Foundations of Clinical Psychology
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Course Introduction
Foundations of Clinical Psychology introduces students to the core principles, history, and practices of clinical psychology as a scientific and professional discipline. The course covers foundational topics such as the assessment and diagnosis of psychological disorders, major therapeutic approaches, the ethical and legal considerations faced by clinicians, and the roles of clinical psychologists in various settings. Through lectures, case studies, and practical examples, students gain an understanding of evidence-based intervention strategies, the scientist-practitioner model, and the contemporary challenges and advances in mental health care. This course sets the stage for advanced studies and training in clinical psychology and related fields.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4th Edition by John Hunsley
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Chapter 1: The Evolution of Clinical Psychology
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Q1) In 2006,the London School of Economics released The Depression Report,which translated epidemiological data into economic terms,and found that:
A) in order to meet the needs of the population, 20% of the National Health Service's expenditures are allocated to the treatment of anxiety & depression.
B) in order to meet the needs of the population, 10% of the National Health Service's expenditures are allocated to the treatment of anxiety & depression.
C) the cost of treating mental health issues is lower than the cost of prevention.
D) the cost of treating mental health issues is lower than the cost of paying disability benefits due to mental disorders.
Answer: D
Q2) School psychology has expanded in order to
A) address students' mental health and life circumstances more broadly.
B) broaden the scope of psychological and intelligence testing in schools.
C) provide parent counselling and training programs.
D) all of the above
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Contemporary Clinical Psychology
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Q1) What is an internship and when is it typically completed?
Answer: Suggested answer:
a.An internship is a year-long placement that clinical psychology students complete after they have completed all of the other requirements of their graduate program (except for the defence of their Ph.D.dissertation).
b.Students are supervised providing clinical services in settings such as hospitals or community settings.
Q2) What are the necessary prerequisites for psychologists to deal with diversity in their practices?
Answer: Suggested answer:
a.To be aware of diversity issues.
b.To be open to discussing diversity issues with clients.
c.To have the interpersonal skills to effectively communicate about diversity issues.
d.To have the research skills to interpret and design research that is sensitive to diversity issues.
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Chapter 3: Classification and Diagnosis
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Q1) Within the biopsychosocial model of the etiology of mental disorders,the contributions of biological,psychological,and social factors are likely to ________ from disorder to disorder,and may _________ over the course of life.
A) be comparable; remain constant
B) be comparable; change
C) vary; remain constant
D) vary; change
Answer: D
Q2) In determining whether a person meets criteria for a diagnosis a of mental disorder,clinical psychologists rely primarily on
A) family history.
B) self-report of symptoms.
C) laboratory tests to confirm diagnosis.
D) intrusiveness of primary symptoms.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Research Methods in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) Describe three threats to the internal validity of a study.
Q2) A logical error assuming that the most valid conclusion to reach is a compromise between two competing positions is a common error in thinking referred to as:
A) false dilemma.
B) faulty reasoning.
C) golden mean fallacy.
D) straw person argument.
Q3) One limitation to structural equation modeling (SEM)is that
A) its use is limited to small samples.
B) it can determine only the extent to which a hypothesized causal model fits the study's data, not whether the hypothesized causal model is true.
C) it is incompatible with experimental designs.
D) even though it includes elements of confirmatory factor analysis, it neglects mediator analyses.
Q4) According to the American Psychological Association Ethical Principles for Research and Publication,when is it justified to use deception in research?
Q5) List and provide examples of three sources of research ideas.
Q6) What is meta-analysis,and name one advantage of this procedure.
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Chapter 5: Assessment: Overview
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Q1) Assessment is ______ complex and ______ multifaceted than is testing.
A) less ; less
B) less ; more
C) more ; more
D) more ; less
Q2) Screening may occur at which of the following sites?
A) Clinic and/or hospital.
B) School.
C) Employment setting.
D) All of the above.
Q3) Developmental norms are used when the psychological construct being assessed
A) remains constant over time.
B) remains constant over time for some individuals, but not for others.
C) develops idiosyncratically over time.
D) changes over time.
Q4) Which of the following tests uses developmental norms?
A) Rorschach Inkblot Test.
B) Graduate Record Examination.
C) Alfred Binet Intelligence Test.
