Foundations of Biology Exam Bank
Course Introduction
Foundations of Biology provides students with a comprehensive introduction to the fundamental principles of biological science. This course covers core topics such as cell structure and function, genetics, evolution, ecology, and the diversity of living organisms. Emphasis is placed on the scientific method, critical thinking, and the application of biological knowledge to real-world problems. Through lectures, laboratory experiences, and collaborative activities, students gain an understanding of how biological systems operate at molecular, cellular, organismal, and ecological levels, preparing them for advanced study in the life sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Biology Now 2nd Edition by Anne Houtman
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21 Chapters
1862 Verified Questions
1862 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Nature of Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) The individual building blocks of life,such as oxygen,are referred to as ________.
A)organism
B)organ
C)molecules
D)biome
E)ecosystem
F)atoms
G)biosphere
Answer: F
Q2) Land biomes are most commonly defined by
A) their climate, physical characteristics, and dominant animal life.
B) only the dominant plant life in them.
C) the dominant plant life that influences the dominant animal life in them.
D) their climate and physical characteristics that influence the dominant plant life and, subsequently, animal life in them.
Answer: D
Q3) The genetic material used for reproduction by those organisms conventionally considered to be living is ________.
Answer: DNA
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Evaluating Scientific Claims
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Sample Questions
Q1) Between 1997 and 2007,mobile cell phone subscriptions have steadily increased from 18 users per 100 inhabitants to roughly 97 users per 100 inhabitants in developed countries.During this same time,diagnosed cases of autism have also steadily increased from around 50,000 to 250,000.Your friend decides that cell phones must cause autism.Briefly describe what your response would be to your friend's conclusion,indicating any possible relationship(s)that may or may not exist.
Answer: I would tell my friend that although there seems to be a positive correlation (as one variable has risen,so has the other)between the use of cell phones in the developed world and the occurrence of autism,this data does not establish a cause-effect relationship between the two variables.There could be many other things influencing the autism rate.Someone would need to conduct some scientific experiments to demonstrate a cause-effect relationship between these two variables.
Q2) <i>National Geographic</i>,a popular magazine about science and the world
A)primary
B)secondary
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Chemistry of Life
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Macromolecules are typically formed by repetitively adding small monomers together.Which macromolecule is properly matched with the appropriate monomer?
A) polypeptide-amino acid
B) nucleic acid-amino acid
C) polysaccharide-nucleotide
D) triglyceride-cholesterol
Answer: A
Q2) In making her morning tea,Dorothy drops a sugar cube into the hot water.She stirs the mixture but no longer sees the sugar cube at the bottom of her mug.In this scenario,the sugar is
A) nonpolar.
B) the solvent.
C) an acid.
D) a solute.
Answer: D
Q3) The element ________ makes up the chemical backbone of most molecules on planet Earth.
Answer: carbon
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Chapter 4: Life Is Cellular
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Sample Questions
Q1) Scientists repeat their experiments over and over again because they A) never get it right the first time.
B) can never be sure what procedural steps they followed the first few times.
C) must make sure the results were not accidents and that they are repeatable.
D) simply have extra time and resources that must be used.
Q2) Using what you know about cell theory and viruses,explain why viruses are not alive.
Q3) Human muscle cells need large amounts of ATP to function in the movement of the body,which is why ________ are especially abundant in muscle cells.
A) mitochondria
B) ribosomes
C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D) lysosomes
Q4) A plasma membrane is constructed of two layers of ________ ,organic molecules that have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.
Q5) When a white blood cell engulfs an entire bacterial cell by surrounding it with plasma membrane and bringing it into the cell in a vesicle,the white blood cell is accomplishing ________.
Q6) All cells living today came from a preexisting ________.
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Chapter 5: How Cells Work
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Sample Questions
Q1) uses water
A) light reactions
B) light-independent reactions
Q2) An individual spends money on a new car.
A)anabolic
B)catabolic
Q3) Which of the following is either consumed or synthesized in virtually every cellular reaction?
A) sugars
B) enzymes
C) DNA
D) ATP
Q4) A given enzyme
A) can be used for many different kinds of chemical reactions.
B) is permanently changed during a chemical reaction.
C) has a special site where the products bind before the reaction begins.
D) increases the rate of a particular reaction.
Q5) produces sugars
A) light reactions
B) light-independent reactions
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Cell Division
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is known to result from the disruption of mitosis and meiosis?
