Foundations of Counseling Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Foundations of Counseling offers an introduction to the essential theories, practices, and principles that underpin the counseling profession. This course explores the historical development of counseling, major theoretical approaches, and the ethical and cultural considerations essential to effective practice. Students will examine roles and responsibilities of counselors, develop foundational communication and listening skills, and gain insight into the diverse settings in which counselors work. Through lectures, discussions, and experiential activities, students will build a strong groundwork for continued study in counseling and related helping professions.
Recommended Textbook
Career Counseling A Holistic Approach 9th Edition by Vernon G. Zunker
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Historical Development and Some Basic Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe what career coaching means as outlined in the Zunker text.
Answer: Major Points
Career coaching is often used to describe consultants who assist workers in making optimal career choices in current changing corporate structures.Workers who have experienced job insecurity or job loss and are in search of career opportunities have turned to career coaches for assistance.Some career coaching may include job search strategies and skill-building opportunities including technological skills, team training, and self-assessment techniques.Some career coaches are hired by organizations to mentor promising prospects for managerial positions and assist them in choosing appropriate training opportunities to enhance their career development.
Q2) Future stages of career counseling will be particularly impacted by events listed, with the exclusion of:
A)years of military service and peacekeeping duties in Afghanistan and Iraq.
B)entertainment events in 2011.
C)federal declared recession in 2009 leading to significant job loss.
D)Sept.11, 2001, terrorist attacks.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Theories of Career Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Krumboltz and associates stress that each individual's unique learning experiences during the life span develop primary influences that lead to career choice.Which statement is not listed as part of these primary influences?
A)Career-entry behavior such as applying for a job or selecting an educational or training institution
B)Expanding capabilities and interests
C)Sets of developed skills used in coping with the environment
D)Generalization of self derived from experiences and performance in relation to learned standards
Answer: B
Q2) Describe the pathways to career choice as outlined by Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT).
Answer: Major Points
Self-efficacy and outcome expectations promote career-related interests.Interests, in turn, influence goals.Goal related actions lead to performance experiences.The outcomes determine future paths depending on whether self-efficacy is strengthened or weakened.One establishes a career decision or redirects goals.
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Chapter 3: Career Counseling Models
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the developmental model what should clients focus on?
A)A balanced lifestyle is not a top priority in the developmental model
B)The development of all life roles for a balanced lifestyle, with an emphasis on an individual's unique needs
C)The development of other people's expectations
D)The restriction of career alternatives
Answer: B
Q2) Super (1990) suggested that counselors may need to use a variety of helping procedures in the career counseling process and may function as:
A)teachers and trainers.
B)therapists and teachers.
C)coaches and trainers.
D)mentors, coaches and teachers.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Integrating Career and Personal Counseling
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Q1) Present examples of client problems in each of the four domains-career, affective, cognitive-behavioral, and culture.
Q2) Personality disorders that have developed over time:
A)Successful treatment is most difficult
B)Can be successfully treated during the career choice process
C)Are treated after diagnosis using at least two to three interventions
D)Are not a major concern for career counselors
Q3) Which of the career theorists can be best identified with the statements "personal problems cannot be separated from career problems" and "belief systems and interests are interrelated in the career counseling process"?
A)Super
B)Krumboltz
C)Holland
D)Gottfredson
Q4) Define Irv's four domains and explain the strategies unique to each domain.
Q5) What are some strategies for developing a holistic approach to career and personal counseling?
Q6) What is role does self-concept play in the career choice process?
Q7) Describe the biopsychosocial model.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Career Counseling Intake Interview
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Q1) What are the most important techniques to accommodate the human diversity that exists in our society?
Q2) Bipolar disorder is characterized by:
A)depression only.
B)manic phase only.
C)an in-between stage.
D)depressive phase and a manic phase.
Q3) Briefly discuss the rationale for a whole person approach to the intake interview.
Q4) Significant contextual experiences are:
A)Socialization experiences that influence self perceptions
B)Considered as minor influences on developmental issues
C)Sole determiners of career choice
D)Not important variables in personality development
Q5) Name a most important stage in the career counseling process.
A)Client problem identification
B)Counselor problem identification
C)Gathering concrete statements
D)Circumstantial information
Q6) Discuss the life roles to be examined in the career intake interview.
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Chapter 6: Using Standardized Tests and Self-Assessment in Career Counseling
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Sample Questions
Q1) Reliability coefficients are NOT obtained by:
A)test-retest.
B)internal consistency.
C)atest given only once.
D)alternate forms.
Q2) For what purpose is Career Beliefs Inventory used as a counseling tool?
A)To help clients identify career beliefs that can inhibit their abilities to make career decisions in their best interests
B)To measure the degree of a person's dysfunctional thinking
C)To help list the number of career beliefs that exist
D)To measure how dysfunctional thinking can affect the decision-making process
Q3) What reason is given for exercising caution when using standardized tests in America today?
