Foundations of Criminal Justice Exam Bank
Course Introduction
Foundations of Criminal Justice introduces students to the principles, structure, and key components of the criminal justice system, including law enforcement, courts, and corrections. The course explores the historical development of criminal justice, major theories of crime and punishment, and current challenges facing the system. Students examine the roles and responsibilities of practitioners, legal rights of individuals, ethical considerations, and the impact of criminal justice policies on society. Emphasis is placed on understanding how justice is administered in the United States, fostering critical thinking about the effectiveness and fairness of the system.
Recommended Textbook Criminology The Core 4th Edition by Larry J. Siegel
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14 Chapters
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Chapter 1: Crime and Criminology
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Q1) Which view of crime sees society as a collection of diverse groups who are in a constant and continuing struggle to gain political power in order to advance their economic or social situation?
A)the consensus view of crime
B)the conflict view of crime
C)the interactionist view of crime
D)the legalistic view of crime
Answer: B
Q2) A deviant act becomes a crime when it is deemed socially harmful or dangerous:
A)and is defined, challenged, and banned under common law.
B)and is defined, stigmatized, and banned under procedural law.
C)and is defined, prohibited, and punished under criminal law.
D)and is defined, prohibited, and punished under civil law.
Answer: C
Q3) Why must criminologists be ethical in their research?
A)Because criminologists may face a jail sentence if they are not.
B)Because criminologists are moral entrepreneurs.
C)Because the lives of millions of people may be influenced by their research.
D)Because criminologists are seeking political power.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: The Nature and Extent of Crime
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Q1) According to UCR data, what is known about today's property crime rate?
A)The property crime rate has dropped more than 10% in the past decade.
B)The property crime rate has increased by nearly 33% in the past decade.
C)The property crime rate has significantly fluctuated in the past decade.
D)The property crime rate has remained relatively stable in the past decade.
Answer: A
Q2) Racial threat theory contends that as the percentage of African-Americans in the population increases, so does the amount of social control that the justice system aims at blacks.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The National Crime Victimization Survey addresses the nonreporting of crime issue inherent in the UCR.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Victims and Victimization
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Q1) People living in rural areas have a victimization rate almost __________ than that of city dwellers.
A)25% higher
B)50% higher
C)25% lower
D)50% lower
Answer: D
Q2) Referencing the social ecology of victimization, in general, where is a violent crime more likely to take place?
A)in a post office
B)in a school
C)in a private home
D)in a park
Answer: D
Q3) Some victims, especially the elderly, the poor, and minority group members, develop a persistent and paralyzing fear that they will again become victimized.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Choice Theory: Because They Want to
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Q1) Auto thieves are not selective in their choice of target since all cars can be stripped for their valuable parts.
A)True
B)False
Q2) That thieves select German cars indicates that auto theft is rational because:
A)parts on Germans cars are not etched with identifying codes.
B)German cars usually have high-quality audio equipment.
C)German cars can be cheaply shipped to Europe where they are in high demand.
D)VIN (vehicle identification numbers) codes are not as easily traced as VIN codes on American autos.
Q3) Which of the following circumstances would prompt an offender to decide to forgo crime?
A)The crime would be thrilling to commit.
B)The offender would stand a good chance of being caught and punished.
C)The offender would receive respect from peers.
D)The crime would be easy to commit.
Q4) Robbers generally choose targets close to their homes or in areas to which they routinely travel.
A)True
B)False
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Trait Theory
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Q1) Explain how chemical compounds, called neurotransmitters, are associated with aggression and other anti-social behaviors.
Q2) Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) developed ________ psychology that has remained a prominent segment of psychological theory ever since.
A)neurological
B)biosocial
C)generational
D)psychodynamic
Q3) Psychopaths are the product of a destructive home environment.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is NOT considered to contribute to a healthy diet and, thus, good mental health and well-adjusted behavior patterns?
A)polyunsaturated fatty acids
B)minerals such as zinc and magnesium
C)vitamins such as B, C and E
D)heavy metals such as lead and mercury
Q5) Discuss the relationship between hormonal changes and mood and behavior.
Q6) Why is the association between IQ/intelligence and crime so controversial?
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Chapter 6: Social Structure Theory
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Q1) What two elements of culture interact to produce anomie and/or anomic conditions?
A)informal social control and public social control
B)middle-class measuring rods and educational underachievement
C)culturally defined goals and socially approved means for obtaining them
D)community cohesiveness and collective efficacy
Q2) Which of Merton's social adaptations is most closely associated with criminal behavior?
A)conformity
B)innovation
C)ritualism
D)retreatism
Q3) According to Shaw and McKay, a __________ neighborhood is an area wracked by extreme poverty and suffering high rates of population turnover.
A)subcultural
B)transitional
C)concentric
D)ecological
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Chapter 7: Social Process Theories
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Q1) Religious participation seems to be a more significant inhibitor of crime than merely having religious beliefs and values.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The totality of research on the effect of dropping out of high school indicates one fact - high school dropouts face a significant chance of entering a criminal career.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Adolescents who do not receive affection from their parents during childhood are:
A)more likely to be depressed and suicidal as they mature.
B)more likely to use illicit drugs and be more aggressive as they mature.
C)more likely to suffer mental impairment as they mature.
D)more likely to engage in violent crime as they mature.