A) Alzheimer's disease
B) prostate cancer
C) autism
D) heart disease
Q2) Cells spend the bulk of their time in the ________ stage of the cell cycle.
Q3) Sister chromatids are held together at a constriction point called a ________.
Q4) Diagram the major events of the cell cycle.Describe the processes that occur during each of these major stages.
Q5) Which of the following statements about cell division is correct?
A) It is the process by which organisms grow and maintain their tissues.
B) It is no longer necessary once an organism reaches maturity.
C) It occurs in two sequential stages in all cells: mitosis and meiosis.
D) It is the process by which fertilization occurs.
Q6) Homologous chromosomes
A) are only found in bacterial cells.
B) are only in the cell during S phase.
C) consist of a maternal and paternal copy of each chromosome.
D) consist of six sister chromatids that are held together at the centrosome.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Patterns of Inheritance
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Sample Questions
Q1) An allele is
A) a version of a gene.
B) a trait that can be affected by the external environment.
C) always codominant to its counterpart in another chromosome.
D) the result of a change in phenotype.
Q2) The genetic makeup of an organism,such as Gg,is its ________.
Q3) a section of DNA that controls a genetic trait
A)allele
B)genotype
C)gene
D)phenotype
E)chromosome
F)mutation
Q4) Which of the following represents all of the possible gametes that can be formed by an individual with the genetic makeup FfGgHH?
A) FGH, FgH, fGH, fgH
B) Ff, Gg, HH
C) FG, FH, Fg, fH, fG, fg, GH, gH
D) FfGhHH, FFGGHH, ffgghh
Q5) A Punnett square shows the possible ways that alleles combine to form________.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Chromosomes and Human Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) male affected by recessive sex-linked disease
A)Bb
B)XaY
C)XAXa
D)bb
E)XAXA
F)BB
G)XAY
Q2) Why are X-linked recessive genetic disorders more commonly seen in males?
A) For an X-linked disorder to occur, an individual must receive one allele only found on the X chromosome and a second allele found only on the Y chromosome, which females do not have.
B) Females must receive two copies of the recessive allele to exhibit the disorder, but males need only one copy.
C) The alleles of sex-linked genes are carried only on the Y chromosome, which females do not have.
D) Females only have X chromosomes and genes on the X chromosome are not expressed.
Q3) Why are dominant genetic disorders more rare than recessive disorders?
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Page 10
Chapter 9: What Genes Are
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a strand of double-stranded DNA,cytosine (C)will always be bound with A) A.
B) T.
C) C.
D) G.
Q2) A mutation is due to the addition of two bases in a strand of DNA.This is called a(n)________.
Q3) A rapidly dividing cell is exposed to a chemical that converts the bond that forms between adenine and thymine to a stronger covalent bond.Which of the following is MOST likely to occur?
A) DNA replication would produce two molecules of DNA with mutations at every base that once held an A-T base pair.
B) DNA replication would not occur because the two nucleotide strands that make up the DNA molecule would not be able to separate.
C) DNA replication would occur more slowly because DNA repair proteins would have to fix the covalent bonds before replication could begin.
D) DNA replication would be faster because covalent bonds require less energy to break than hydrogen bonds.
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Chapter 10: How Genes Work
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Sample Questions
Q1) As transcription begins,RNA polymerase binds to a segment of a gene called a(n)
A) promoter.
B) intron.
C) start codon.
D) anticodon.
Q2) Gene regulation is the ability to
A) cut out a certain region of DNA to save energy.
B) increase or decrease protein synthesis from a given gene.
C) change the sequence of a gene to produce a new protein.
D) share genetic information between different organisms.
Q3) In humans the tRNA with the anticodon AAU carries the amino acid leucine.In plants,this tRNA would
A) not have an anticodon.
B) not carry an amino acid.
C) carry the same amino acid.
D) carry a different amino acid.
Q4) tRNA
A)transcription
B)translation
C)both transcription and translation
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Evidence for Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Continental drift is the ________ of Earth's landmasses through geologic time.
Q2) Dogs have vestigial digits called dewclaws.Describe the most likely origin of these structures.
Q3) Briefly propose how it could be possible that the cultivated vegetables Kohlrabi,Brussels sprouts,cabbage,cauliflower,broccoli,and kale are all the same species,Brassica oleracea (common wild mustard).
Q4) Explain how an intermediate fossil can provide evidence for the lineage of current species.
