crimes are violations of laws prohibiting or regulating the possession,use,or distribution of illegal drugs
Q2) Which of the following is true of the relationship between drug use and crime?
A)People with criminal records are no more likely than others to use drugs.
B)There is little known relationship between drug use and crime.
C)Drug users report the same amount of involvement in crime as nonusers.
D)The crime numbers rise as the use of drugs increases.
Q3) Illegal drugs are connected with the police involvement in illegal activities.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Thirty-three percent of _____-crime victims reported they believed their assailants were under the influence of drugs when the crime occurred.
Q5) Which of the following is an example of the harm of street prostitution?
A)Street prostitutes discourage organized crime.
B)Street prostitution and drugs are often linked.
C)Street prostitutes have adequate access to proper hygiene facilities.
D)Street prostitution leads to more customers for local businesses.
Q6) Define and discuss designer drugs.Do these drugs differ from other controlled substances?
Page 15
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Chapter 13: Technology and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most hackers are young adolescent males.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Identity theft became a federal crime in 2008.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Cybercrime could potentially lead to personal injury.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the main difference in the two broad categories of identity theft?
A)the amount of the costs to the victim
B)whether the thief is apprehended or not
C)the length of time before the victim realizes the theft
D)whether the fraud is with existing or new accounts
Q5) America's first cohesive national cyber security system for identifying,analyzing,and prioritizing emerging vulnerabilities and threats is called the
A)United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US -CERT).
B)Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative (CNCI).
C)National Cyber Alert System.
D)National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC).
Page 16
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Chapter 14: Globalization and Terrorism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Following the September 11,2001 attacks on the United States,the United States declared a worldwide war on international terrorism.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is bioterrorism?
A)an act of terrorism that kills at least one living being through any method whatsoever
B)an act of terrorism that uses or threatens to use living organisms to cause death or disease
C)any poisoning of over 500 people by fungi or other toxic plant matter
D)any creation of a biological weapon for any purpose whatsoever
Q3) Why is it sometimes difficult to distinguish smuggling and trafficking?
A)All smuggling involves trafficking as a matter of course.
B)Trafficking may include an element of smuggling.
C)Many prominent traffickers also engage in smuggling.
D)May prominent smugglers have been wrongly identified as traffickers.
Q4) Terrorist who seek to form a separate state are called ________.
Q5) Any group external to the United States may be designated an FTO by Congress.
A)True
B)False
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