Foundations of Criminal Justice Exam Bank
Course Introduction
Foundations of Criminal Justice provides an introduction to the fundamental concepts, structures, and processes of the criminal justice system. The course examines the origins and evolution of criminal law, the roles of law enforcement, courts, and corrections, and key principles such as due process, justice, and ethical decision-making. Students will explore how society defines crime, the relationship between criminal justice agencies, and contemporary issues affecting crime and responses to it. Through theoretical perspectives and case studies, the course lays the groundwork for further study and informed participation in the field of criminal justice.
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Criminology Today An Integrative Introduction 8th Edition by Frank J. Schmalleger
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16 Chapters
1159 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: What is Criminology?
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Sample Questions
Q1) Seeing crime as the result of criteria that have been built into the law by powerful groups is the basis of the __________ perspective on crime.
Answer: political
Q2) Which of the following crime reduction or prevention strategies is most characteristic of the social problems perspective?
A) A government-funded initiative to enhance educational opportunities among low-income individuals
B) A move to broaden police powers by increasing the number of exceptions to the Exclusionary Rule
C) Rewriting state statutes to increase the severity of punishment for violent offenders, such as three-strikes laws
D) Allocating federal funds to help states build and operate more prisons
Answer: A
Q3) There is a growing tendency to apply the term criminologist to anyone who works in the criminal justice field.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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3
Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From
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Q1) A case study focusing on a single subject is known as a __________.
Answer: life history
Q2) What is the first step in any research?
A) Develop a research design
B) Review the findings
C) Choose a data collection technique
D) Identify a problem
Answer: D
Q3) _______ research is undertaken simply for the sake of advancing scientific knowledge.
A) Applied
B) Pure
C) Primary
D) Secondary Answer: B
Q4) Evidence-based criminology is founded on the ___________ method. Answer: experimental/scientific
Q5) A(n) ____ is tested by how well it describes and predicts reality. Answer: theory
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Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought
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Q1) Modern neoclassical theorists argue that if a person chooses to commit a crime, that person deserves to be punished.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) ___________ mandates a fixed amount of time to be served for each offense category.
A) Truth in sentencing
B) Selective incapacitation
C) Determinate sentencing
D) Dangerousness
Answer: C
Q3) According to the Classical School of Criminology, the two key determining factors of human behavior are right and wrong.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) The Enlightenment emphasized ________ as the basic determinant of behavior
Answer: free will
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Chapter 4: Early Biological Perspectives on Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Which of the following crime control policies would be most likely to be proposed by an early positivist criminologist?
A) An increase in the use of three-strikes laws
B) Determinate sentencing
C) Environmental design
D) Forced sterilization of convicted offenders
Q2) Gall located the roots of the personality in the brain.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Early biological theorists focused on physical _________ as significant causes of criminality.
Q4) Early Positivism
A)Genetic determism,
B)Atavism, born criminals, criminaloids
C)Altruism, tribalism, survival of the gene pool
D)Phrenology
E)Somatotyping, mesomorph, endomorph, ectomorph
Q5) List the six main categories of early biological theories and their key elements.
Q6) __________ involves classifying individuals according to body type.
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Chapter 5: Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives
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Q1) ________ refers to the process by which social experiences change neural circuitry in the brain.
Q2) Biosocial theories do not appear able to explain temporal variations in crime rates.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An offender convicted of __________ is most likely to have a low level of serotonin in the brain
A) premeditated murder
B) insider trading
C) planned burglary
D) a crime of passion
Q4) Men whose brains lack sufficient amounts of __________ may feel frustration more acutely and respond to frustrating circumstances more aggressively.
Q5) Biosocial perspectives are theories of A) crime.
B) violence.
C) criminality.
D) victimization.
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Chapter 6: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does behavior theory differ from other psychological theories?
A) The major determinants of behavior are seen as co-existing in the individual and the environment
B) The major determinants of behavior are seen as existing in the individual
C) The major determinants of behavior are seen as existing in the environment
D) There is no major difference
Q2) helps police investigators better understand people wanted for serious crimes.
A) Sublimation
B) Selective incapacitation
C) Deterrence
D) Psychological profiling
Q3) Personality theory emphasizes behavioral conditioning.
A)True
B)False
Q4) ___________ are dynamic risk actors of offenders that are associated with rates of recidivism.
Q5) Freud saw aggressive behavior as a natural response to _______.
Q7) Behavioral theory explains crime as the result of inappropriate __________. Page 8
Q6) Psychological theories see __________ as the major motivational element within individuals.
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Page 9
Chapter 7: Social Structure Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following was not part of Mobilization for Youth?
A) Boycotts against schools
B) Rent strikes against slum landlords
C) Voter registration
D) Welfare-to-work programs
Q2) Walter Miller identified six key values or __________ which are considered important by members of a delinquent subculture
A) cultural norms
B) culture conduct
C) focal concerns
D) conduct norms
Q3) Which of the following is characteristic of an individual experiencing personal deprivation?
A) Feelings of social isolation
B) Participation in social movements
C) Attempts to change the social system
D) None of the above
Q4) One criticism of __________ theories is that the overemphasize the notion that spatial location determines crime and delinquency.
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Chapter 8: Theories of Social Process and Social Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does differential identification theory explain criminal behavior? How does this theory differ from Sutherland's differential association theory?
Q2) How do social control theories differ from other theories of crime?
Q3) According to Edwin Lemert, i f an offender is arrested for an act of primary deviance and tagged with the status of a criminal, __________ may occur as a means of adjustment to the negative status.
Q4) Which of the following factors would probably not enhance your social capital?