Q5) <i>Indohyus's</i> thick bones made it easier for this animal to wade and dive in water to evade predators and find plants to eat on the river bottom.This is an example of a(n)________,a feature that gives an individual improved function in a competitive environment.
Q6) Natural selection tends to
A) increase the commonality of characteristics that enhance survival and reproduction.
B) decrease the number of individuals in any given population.
C) lead to an increase in genetic drift.
D) decrease the likelihood of adaptation.
Q7) The human appendix is an example of a(n)________ structure.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Mechanisms of Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the size of a population drops for at least one generation and causes a loss of genetic variation,a ________ occurs.
Q2) Convergent evolution produces
A) genetic drift.
B) lines of common descent.
C) homologous characteristics.
D) analogous characteristics.
Q3) When individuals with intermediate phenotypes have an advantage over all others in the population,such as the case with human birth weight in the 1930s-1940s,________ selection is the likely mechanism of evolution responsible.
Q4) When similar environmental pressures,such as permafrost in low-altitude tundra and permafrost in high-altitude alpine tundra,cause genetically distantly related organisms to evolve similar structures for survival and reproduction under similar conditions,________ has occurred.
Q5) Evaluate the accuracy of the following statement: "Individuals evolve by becoming more adapted to their environment." Explain how you reached your conclusion.
Q6) The original source of genetic variation within a population is ________.
Q7) The result of convergent evolution is ________ traits.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Adaptation and Species
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Sample Questions
Q1) Convergent evolution involves unrelated,or distantly related,organisms developing similar traits.Coevolution is similar to convergent evolution in that coevolution also
A) involves changes in unrelated, or distant, organisms.
B) often occurs in geographic isolation.
C) is a process that occurs when food sources change.
D) leads to similar traits developing in two species.
Q2) In general,geographical isolation occurs when A) populations migrate to new environments.
B) gene flow is reduced by more than 75 percent due to climate change.
C) mutations overcome genetic drift across physical barriers.
D) populations are separated by a distance that is great enough to limit gene flow.
Q3) evolution in one species that leads to reciprocal adaptation in another species
A)coevolution
B)biological species concept
C)morphological species concept
D)speciation
E)morphology
F)adaptation
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15
Chapter 14: The History of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) List the three domains of life.Then,identify which two domains are most closely related to one another.Finally,indicate which domains are classified as prokaryotes and which are classified as eukaryotes.
Q2) The Cambrian explosion occurred primarily in the oceans.The first challenges that had to be overcome during the mass colonization of dry land in the Ordovician period were
A) support of body structure without buoyancy in water, movement, and reproduction.
B) photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and reproduction.
C) DNA replication, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration.
D) DNA replication, phagocytosis, and cellular respiration.
Q3) Because there is always new information to discover and interpret,scientists must be prepared to revise their ________ when there is evidence to suggest it is not correct.
Q4) The ________ feature occurs between each branch on an evolutionary tree.
A) evolution of a new derived
B) loss of a derived
C) evolution of a shared ancestral
D) evolution of a convergent
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Chapter 15: Bacteria and Archaea
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Sample Questions
Q1) Heterotrophic bacteria and archaeans that are decomposers are important in A) water cycling.
B) nutrient cycling.
C) capturing sunlight energy.
D) carbon fixation.
Q2) a prokaryote that uses sunlight to obtain energy and consumes organic matter to obtain carbon
A)photoheterotroph
B)chemoautotroph
C)photoautotroph
D)chemoheterotroph
Q3) Archaeans found in deep-sea hydrothermal vents would be expected to A) use carbon dioxide in photosynthesis.
B) obtain energy from inorganic chemicals.
C) produce oxygen gas as a by-product.
D) obtain energy from sunlight.
Q4) ribosomes
A)prokaryotes only
B)eukaryotes only
C)both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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Chapter 16: Plants, Fungi, and Protists
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Q1) Jim is mowing the lawn and accidently runs over a large round object that seems to explode in a cloud of dust.Upon closer examination,he determines that the object was actually the club-shaped reproductive structure of an organism that has cells with cell walls but no chloroplasts,and the dust particles were actually spores.This organism is probably a ________ that belongs to kingdom ________.
A) basidiomycete; Fungi
B) ascomycete; Plantae
C) zygomycete; Fungi
D) basidiomycete; Plantae
Q2) How does the key evolutionary innovation of angiosperms contribute to the successful domestication of plants for crops to feed the world's human population?