D) Thematic Apperception Test.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Assessment: Interviewing and Observation
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Q1) When a client discloses painful,frightening,or embarrassing experiences,it is appropriate for the psychologist to
A) remain silent and maintain a neutral facial expression.
B) listen respectfully, non-judgmentally, and provide support.
C) provide the client with feedback on what the interviewer considers personally appropriate.
D) indicate judgment or pity if the interviewer deems it important information for the client.
Q2) Contextual information gathered during the assessment interview may include information about the client's
A) current context, such as living arrangement or school/work responsibilities.
B) developmental history.
C) medical history and previous psychological services.
D) all of the above.
Q3) Describe two of the instances in which a psychologist is required to break confidentiality.
Q4) Which semi-structured interview is designed to assess anxiety and comorbid disorders exclusively? Comment on reliability,validity,and one advantage over using a more general interview schedule.
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Chapter 7: Assessment: Intellectual and Cognitive Measures
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Q1) How do Alfred Binet and David Wechsler's definitions of intelligence contrast?
Q2) Giftedness is usually defined as
A) having an intelligence score in the top 2% of the population.
B) having an intelligence score in the top 5% of the population.
C) having an intelligence score in the top 10% of the population.
D) an extreme positive discrepancy between achievement test scores and age-based norms.
Q3) Wechsler intelligence scales are designed for individuals
A) of all ages.
B) 2 years and 6 months to 90 years.
C) 16 to 90 years.
D) 6 to 90 years.
Q4) On average,IQ levels in developed countries have
A) been decreasing over the past 40 years.
B) been increasing over the past 40 years.
C) remained constant over the past 40 years.
D) increased, but only in girls.
Q5) What is the key difference between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence?
Q6) What is premorbid IQ?
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Chapter 8: Assessment: Self-Report and Projective Measures
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Q1) In interpreting the results of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III,a psychologist must to be aware that the MCMI-III tends to
A) underpathologize test-takers.
B) overpathologize test-takers.
C) Artificially diminish correlations between scales.
D) be more accurate in assessing some individuals than others.
Q2) Concerns about the need to use measures that are inexpensive,not too time-consuming,and with direct and immediate relevance to treatment planning and monitoring have led to the increased use of:
A) projective tests.
B) behaviour and symptom checklists.
C) objective personality tests.
D) structured clinical interviews.
Q3) Deliberately emphasizing positive characteristics when completing a personality inventory is referred to as A) faking bad.
B) impression management.
C) faking good.
D) positivity bias.
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Chapter 9: Assessment Integration and Clinical Decision-Making
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Q1) Clinical case formulation is especially helpful in that it:
A)provides a way of understanding the connections between a patient's various problems.
B)predicts the patient's future functioning if treatment is not sought and how this functioning will be different if treatment is successful.
C)provides alternative treatment options to consider if the initial treatment is unsuccessful.
D)all of the above.
Q2) Providing assessment feedback to a client:
A)helps the client identify situations that might exacerbate difficulties.
B)allows verification of the general accuracy of the assessment results.
C)promotes collaboration with the client in establishing therapeutic goals.
D)all of the above.
Q3) Research on retrospective recall indicates that
A)only minor daily events are recalled poorly.
B)both minor daily events and major life events are recalled poorly.
C)only major life events are recalled poorly.
D)neither minor daily events nor major life events are recalled poorly.
Q4) What is a case formulation? Describe two benefits of having a case formulation.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Prevention
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Q1) Which is Indicated preventive interventions?
Q2) Incidence rate is defined most accurately as the number of
A)new cases of a specific problem.
B)cases of a specific problem.
C)cases not experiencing a specific problem.
D)new cases not experiencing a specific problem.
Q3) Results of the meta-analysis conducted by Tobler and colleagues (2000)on the effectiveness of prevention programs for substance abuse indicate that
A)interactive programs were less effective than non-interactive programs.
B)interactive programs were more effective than non-interactive programs.
C)interactive and non-interactive programs were both equally effective.
D)interactive and non-interactive programs were both equally non-effective.
Q4) What is community psychology?
Q5) The Triple P Positive Parenting Program is designed with the goal of:
A)enhancing parents' knowledge,skills,and confidence.
B)promoting safe environments for young people.