A) Graduating from college
B) Getting married
C) Losing a job
D) Having a "clean" record
Q5) Social process theories assume that everyone has the potential to violate the law. A)True
B)False
Q6) Burgess and Akers added the concept of __________ to Sutherland's original idea of differential association.
Q7) Social development theories have been criticized for ________ issues.
Page 11
Q8) Bullying as a first step to delinquency occurs on the _________ pathway.
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Chapter 9: Social Conflict Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Richard Quinney suggests that the problem of crime will be solved only by the creation of
A) a class structure.
B) a capitalist society
C) hedonistic values.
D) a socialist society
Q2) Adversarial court proceedings are based on the principle of dispute resolution.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Stuart Henry and Dragan Milovanovic are known for their development of __________ criminology.
A) constitutive
B) anarchic
C) peacemaking
D) semiotic
Q4) Left realism sees the criminal justice system and its agents as pawns of the powerful.
A)True
B)False
Q5) __________criminology is a body of writings by convicted felons.
Page 12
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Chapter 10: Criminal Victimization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which factor contributed to a dramatic increase in crime in the U.S. in the 1960s and 1970s?
A) The baby boom
B) Generation X
C) The Depression
D) President Johnson's War on Poverty
Q2) The NCVS does not include information on crimes against children under the age of 12.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Restorative justice emphasizes making the victim whole again.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The ____________ Act provides financial support for victim services programs in cases involving sexual violence or domestic abuse.
Q5) The ___________ Act has been viewed as a partial statutory alternative to a federal constitutional victims' rights amendment.
Q6) The main goal of __________ is to permanently change the way victims of crime are treated.
Page 13
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Chapter 11: Crimes Against Persons
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most hate crimes are committed by organized hate groups and their members.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is not part of Russell's typology of men who rape their wives?
A) Husbands who prefer raping their wives to having consensual sex with them
B) Husbands who prefer consensual sex with their wives but are willing to rape them if their sexual advances are refused
C) Husbands who might like to rape their wives but do not act out these desires
D) Husbands who do not desire nonconsensual sex with their wives
Q3) Evolutionary perspectives have been criticized for justifying rape as natural.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The majority of workplace homicides are committed by current or former employees of the workplace.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is child sexual abuse and what are the main types of abusers?
Q6) __________ involves the use of electronic communication to harass individuals.
Q7) Explain the difference between primary and nonprimary homicides.
Page 14
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Chapter 12: Crimes Against Property
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most frequently-occurring property crime is __________.
Q2) __________ receivers generally buy stolen property on a small scale, primarily for personal use.
A) Professional
B) Avocational
C) Amateur
D) Episodic
Q3) According to UCR and NIBRS data, most burglaries involve ________ entry.
A) forcible
B) lawful
C) unlawful
D) attempted forcible
Q4) One of the best ways to address both shoplifting and employee theft is through A) security personnel.
B) technology.
C) increasingly severe penalties.
D) warning notices.
Q5) Low-income households are at a very low risk of burglary victimization. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Q1) Edwin Sutherland applied his __________ theory to white-collar crime.
Q2) Unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups operating across national boundaries is known as __________ organized crime.
A) international
B) transnational
C) intercontinental
D) overseas
Q3) Legalizing or decriminalizing illegal drugs falls into which of Howard Abadinsky's approaches to controlling organized crime?
A) Increasing the risk of involvement in organized crime
B) Increasing law enforcement authority
C) Reducing the economic lure of involvement
D) Decreasing opportunity for organized criminal activity
Q4) The replacement of Jewish and Irish gangs by Italian immigrants is an example of
Q5) Loan sharking involve lending money at rates higher than those prescribed by law.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Drug and Sex Crimes
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to survey data, drug use is a substantially greater problem today than twenty years ago.
Q2) Which of the following would be considered an indirect cost of illegal drug use in the U.S.?
A) The cost of incarcerating drug offenders
B) The cost of medical care for injuries from drug-related child abuse
C) The cost of enforcing drug laws
D) The cost to the criminal justice system of investigating drug-related crimes
Q3) The most commonly used illicit drug is A) cocaine.
B) heroin.
C) inhalants.
D) marijuana.
Q4) Federal law enforcement agencies focus on reducing drug trafficking by preventing the smuggling of illegal drugs.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Designer drugs are usually manufactured in basement laboratories.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Technology and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) _________is a system used to match a suspect's fingerprints against stored records.
A) NCIC
B) AFIS
C) METAPOL
D) VICAP
Q2) Which is not one of the factors that may be used to determine whether a form of scientific evidence is reliable?
A) It has no known or potential rates of error
B) It has been subjected to peer review
C) It has been subjected to testing
D) It has standards controlling application of the techniques involved
Q3) In the case of __________, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down several provisions of the Communications Decency Act.
A) Frye v. U.S.
B) Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
C) Buck v. Bell
D) Reno v. ACLU
Q4) ________ is the violation of a federal or state computer-crime statue
Q5) The greatest threat to reliable results in DNA profiling is __________ error.
Page 18
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Chapter 16: Globalization and Terrorism
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Q1) ____________terrorists want to replace economies based on free enterprise with socialist or communist economic systems.
A) Left-wing
B) Right-wing
C) State-sponsored
D) Nationalist
Q2) The State Department has the authority to designate selected foreign governments as __________ of international terrorism
Q3) Ethnocentrism does not interfere with the work of comparative criminologists.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Secret Service is part of the Department of Homeland Security.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Given the difficulties in comparing crime rates among different countries, what value do such cross-national comparisons have?
Q6) Name and briefly describe the six main types of terrorist organizations, and give a contemporary example of each group.
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