Foundations of Anthropology Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Foundations of Anthropology introduces students to the fundamental principles, methods, and subfields of anthropology, offering a comprehensive overview of the disciplines focus on the study of human societies, cultures, and biological diversity across time and space. The course covers key concepts such as cultural relativism, ethnography, human evolution, archaeological practices, and linguistic variation, equipping students with analytical tools to critically examine social structures, belief systems, and human adaptation. Through readings, discussions, and case studies, students gain insight into the ways anthropology enhances our understanding of both the diversity and commonality of human experiences worldwide.
Recommended Textbook
Physical Anthropology and Archaeology 4th Canadian Edition by Carol R. Ember
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14 Chapters
447 Verified Questions
447 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?
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29 Verified Questions
29 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the two primate suborders?
A) Monkeys and apes.
B) Catarrhines and platyrrhines.
C) Prosimians and anthropoids.
D) Hominids and hominins.
E) Prosimians and apes.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is true of theories?
A) They are falsifiable.
B) They are provable.
C) They are the same as hypotheses.
D) They are factual.
E) They are solvable.
Answer: A
Q3) Early studies in anthropology in English Canada focused on studies of rural and small-town communities.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Uncovering the Past: Tools and Techniques
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30 Verified Questions
30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A butchered seal bone is an example of a(n) ________.
A) zoonose
B) grid
C) feature
D) datum
E) ecofact
Answer: E
Q2) Microscopic granules of silicon dioxide in plant cells are called ________.
A) ecofacts
B) phytoliths
C) features
D) datums
E) isotopes
Answer: B
Q3) The term "taphonomy" literally means the study of fossilized hominid remains.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Reconstructing the Past: Analysis and Interpretation
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32 Verified Questions
32 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ occurs when elements of a society's culture are first taken up by neighbouring socieites and gradually spread farther and farther afield.
A) Innovation
B) Diffusion
C) Direct contact
D) Intermediate contact
E) Migration
Answer: C
Q2) The goal of experimental archaeology is to reproduce or replicate technological traits and patterns observed in the archaeological record.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Animals associated with human populations may reflect the kinds of foods consumed.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Historical Development of Evolutionary Theory
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32 Verified Questions
32 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Once speciation occurs, the evolutionary process cannot be reversed.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In the mid-seventeenth century, Irish cleric Archbishop James Ussher calculated the age of the earth to be 4 million years.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The development of a new species may occur if a subgroup of a species finds itself in a radically new environment; the process known as A) fossilization.
B) diagenesis.
C) speciation.
D) migration.
E) inheritance.
Q4) Lewis Henry Morgan argued that "primitive societies" represented degeneration. A)True
B)False
Q5) How has the field of epigenetics resurrected Lamarck's theory of acquired inheritance?
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Chapter 5: Modern Evolutionary Theory
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37 Verified Questions
37 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) HeLa cells are
A) bacterial cells.
B) gametes.
C) plant cells.
D) cancer cells.
E) neural cells.
Q2) Proteins act as catalysts for sythesizing DNA but not RNA.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Genetic drift is a result of population fission.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A particular form of genetic drift that occurs when a small group, recently derived from a larger population, migrates to a relatively isolated location is referred to as
A) gene flow.
B) directional selection.
C) founder effect.
D) generational genetic drift.
E) an evolutionary bottleneck.
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Chapter 6: Human Variation
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32 Verified Questions
32 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a given trait is adaptive in one environment, it stands to reason that the trait will be adaptive in all environments.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A high degree of genetic homogeneity in a population may increase susceptibility to an infectious disease.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Research by psychologist Phillipe Rushton of the University of Western Ontario
A) shows Europeans and their descendants have the largest brains among modern human populations.
B) shows that East Asians have the fastest maturation rates among modern human populations.
C) has been dismissed by the general anthropological and broader scientific communities.
D) divides the human species into five biological races.
E) has been widely praised by anthropologists for its objective assessment of human variation.
Q4) Provide an argument against applying racial classifications to humans.
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Chapter 7: The Living Primates
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34 Verified Questions
34 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In primates, maternal care and play are relatively minor components of normal development.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The primate reproductive system sets this order of animals apart from other mammals.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Arboreal primates tend to be larger than terrestrial ones.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The primary form of locomotion by gorillas is A) brachiation.
B) jumping and leaping.
C) bipedalism.
D) knuckle-walking.
E) climbing.
Q5) In humans, females tend to have wider pelvises than males.
A)True
B)False
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Primate Evolution: From Early Primates to Hominoids
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32 Verified Questions
32 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ________ period saw the evolution and diversification of many different types of mammals, and the expansion and diversification of deciduous trees and flowering plants.
A) Paleocene
B) Eocene
C) Oligocene
D) Cretaceous
E) Miocene
Q2) If we know that two lineages split 20 million years ago, and we know the degree of molecular difference between contemporary representatives of each, we can estimate A) their phylogenetic relationship.
