Foundations of Criminal Justice Exam Review
Course Introduction
Foundations of Criminal Justice provides an in-depth introduction to the structure, functions, and processes of the criminal justice system, including law enforcement, courts, and corrections. The course explores the historical development of criminal justice, core theories of crime and punishment, and the legal principles that guide the systems operation. Students will examine the roles and responsibilities of key actors, such as police officers, judges, and correctional personnel, and analyze contemporary issues such as due process, crime control, and the balance between individual rights and public safety. The course lays the groundwork for understanding how laws are created, enforced, and interpreted in society.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology The Core 4th Edition by Larry J. Siegel
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14 Chapters
771 Verified Questions
771 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Crime and Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The "father of criminology" and the man who referred to offenders as "born criminals" was:
A)Lombroso.
B)Comte.
C)Durkheim.
D)Glueck.
Answer: A
Q2) The criminological enterprise sub-area of victimology is concerned with specific criminal behavior systems such as white-collar crime and violent crime.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Under common law, if a new rule was successfully applied in a number of different cases, it would become a precedent.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Nature and Extent of Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Critics of self-report studies frequently suggest that expecting people to candidly admit illegal acts is unreasonable.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) As the number of guns in the population increases so too do violent crime rates.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) _____ suggests that as the African-American population increases, so does the amount of social control directed at them. This type of racism could account for the higher rates of minority crime in UCR data.
A)Police control theory
B)Racial threat theory
C)Racial control theory
D)Police threat theory
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Victims and Victimization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Victims of crime, especially childhood abuse, are more likely to commit crime themselves. This abuse-crime phenomenon is termed:
A)the cycle of abuse.
B)the cycle of crime.
C)the cycle of violence.
D)the cycle of victimization.
Answer: C
Q2) The view that victimization results from the interaction of three everyday factors: the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presences of motivated offenders is called:
A)victim precipitation theory.
B)routine activities theory.
C)life-style theory.
D)deviant place theory.
Answer: B
Q3) Males are more likely than females to be the victims of violent crime.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Choice Theory: Because They Want to
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Sample Questions
Q1) A method of crime prevention that seeks to eliminate or reduce particular crimes in specific settings is referred to as:
A)defensible space.
B)situational crime prevention.
C)guardable space.
D)positional crime prevention.
Q2) Explain what it means to say that criminals structure crime.
Q3) If the punishment for a crime is increased and the effectiveness and efficiency of the criminal justice system are improved, then the number of people engaging in that crime should decline.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Situational crime prevention suggests that crime prevention can be achieved by reducing the opportunities people have to commit particular crimes.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain how economic need, personal traits, and experience contribute to how criminals structure criminality.
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Chapter 5: Trait Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) developed ________ psychology that has remained a prominent segment of psychological theory ever since.
A)neurological
B)biosocial
C)generational
D)psychodynamic
Q2) In adoption studies, which of the following strongly predicted a child's criminal behavior?
A)a criminal biological mother
B)a criminal adoptive mother
C)a criminal biological father
D)a criminal adoptive grandfather
Q3) Police are more likely to arrest the mentally ill, giving the illusion that they are crime-prone.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How do cognitive theorists explain the relationship between information processing and antisocial behavior?
Q5) Explain the links between evolution, gender, and crime.
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Chapter 6: Social Structure Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to social structure theory, the root cause of crime can be directly traced to:
A)individual socialization.
B)socioeconomic disadvantages that have become embedded in American society.
C)lower-class mistrust of social control institutions.
D)the lack of political power within the under-class.
Q2) Merton's view of anomie has been one of the most enduring and influential theories of criminality.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Collective efficacy refers to the social control exerted by cohesive communities that is based on mutual trust.
A)True
B)False
Q4) People who live in neighborhoods that experience high levels of crime and civil disorder become suspicious and mistrusting.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Social Process Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the influence of family relations on delinquency and crime.
Q2) Discuss how dropping out of high school is associated with delinquency and crime.
Q3) Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory states that
A)criminal behavior is a product of impaired social bonds.
B)criminal behavior is learned like any other behavior.
C)criminal behavior is a function of educational inequality within the lower class.
D)criminal behavior is a function of media exposure.
Q4) Criminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoings by "appealing to higher loyalties."
Which of the following would be an example of that technique?
A)Vandalizing the home of a disliked neighbor.
B)Attacking someone who is arguing with a friend.
C)Stealing from a large department store that "has plenty of money."
D)Blaming the police for being unfair.
Q5) How do religion and belief impact criminality?
Q6) Describe the major premises of the three branches of social process theory - social learning theory, social control theory, and social reaction (labeling) theory.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Social Conflict and Critical Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some Native American communities use a peacemaking ceremony called __________ whereby groups of tribal elders, victims and community members meet with offenders in order to determine the best resolution for those accused of breaking the law.
