Foundations of Criminal Justice
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Foundations of Criminal Justice introduces students to the core concepts, institutions, and processes that define the criminal justice system in modern society. The course explores the origins and purposes of law, the structure and functions of law enforcement, the courts, and corrections, and the roles these institutions play in maintaining social order. Students examine the interplay between criminal justice agencies, the rights of the accused, and the procedures involved in the administration of justice. Emphasis is placed on understanding historical developments, key legal principles, and contemporary challenges such as crime trends, policy debates, and ethical issues within the field.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology Today An Integrative Introduction 6th Edition by Frank J. Schmalleger
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Chapter 1: What Is Criminology
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Q1) The legalistic perspective of crime can be defined as human conduct in violation of criminal laws of the state,the federal government,or a local jurisdiction that has power to make such laws.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) A serious shortcoming of the legalistic approach to crime is that it leaves _______ decisions to powerful individuals influencing the making of laws.
Answer: moral and ethical
Q3) Which field has contributed most to criminology?
A)psychology
B)sociology
C)economics
D)mathematics
Answer: B
Q4) Perpetrators of a crime should be dealt with individually.This is a belief of the ______ responsibility perspective.
Answer: social
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Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From
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Q1) Which of the following is an example of a dilemma facing criminologists hoping to use statistical evidence to influence social policy?
A)common laws
B)three-strikes laws
C)deviant behavior
D)participant observation
Answer: B
Q2) Stating a claim that breaking the cycle of poverty will reduce crime is an example of a
A)theory-based hypothesis.
B)correlation observed.
C)question about a cause.
D)theory-based social policy.
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following is not an example of a theory?
A)Crime rates have increased this year.
B)Poverty is a root cause of crime.
C)Illegal drug usage is a result of poverty.
D)Theft is higher among poor individuals.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought
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Q1) __________ was a major theorist during the Enlightenment Era who developed the idea of natural rights.
Answer: Thomas Paine
Q2) The Classic School of thought did not emerge in criminology until the 1900s.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Bentham's approach to crime and punishment has been described as utilitarianism because of its emphasis on the worth any action holds for an individual undertaking it.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Critics charge that classical and neoclassical thought lack an explanation of
A)criminal motivation
B)philosophy of justice
C)deviant behavior
D)dangerousness
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Biological Roots in Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Early biological observations of aggression suggested it is linked to favoring the strongest and best for reproduction,following suit with _________ theories.
Q2) The "Twinkie defense" is an example of ___________,explaining violent behavior.
A)sociobiology
B)biology
C)constitutional theory
D)biocriminology
Q3) The scientific study of the relationships between human physical characteristics and criminality is called
A)Darwinism.
B)criminal anthropology.
C)biological theory.
D)phrenology.
Q4) Biolgoical theories believe that crime causation can be understood by studying the interplay of all of the following except A)the social environment.
B)biology.
C)heredity.
D)psychology.
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Chapter 5: Psychology and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Who is considered the father of psychoanalysis?
A)Ivan Pavlov
B)Darwin
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Thomas Paine
Q2) What are the two main concepts developed in early psychological theories? How do these apply to criminology today?
Q3) _________ individuals face minor problems with living.
A)Neurotic
B)Psychotic
C)Delusional
D)Superego
Q4) Some attachment theorists believe that developing the feeling of ________ is the most important factor leading to conformity.
Q5) Discuss which theory explains how violent video games may influence behavior and why.
Q6) Explain the attachment theory and provide an example of how criminal behavior may be explained through this theory.
Page 7
Q7) Criminal psychology is also known as ______ psychology.
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Chapter 6: Social Structure Theories
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Q1) The Chicago Area Project focused on combating _________.
A)social disorganization
B)poverty
C)cultural values
D)social strain
Q2) Theories of social structure all primarily focus on the _______ of society.
A)economy
B)organization
C)political system
D)gangs
Q3) The culture conflict theory looks at ways individuals suffer from relative deprivation. A)True
B)False
Q4) Sociological theories believe that _______ roles provide the proper focus for criminological study.
Q5) What are some of the ways social structure theories help explain crime? What informal and formal arrangements do these theories look at?
Q6) Conduct norms are acquired early in life through childhood _________.
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Chapter 7: Theories of Social Process and Social Development
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Q1) A ________ commits crimes throughout his or her life.
Q2) Social learning theory states that people learn to commit crimes from _______.
A)themselves
B)other people
C)social norms
D)animal behavior
Q3) The reaction of society to deviant behavior is a major element in determining the criminality of the behavior according to the __________.
A)labeling theory
B)social learning theory
C)containment theory
D)social control theory
Q4) Social control theories look only at the effects of the environment on criminal behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Social process theories focus only on society.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Differential association values _______ association. Page 9
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Page 10
Chapter 8: Social Conflict Theories
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Q1) According to Currie,what are the seven mechanisms that operate to produce crime in a market society?