C)promoting children's competence through positive parenting practices.
D)all of the above.
Q6) List at least three of the features of successful prevention programs.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Intervention: Overview
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Q1) Lilienfeld (2007)described the growing research base of psychological treatments that can cause harm.Two examples of this are:
A)cognitive-behavioural therapy and "Scared Straight" programs.
B)"Scared Straight" programs and rebirthing therapy.
C)rebirthing therapy and short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy.
D)short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy.
Q2) List two reasons why research indicates that fewer clients receiving psychological services in routine practice experience improvement compared with clients receiving services in randomized controlled trials.
Q3) A Canadian receiving psychological services is most likely to be
A)living in a rural area.
B)living in a two parent family.
C)male.
D)university educated.
Q4) Psychotherapy clients are most likely to
A)be male.
B)be female.
C)have a lower income.
D)be older adults.
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Chapter 12: Intervention: Adults and Couples
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Q1) The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)stepped care model for the management of depression includes the following possible treatments except:
A)electroconvulsive therapy.
B)antidepressant medication.
C)interpersonal psychotherapy.
D)transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Q2) Efficacious treatments are treatments that have been demonstrated within A)a clinical setting.
B)a controlled research study.
C)Both A and B
D)None of the above
Q3) The first initiative to introduce clinical practice guidelines to the field of clinical psychology occurred in the early A)1950s.
B)1970s
C)1990s.
D)2000s.
Q4) Define benchmarking strategy.What is the main goal of this strategy?
Q5) What does conversion of data into effect sizes allow researchers to do?
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Chapter 13: Intervention: Children and Adolescents
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Q1) Briefly describe Evidence-based Parenting Programs and Multisystemic Therapy (MST)programs.List one thing these programs have in common,and one way in which they are different.
Q2) Tracking mood on a regular basis,usually using a chart is
A)psychoeducation
B)meta-analyses
C)mood monitoring
D)self-analysis
Q3) One of the methodological considerations of meta-analyses of psychological treatments for children and adolescents has centred on whether to include A)behavioural and nonbehavioural variables.
B)both published and unpublished studies.
C)studies done on children under the age of 5.
D)children with conduct disorder.
Q4) Define psychoeducation.
Q5) What is a coercive exchange?
Q6) What are the NICE guidelines for treatment of depression in youth?
Q7) In the context of parenting,what is positive reinforcement,and why is it important? Provide three examples of positive reinforcers.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Intervention: Identifying Key Elements of Change
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Q1) Aspects of the therapeutic relationship associated with successful treatment are known as
A)common factors of psychotherapy.
B)integrated treatment.
C)evidence-based psychotherapy relationships.
D)therapeutic alliance.
Q2) Smith et al.(1980)conducted analyses on data from 56 comparative outcome studies of the behavioural and verbal classes of treatment and found that A)there were significant differences between the two classes of therapy.
B)verbal classes of treatment were more effective.
C)behavioural and verbal classes of treatment were equally effective.
D)neither class of treatment was effective.
Q3) Among the empirically based principles of therapeutic change,greater pre-treatment impairment is a(n)
A)client variable hypothesized to reduce likelihood of benefitting from therapy.
B)client variable hypothesized to increase likelihood of benefitting from therapy.
C)intervention target hypothesized to lead to therapeutic change.
D)client variable that does not systematically impact degree of change.
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Chapter 15: Health Psychology, Clinical Neuropsychology, and Forensic Psychology
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Q1) Psychological approaches to treatment for chronic pain management involve A)problem-solving.
B)relaxation.
C)contingency management.
D)all of the above.
Q2) Provide a definition for the biopsychosocial model.According to this model,an individual's functioning or disability is determined by the interaction of which two factors?
Q3) Conducted by clinical neuropsychologists,_________ assessment is specifically designed to balance the need for autonomy with the need for protection,and requires an understanding of the ways in which functioning can be impaired by injury and degenerative processes.
A)legal
B)deterioration
C)capacity
D)traumatic brain injury
Q4) Do neuropsychological tests reflect human functioning perfectly? Why or why not?
Q5) List two helpful (either psychological or physical)and two unhelpful methods to manage children's acute pain.
Page 17
Q6) What is the difference between neuroanatomy and neuropathology?
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