A)a sentencing circle
B)a tribal circle
C)a community circle
D)a resolution circle
Q2) Mainstream criminologists level a number of criticisms against critical criminology. Which is not one of those criticisms?
A)Critical theorists unfairly neglect the capitalist system's efforts to regulate itself.
B)The contribution of critical criminology is "hot air, but no real light."
C)Critical theorists focus too heavily on the problems and conflicts that exist in socialist countries.
D)Critical criminologists are too quick to blame capitalism for every human vice.
Q3) Explain the development of critical criminology in light of evolving social conflict in society.
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10
Chapter 9: Developmental Theories: Life Course and Latent
Trait
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Sample Questions
Q1) Regardless of gender or environment, those who maintain a latent trait may be predisposed to crime and are in danger of becoming career criminals.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The crime and human nature model proposes that biological and psychological traits influence the crime-non-crime choice.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Criminal career trajectories cannot be reversed even if life conditions improve.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Critics of the GTC argue that white-collar criminals and organized crime bosses:
A)seem more calculating than impulsive.
B)are capable of showing empathy to their clientele and, thus, are able to control their impulses.
C)are more likely to be impulsive than street criminals.
D)are not impacted by the need for immediate gratification.
Q5) How is age of onset related to crime and criminality?
Q6) What is problem behavior syndrome and how is it linked to criminality?
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Chapter 10: Violent Crime: Personal and Political
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Sample Questions
Q1) Personal traits can account for violent behavior. Psychologist Dorothy Ottnow Lewis found that murderous youths often suffer signs of:
A)genetic impairments.
B)intellectual dysfunction.
C)neurological impairments.
D)personality disorders.
Q2) One type of interpersonal violence is child abuse. Which age group suffers the highest rate of child abuse victimization?
A)children in the age group of birth to one year old
B)children in the age group of two to four years old
C)children in the age group of six to eight years old
D)children in the age group of ten to twelve years old
Q3) Rape is one of the most misunderstood and feared crimes. Identify and discuss the causal factors that explain why men commit rape.
Q4) Armed robbery is one category of robbery focused on in your text. What does research indicate about the nature of armed robbery?
Q5) A number of causal factors contribute to violent crime. Identify and discuss those causal factors.
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Chapter 11: Property Crimes
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Sample Questions
Q1) A new form of professional auto theft is called _____ and involves stealing VIN plates from a luxury auto on a dealer lot and placing the stolen VIN plate on an identical luxury vehicle stolen from a mall or parking lot.
A)vinning
B)cloning
C)tagging
D)plating
Q2) The "swoop and squat," the drive down, the sideswipe, and the t-bone are forms of what type of crime?
A)embezzlement
B)third party fraud
C)auto theft
D)confidence games
Q3) How a larceny is committed can affect its definition. It is automatically considered grand larceny to:
A)steal nonprescription drugs from a retail store or pharmacy.
B)steal any item (money, food, clothing) from a homeless shelter or center.
C)steal food from a grocery or retail store.
D)steal a firearm from a home or car.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Enterprise Crime: White-Collar Crime, Cyber
Crime, and Organized Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the minimum dollar amount necessary before fraud exists in the crime of tax evasion?
A)$100
B)$1,000
C)$10,000
D)There is no minimum dollar amount.
Q2) When someone illegally obtains software and then "cracks" or "rips" it and posts it on the Internet for others to use, the resulting pirated software is called A)"split."
B)"warez."
C)"slash."
D)"ripez."
Q3) In 1907, sociologist E. A. Ross described the "criminaloid:" a business leader who, while enjoying immunity from the law, victimized an unsuspecting public. Today, Ross's criminaloid refers to one who commits A)influence peddling.
B)securities fraud.
C)corporate crime.
D)tax evasion.
14
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Chapter 13: Public Order Crimes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Source control strategies can undermine the economies of third world nations.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The arrest rate for prostitution reveals that the gender ratio is __________ female to male.
A)1:1
B)1:2
C)2:1
D)3:1
Q3) Explain the concept of social harm and discuss the contention by some scholars that public order crimes are not necessarily victimless offenses.
Q4) The aristocrats of prostitution are _____ who charge customers thousands of dollars per night and who may net over $200,000 per year.
A)streetwalkers
B)circuit travelers
C)Ehookers
D)call girls
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Chapter 14: The Criminal Justice System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Both the jail and prison populations have been steadily increasing despite a reduction in the crime rate.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The American criminal justice system is monumental in size, costing federal, state, and local governments approximately ____ per year to administer civil and criminal justice.
A)$15 billion
B)$21 billion
C)$215 billion
D)$512 billion
Q3) Noninterventionists advocate deinstitutionalization of non-serious offenders, diversion from formal court processes into treatment programs, and decriminalization of non-serious offenses.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Identify and discuss the functions of law enforcement. Distinguish in your discussion between informal social control and formal social control mechanisms.
Q5) Define and discuss the differences between jails and prisons.
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