Q2) Karl Marx was one of the best-known and most influential writers on social conflict.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What does the labeling theory tell us about the individual in relation to the justice system? Explain with examples.
Q4) The peace model is an approach to crime control that focuses on effective ways for developing a shared consensus on critical issues that may affect quality of life.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Also known as reparative justice,_______________ is a postmodern perspective that stresses solutions and restoration rather than imprisonment,punishment,and neglect of victims.
Q6) __________________ is the name of the author of Theoretical Criminology,a 1958 volume that describes crime as the product of intergroup political conflict.
Q7) How do social process perspectives explain how criminals learn their behaviors?
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Chapter 9: Crimes Against Persons
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Q1) According to the NVAW Survey,what percentage of women experience rape at some point during their lifetime?
A)3.1 percent
B)6.4 percent
C)17.6 percent
D)25.2 percent
Q2) Approximately what percentage of homicide victims and offenders have some prior relationship?
A)84 percent
B)55 percent
C)23 percent
D)10 percent
Q3) Pseudo-commandos are a type of mass murderer driven by feelings of anger and resentment who retreat into a life of violent fantasy.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The loss of self-control from factors like drugs,alcohol,or a social setting is called
Q5) What are the four primary types of workplace violence?
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Chapter 10: Crimes Against Property
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Q1) Stealing from retail businesses is a form of larceny known as _____.
Q2) The willful attempt to burn a building,even if there is not attempt to defraud,is called ________.
Q3) Novice thieves prefer the theft of car parts because the parts are easier to sell than the car itself.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Vehicle thieves tend to focus on theft of high-end cars.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Force is a necessary component of a burglary.
A)True
B)False
Q6) A thief who steals a car for _____ is more likely than not to know the owner of the stolen car.
Q7) Arson is not a property crime
A)True
B)False
Q9) Discuss the types of individuals who are likely to commit arson. Page 13
Q8) Because it is a crime of ______,larceny is seen as less serious than burglary.
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Page 14
Chapter 11: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Q1) WorldCom,Inc.executives were charged with ______ fraud in 2002.
Q2) The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was the largest reform of American business practice since the Great Depression.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Identify three of the major clans involved in transnational crime and discuss the type of crime in which they tend to be most involved.
Q4) Initial efforts to control organized crime were directed at individuals.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Elected officials in large major cities such as Chicago and New York are seldom connected to organized crime.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Between 2002 and 2007 more than 50 chief financial officers were convicted of fraud.
A)True
B)False
Q7) The Exxon Valdez disaster was an example of _____crime.
Page 15
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Chapter 12: Public Order and Drug Crimes
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Q1) Discuss what drugs most often enter the United States and from where.
Q2) Prostitution is a _____issue to feminists.
Q3) Stealing cash to pay for drugs is an example of drug-_____ crime.
Q4) When considering the different types of prostitutes,how do street prostitutes compare to other prostitutes?
A)They are equal to all other prostitutes.
B)They are the lowest class of prostitute.
C)They are higher class than hotel prostitutes.
D)They are the highest class of prostitute.
Q5) Which of the following is true of the relationship between drug use and crime?
A)People with criminal records are no more likely than others to use drugs.
B)There is little known relationship between drug use and crime.
C)Drug users report the same amount of involvement in crime as nonusers.
D)The crime numbers rise as the use of drugs increases.
Q6) Which illegal drug in the U.S.commonly originates in South America,especially Bolivia,Columbia,and Peru?
A)marijuana
B)cocaine
C)heroin
D)opium
Page 16
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Chapter 13: Technology and Crime
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Q1) Provisions of the Communications Decency Act (CDA)have been struck down by the Supreme Court because
A)they were inherently inconsistent.
B)they abridged protected freedoms of speech.
C)they protected adults at the expense of children.
D)they did not address good faith efforts to restrict content.
Q2) Explain how developments in communications have brought into question definitions of long-standing.Which terms need to be redefined and why?
Q3) In which of these areas are cyberthreats least likely?
A)United States
B)Canada
C)Central America
D)Peru
Q4) New technology specifically for use in apprehending criminals includes all of the following except which?
A)radar-detector detectors
B)the Spiderman snare
C)transponder-based automated vehicle location (AVL)systems
D)a disorienting strobe light
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Chapter 14: Globalization and Terrorism
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Q1) Which group was identified with about half the terrorist attacks that occurred worldwide in 2009?
A)skinheads
B)fascists
C)Sunni extremists
D)anarchists
Q2) Which of these was a key addition of the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA)of 2003 to the requirements of previous legislation?
A)severer penalties for traffickers
B)additional protections for victims of trafficking
C)collection of foreign data on trafficking
D)new initiatives to identify traffickers
Q3) Terrorists who are motivated by fascist ideals and work to dissolve democratic governments are called ________.
Q4) Counts of victims of trafficking in persons (TIP)refer only to those who are trafficked across international borders,not those trafficked within their own countries.
A)True
B)False
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