B) the amount of time that has elapsed since other pairs of related species converged.
C) how far back in the past the two lineages shared a common ancestor.
D) the rate of change that produced that degree of difference.
E) how long it will take for the groups to completely speciate.
Q3) What are molecular clocks and how can they be used to deduce the time since two organisms shared a common ancestor?
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Early Hominins
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31 Verified Questions
31 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In contrast to Australopithecus africanus, the robust australopithecines generally had thicker jaws but smaller molar and premolars.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Fossil finds from East Africa clearly show that bipedal hominids lived there in the early Pliocene (between 5 and 3 million years ago); these finds come from
A) Egypt, Sudan and Chad.
B) Chad, Sudan and Ethiopia.
C) Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya.
D) Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania.
E) Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania.
Q3) Microscopic scratches parallel to the edge of a stone tool often occur when the tool is used as a
A) chopper.
B) hammer.
C) saw.
D) scraper.
E) whittle.
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Chapter 10: Homo Erectus and Archaic Homo Sapiens
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32 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A technique Homo erectus seems to have used for hunting large games was
A) to surround their prey and shoot arrows at it from a safe distance.
B) to drive the prey into a lake or river so it would drown.
C) to drive the prey into a swampy area, where it would get "bogged down" and be easier to kill.
D) to stampede their prey off a cliff, so that the fall would kill or critically injure the prey.
E) to use domesticated dogs to chase down the prey.
Q2) Which of the following is not true of the Terra Amata site near Nice, France?
A) The site was occupied in the late fall, judging by the remains of acorns found in fossilized human feces.
B) The site shows evidence of small huts, about 4.5 m by 9 m, having been constructed.
C) A basic feature of each hut was a hearth.
D) The occupants gathered shellfish, did some fishing, and hunted both small and large game.
E) Debris in some of the huts is evidence of stone tool manufacturing.
Q3) Taurodontism refers to a reduced pulp cavity seen in H. erectus.
A)True
B)False
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12
Chapter 11: Modern Homo Sapiens
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32 Verified Questions
32 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In southwest Asia, anatomically modern remains have been excavated from regions where Neandertals have also be discovered.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Upper Paleolithic art was confined to cave paintings.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ________ tools were one of the innovations of Archaic peoples in the New World.
A) Ground stone woodworking
B) Acheulian
C) Clovis
D) Bifacial flaked
E) Levallois
Q4) Dorset technology was somewhat limited when compared to later Thule technology.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Anthropologists agree that North American Indigenous people originally came from Asia.
A)True
B)False
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Origins of Food Production and Settled Life
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32 Verified Questions
32 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Natufians of the Near East are the earliest Mesolithic people known to have
A) combined the gathering of wild grains with the hunting of wild game.
B) relied entirely on wild grains for their food.
C) constructed storage pits for the wild grain they harvested.
D) organized their harvesting activities into work parties directed by managers.
E) practiced the planting of some of the grain they harvested.
Q2) Shifting cultivation as practiced using the slash-and-burn technique, does not involve
A) the use of hand tools, such as digging sticks.
B) the use of fire to clear land.
C) a reliance on natural rainfall rather than irrigation.
D) a reliance on the natural fertility of the soil rather than using manure or other fertilizers.
E) the permanent, intensive cultivation of field crops.
Q3) Foragers are considered __________ whereas pastoralists are known as
A) intensive agriculturalists; horticulturalists.
B) food producers; food collectors.
C) horticulturalists; intensive agriculturalists.
D) food collectors; food producers.
E) active; sedentary.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Origins of Cities and States
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32 Verified Questions
32 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the Temple of Quetzalcoatl in Teotihuacan was built in A.D. 200, more than 200 individuals were sacrificed.
A)True
B)False
Q2) During the early Uruk period (approximately 3,500 B.C.), in what is today southwestern Iran, ________ appears to have been the administrative centre of the region and the "capital" of the state.
A) Uruk
B) Ur
C) Babylon
D) Sumer
E) Susa
Q3) Civilization first developed in the Nile River Valley of Egypt and then spread worldwide via culture contact.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are some of the negative consequences of the development of states?
Q5) Why do scholars disagree over whether or not Cahokia was a state?
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Chapter 14: Applied Anthropology: Physical Anthropology and Archaeology
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30 Verified Questions
30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In many cultures fat people are considered more "beautiful" than thin people.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Pibloktoq is an example of
A) ethnomedicine.
B) a culture-bound syndrome.
C) the biocultural model.
D) ethnocentrism.
E) cultural relativism.
Q3) Early applied anthropology work in Canada through the middle decades of the twentieth century focussed on the state of
A) Aboriginal populations.
B) Metis populations.
C) recent immigrants.
D) the urban poor.
E) victims of HIV/AIDS.
Q4) Only socio-cultural anthropologists can work in applied anthropology. A)True
B)False
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