A)Cultural diversity
B)Cultural homogeneity
C)Finances
D)Increase in population
Q4) Identify factors that affect the stability of tests.
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Q5) Briefly discuss significant problems associated with Computer-Assisted Career Guidance Assessment (CACG).
Chapter 7: The Impact of New Technology on Work, Career Development, and Learning Platforms
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Q1) The major purpose of CACG and online systems is to:
A)Enhance the efforts of the career counselor
B)Make decisions for clients
C)Eliminate oversight of the career counselor
D)Eliminate the use of hard copy information
Q2) Who found that students who had a sense of direction and purpose benefited most when exposed to a computer-based career program?
A)Roselle and Hummel
B)Kivlighan, Johnston, Hogan and Mauer
C)Smud, Sampson, Reardon, Lenz and Byrd
D)Peterson, Ryan-Jones, Sampson, Reardon and Shahnasarian
Q3) How would you describe the use of Web-Based Instruction to someone who is very interested in pursuing further training?
Q4) A major concern of using the Internet as a counseling tool is:
A)Training of providers
B)Follow-up programs
C)Accessibility
D)Cost
Q5) Briefly describe methods of training workers in organizations
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Chapter 8: On Being an Ethical Career Counselor
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who has developed ethical codes that foster the use of assessment results?
A)ACA
B)NCA
C)APA
D)NCDA
Q2) What is the meaning of "free consent"?
A)When a psychologist answers patients' questions
B)Discussion regarding the supervision of the counselor's work with clients
C)Disclosure by the counselor of important information the client needs in making the decision as to whether he or she is to start counseling
D)When a client agrees to engage in counseling without coercion
Q3) Ethical standards include a list of standards that:
A)Cover all violations of conduct
B)Outline most behavior patterns that are unethical
C)Answer all questions about ethics
D)Provide guidelines for ethical behavior
Q4) What is the difference between informed and free consent?
Q5) What are some suggestions for NCDA members on using the Internet to provide career information and planning services?
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Chapter 9: Career Counseling for Multicultural Groups
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Q1) The term that suggests that there are universal truths across cultures is:
A)Emic
B)Etic
C)Ethnocentrism
D)Egocentrism
Q2) Describe ways in which personal space and privacy are cultural issues.
Q3) In the early 1990s, who published competency skills for a culturally skilled counselor?
A)Cross, Bazron, Dennis and Isaacs
B)Sue, Arredondo and McDavis
C)Pederson and colleagues
D)Ponterotto and colleagues
Q4) Career counselors are particularly focused on:
A)The largest of cultural groups in residence
B)The family interaction of cultural groups
C)The client's cultural origin
D)Variables that influence career development
Q5) Describe cultural differences in work-related values as reported by Hoftstede (1984).
Q6) Explain career counseling intentions for different ethnic groups.
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Chapter 10: Gender Issues and Dual Careers
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Q1) O'Neil (1982) summarized femininity as being associated with which of the following?
A)Weak, frail, submissive and unassertive behavior, victimized by others who have more power and are ready to use it exploitatively, limited bodily resources to sustain a persistent effort toward valued goals
B)Logical and analytical thought, intellectual competence, understanding of how things work
C)Building a nest, taking care of needs of husband and children
D)Both A and C
Q2) Attention given to sexual harassment was dramatically increased in the 1990s by which event or events?
A)The 1991 Senate hearings involving Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas and his accuser, Anita Hill
B)There was a decline in attention given to sexual harassment in the 1990s
C)The U.S.Navy Tailhook scandal involving the mistreatment of women by U.S.Navy personnel
D)Both A and C
Q3) Briefly discuss some of the current specific career issues women face.
Q4) How does fear of femininity impact men's career development?
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Career Counseling for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered Clients
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the workplace, what is typically involved with "hidden discrimination"?
A)Sexual harassment
B)Violence directed at LGBT individuals
C)"Gay bashing"
D)Hiring, promotion and compensation
Q2) Choose the inaccurate statement from the following list.
A)Counselors should not assume that certain clients are sexual minorities on the basis of stereotypical suggestions
B)The counselor should convey a nonjudgmental attitude
C)Counselors should assume that every client is heterosexually oriented
D)Counselors must be prepared to convey full acceptance of sexual minorities
Q3) Relevant topics that could be modified for adolescents, from Winfeld and Spielman's HIV/AIDS education program for the workplace, include:
A)how HIV and AIDS are transmitted; how HIV and AIDS are not transmitted.
B)theories of the origin of AIDS; what are HIV and AIDS.
C)identity and career advice.
D)both A and B.