Q3) The first plants to evolve the seed were ________.
Q4) Explain how the compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells enables them to have a much greater cell volume than prokaryotes and still efficiently carry out cell functions and move materials in and out of the cell.
Q5) Single-celled species of fungi are typically referred to as ________.
Q6) The first land plant with a vascular system was the ancestor of present-day ________.
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Chapter 17: Animals and Human Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fossil evidence from around the world indicates that anatomically modern humans first evolved in Africa about 195,000-200,000 years ago from a population of archaic Homo sapiens and then successfully migrated to and inhabited almost all continents by 13,000 years ago.During literally tens of thousands of years,modern humans lived alongside other ________ genera,eventually replacing them.
Q2) An animal that can be divided by just one vertical plane into two halves that mirror each other displays ________ symmetry.
Q3) In 2012,researchers determined that the Neanderthal DNA had been introduced into the human genome between 90,000 and 40,000 years ago.Does this support the hypothesis that Neanderthal DNA present in the human genome is a remnant from a common hominin ancestor? Support your answer by indicating roughly when DNA from Neanderthals would have been introduced to the human genome if that Neanderthal DNA was a remnant from a common hominin ancestor.
Q4) Sperm provide ________ to the zygote.
A) both nuclear and mitochondiral DNA
B) only nuclear DNA
C) only mitochondiral DNA
D) no DNA
Q5) Compare and contrast the three types of mammals.
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Chapter 18: General Principles of Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) An example of a study focused on the biosphere is one that measures how A) introducing wolves into an area affects the deer population.
B) building a dam affects plants and animal populations in an area.
C) human habitation has changed the population size of caribou in a decade.
D) acidification of the oceans affects aquatic and terrestrial organisms.
Q2) Species that will most likely prosper as projected climate change occurs will A) have narrow tolerances and can live in specialized environments.
B) have broad tolerances and can live in a variety of habitats.
C) live in very stable environments.
D) live only if they form mutualistic relationships with other organisms.
Q3) a rock formation
A)biotic
B)abiotic
C)biosphere
D)weather
E)climate
Q4) In what way are greenhouse gases considered beneficial?
Q5) Nonliving factors in the biosphere are called ________ factors.
Q6) The widespread,long-term pattern of weather in a region is called ________.
Q7) How do "weather" and "climate" differ?
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Chapter 19: Growth of Populations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Density-dependent factors are more likely to limit population growth when
A) there are more individuals living in the same amount of space.
B) the population moves into a larger habitat.
C) food is abundant.
D) weather conditions become milder.
Q2) unlimited growth of a population with no constraint on resources
A)population size
B)population density
C)carrying capacity
D)logistic growth
E)exponential growth
Q3) How would population doubling time change as a population experiencing exponential growth approaches carrying capacity?
Q4) The success of ending the spread of Zika virus through the use of genetically modified (GM)mosquitoes is NOT dependent on
A) mosquito populations.
B) the amount of virus circulating between humans and mosquitoes.
C) human populations.
D) development of a Zika vaccine.
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Chapter 20: Communities of Organisms
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Q1) Undisturbed communities with species compositions that remain stable over time are referred to as
A) climax communities.
B) primary successors.
C) secondary successors.
D) keystone communities.
Q2) an elk eating an aspen sapling
A)mutualism
B)commensalism
C)exploitation
D)competition
Q3) An ecological ________ is an association of populations of different species that live in the same area.
Q4) Which of the following best describes the relationship of elk to a tree species such as aspen and cottonwood?
A) predation
B) mutualism
C) commensalism
D) competition
Q5) How does primary succession differ from secondary succession?
Page 22
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Chapter 21: Ecosystems
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Q1) Since 1931,the phytoplankton biomass in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean has been monitored by the __________ (CPR)survey where a special instrument is pulled through the ocean by commercial fishing vessels to collect millions of sample of plankton.
Q2) All of the living organisms present in an ecosystem comprise the ________ or biotic portion of the ecosystem.
A) community
B) abiotic
C) population
D) biome
Q3) Compare and contrast grassy marsh wetlands to bogs and explain why one of these freshwater biomes is more productive than the other.
Q4) When humans consume rice,they occupy which trophic level of a food chain?
A) primary consumer
B) secondary consumer
C) tertiary consumer
D) primary producer
Q5) Chemical elements required by living organisms are BOTH ________ within and across ecosystems.
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