Q4) Primary deviance involves resocialization into a deviant role and produces a deviance amplification effect.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How do religion and belief impact criminality?
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Chapter 8: Social Conflict and Critical Criminology
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Q1) Some Native American communities use a peacemaking ceremony called __________ whereby groups of tribal elders, victims and community members meet with offenders in order to determine the best resolution for those accused of breaking the law.
A)a sentencing circle
B)a tribal circle
C)a community circle
D)a resolution circle
Q2) Critical criminologists contend that the wealthy stratum of society can be involved in acts that should be described as crimes but are not, such as racism, sexism, and profiteering.
A)True
B)False
Q3) One group of critical theorists is referred to as instrumentalists. Why do instrumentalists consider it essential to demystify law and justice?
Q4) Define the term "state (organized) crime" and discuss the various categories of crime contained under the umbrella of state crime. Include in your response a discussion of the overall impact of state crime on society.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Developmental Theories: Life Course and Latent
Trait
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Q1) Identify and describe the various pathways to crime as categorized by Rolf Lober and Sarah Bacon and her associates.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT one of the significant life-changing events that reduces criminality, according to Laub and Sampson?
A)buying a car
B)joining the military
C)getting married
D)getting a job
Q3) Life course theorists examine offending patterns and trends. Terrie Moffit describes adolescent-limited offenders as:
A)angry adolescents.
B)typical teenagers.
C)classic persisters.
D)standard youth.
Q4) Problem behavior syndrome portrays crime as the by-product of other social problems.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How is age of onset related to crime and criminality?
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Chapter 10: Violent Crime: Personal and Political
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Q1) Workplace violence is the third leading cause of occupational injury or death. Who is the typical offender in incidents of workplace violence?
A)a middle-aged white male facing termination
B)a middle-aged white female facing termination
C)a middle-aged black female facing termination
D)a middle-aged black male facing termination
Q2) Terrorism is most often used as an all-encompassing term but a number of specific types of terrorism exist. Identify and describe four different forms of terrorism.
Q3) The common law definition of rape derives from the Latin word rapere meaning ______ and is defined as "the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will."
A)to take by right
B)to take by force
C)to take by surprise
D)to take by compulsion
Q4) Discuss the impact of the USA Patriot Act, including the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) and the agencies reporting to the DNI.
Q5) Identify and discuss the primary motivations of terrorists.
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Chapter 11: Property Crimes
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Q1) Female burglars can be divided into groups or categories. Which category of female burglars enjoys the reward and excitement of burglary?
A)partners
B)buddies
C)accomplices
D)associates
Q2) Arson is the willful, malicious burning of a home, public building, vehicle, or commercial building. Identify and discuss the various motivations for arson.
Q3) Arson fraud involves a business owner burning her or his property to escape financial problems.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Neal Shover studied the careers of professional burglars finding key requirements of "the good burglar." Which is not one of those key requirements?
A)having inside information
B)cultivating a ring of bail bond agents
C)cultivating fences or buyers
D)learning the needed skills
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Chapter 12: Enterprise Crime: White-Collar Crime, Cyber
Crime, and Organized Crime
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Q1) White-collar crime, cyber crime, and organized crime are linked because they Involve:
A)twisting the legal rules of commercial enterprise for criminal purposes.
B)traditional racketeering practices.
C)investigation and control by federal enforcement agencies.
D)recruiting new members via legitimate employment agencies.
Q2) Using examples of both types of cyber crimes, discuss and compare the motivations of criminals engaged in acts of cyber theft and cyber vandalism.
Q3) __________ involves illegal activities of people and institutions whose acknowledged purpose is profit through legitimate business transactions.
A)Organized crime
B)Enterprise crime
C)White-collar crime
D)Cyber crime
Q4) Identify and discuss the three major areas of enterprise crime.
Q5) Discuss and provide examples of employee fraud, management fraud, and client fraud.
Q6) What has been the Internet's impact on the pornography industry and why?
Q7) Identify and describe the various forms of cyber vandalism.
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Chapter 13: Public Order Crimes
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Q1) Why is it that the legislation of moral issues continuously frustrates lawmakers? How do public order crimes differ from other types of offenses?
Q2) Today, the act of prostitution includes three elements: activity that has sexual significance for the prostitute, economic indifference, and emotional attachment.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Problem behavior syndrome contends that:
A)genetics hold the key to addiction.
B)the neighborhood is the primary determinant of substance abuse.
C)substance abuse is linked to impaired cognitive functioning.
D)substance abuse is just one of many problem behaviors.
Q4) Which of the following is NOT a condition present in a commercial sexual transaction?
A)activity that has sexual significance for the customer
B)economic transaction
C)felonious violence
D)emotional indifference
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Chapter 14: The Criminal Justice System
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Q1) The constitutional guarantees afforded by the Bill of Rights initially applied only at the federal level.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The pattern of cooperation, between prosecution and defense, that leads to a quick and efficient flow of cases through the court system is referred to as
A)the adjudication work group.
B)the trial work group.
C)the courtroom work group.
D)the due process work group.
Q3) Noninterventionists advocate deinstitutionalization of non-serious offenders, diversion from formal court processes into treatment programs, and decriminalization of non-serious offenses.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The justice system treats all felony cases alike, via formal adjudication with a trial proceeding.
A)True
B)False
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