Q4) Compare and contrast potential cultural differences in LGBT sexual orientation for African American and Hispanic American individuals.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Career Counseling for Individuals With Disabilities
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Sample Questions
Q1) How are goals for children with disabilities conceptualized?
A)Via a Special Program (SP) written for each child
B)Via an Individualized Education Program (IEP) written for each child by the beginning of the school year
C)Via an Individualized Special Program (ISP) written for each child during the year
D)Via a Collective Education Program (CEP) written for all children with disabilities
Q2) Approval for rehabilitative services is assessed by the counselor after reviewing medical and psychological reports and is referred to as:
A)vocational assessment.
B)evaluation and certification.
C)diagnostic workup.
D)service planning.
Q3) What is the purpose of state rehabilitation agencies and how are the criteria determined?
Q4) Identify and discuss common problems and needs of people with disabilities.
Q5) What is the purpose of the initial contact in the rehabilitation process?
Q6) What is involved in the vocational assessment?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Job Loss and Transitions
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Q1) Which of the following is an example of program strategies for the adult in career transition?
A)Identifying developed skills, interests and work experiences
B)Reformulated goals
C)Focusing predominantly on past events
D)Both A and B
Q2) The rationale for life learning is based on a continuing need to develop planning strategies to:
A)upgrade skills.
B)meet technological changes and stay abreast of the information explosion.
C)reduce the chances of becoming obsolete.
D)all of the above.
Q3) Changing occupational structures and career patterns are major aspects of the current work situation, best described as a period of:
A)speculation.
B)transformation.
C)stability.
D)certainty.
Q4) Describe and justify outplacement counseling programs by organizations.
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Chapter 14: Career Development and Transitions of Working Adults
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Q1) EPM is the abbreviation for what new innovation that is used by management to evaluate the productivity of workers online?
A)Electric performance management
B)Electric performance magnet
C)Electric performance monitoring
D)Easy performance monitoring
Q2) Compare the typical concerns of people about self at early, middle, and late career stages.
Q3) What types of interventions for coping with stress are suggested by Sulsky and Smith (2005)?
A)The use of cognitive, affective and behavioral strategies
B)Self-reward or a positive stimulus following a desirable reaction to target behaviors
C)Self-monitoring and self-directed procedures
D)Meditation, exercise and relaxation techniques
Q4) Work experiences in early career may:
A)Establish enduring influences about work and relationships
B)Have some temporary influence about work and relationships
C)Have enduring influences on one's family life
D)Not influence a worker's perceptions of the work role
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Career-Related Programs for Career
Development in Elementary Schools
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Sample Questions
Q1) Learning memory strategies is a most important part of:
A)Super's stages of development
B)Values and aptitude development
C)Efficacy in processing information
D)Personality development
Q2) Discuss the importance of resiliency in children
Q3) At which stage of a child's development do developmental disorders usually appear?
A)Late
B)Early and late
C)Early
D)Midway
Q4) Asking a student to describe a friend, then describe himself or herself and then discuss and describe individual differences is an example of what type of strategy?
A)Career planning strategy
B)Self-knowledge strategy
C)Educational and occupational exploration strategy
D)Resource for classroom strategy
Q5) Briefly discuss the stages of observational learning.
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Chapter 16: Career- Related Programs for Career Development in Middle School
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which example is not applicable to career-planning strategies?
A)Have students prepare an educational plan for high school.Share and discuss in groups
B)Organize students into groups and have them construct a list of resources and resource people who could help solve a particular problem
C)Present steps in a decision-making model and discuss the importance of each step.Ask students to identify a problem and solve it by applying steps in the model
D)Have students write a story about the many jobs involved in producing a hamburger and discuss
Q2) According to the latest research on identity development of middle school students, it can be suggested that:
A)Changes in identity will be permanent when in high school
B)Identity is permanently established for the remainder of one's life span
C)There is little change in identity during adolescence
D)Identity involves a continuing process over the life span
Q3) Describe the three core elements that must be present in school to work systems.
Q4) Discuss the positive factors of resiliency in middle school.
Q5) Describe the characteristics of a comprehensive school guidance program.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Career-Related Programs for Career
Development in High School and Beyond
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Job Bank is associated with the U.S.Employment Services and provides listing of job orders in:
A)The local community only
B)The government sector
C)Only major industries
D)One's state of residence
Q2) High school is the time when students are to:
A)Take more independent actions
B)Choose work after graduation
C)Delay decision-making
D)Rely on the counselor to decide for them
Q3) In what way does an extern model benefit a student?
A)Provides student with an opportunity to observe ongoing activities in his or her major field of study and to interact with individuals on the job
B)The extern experience is of long duration and thus gives the student plenty of time to enjoy the experience
C)Provides the student with the opportunity to spend more time in a workplace and is more work-experience oriented
D)Students gain course credits
Page 19
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